Raskin - Chapter 4

The Aberrant salience hypothesis attributes psychosis to overactivity of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway, resulting in excess dopamine and over-attributing meaning to irrelevant events.

Abnormal motor behavior refers to a range of involuntary movements or decreased ability to move normally, often associated with mental health conditions such as psychosis. It can manifest as either extreme agitation and restlessness or as a lack of responsiveness and movement known as catatonia.

Adoption studies often focus on investigating the role of genetic and environmental factors in various outcomes such as mental health conditions, cognitive abilities, and personality traits among adopted individuals.

Amphetamine psychosis refers to the psychotic symptoms induced by the consumption of high doses of amphetamines, rather than a treatment or disorder involving amphetamines.

Anhedonia is a negative symptom of psychosis characterized by the inability to derive pleasure from activities that were once enjoyable. It is not related to extreme happiness, fear of open spaces, or constant fatigue.

Asociality is specifically related to a lack of interest in social contact and is a negative symptom of psychosis, not a mental disorder characterized by excessive social interaction, a personality trait, or a behavioral disorder involving social media use.

Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) is a specific approach to community-based mental health care that aims to provide comprehensive and intensive services for individuals with severe mental health issues such as schizophrenia. It involves a team of professionals working together to deliver coordinated care and support for outpatients with chronic mental disorders.

Atypical antipsychotics are a specific category of medications used to treat conditions like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression. They are distinct from other types of medications like antidepressants, stimulants, and antibiotics.

Avolition is a negative symptom of psychosis that involves a lack of motivation or desire to do things, which can significantly impact a person's functioning and daily activities. It is not a type of hallucination, nor does it involve increased motivation or symptoms of mania.

Behavioral experiments in CBT for psychosis are used to help patients challenge and test the reality of their delusional beliefs, rather than reinforce, ignore, or distract from them.

Behavioral rehearsal involves role-playing specific social situations to practice desired behaviors or responses.

Bizarre delusions are characterized by being highly unrealistic and strange, often involving beliefs that are far-fetched and ungrounded in reality.

Brief psychotic disorder is a specific disorder according to the DSM-5 that involves psychotic symptoms for a short duration, different from mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders.

The caudate nucleus is a part of the basal ganglia in the brain that plays a crucial role in goal-directed activities such as learning, memory, and decision-making.

Community care involves integrating individuals with chronic mental health issues into the social environment, emphasizing continuity of care and independence, as well as advocating for necessary services and proper treatment. It is not about isolating individuals, focusing solely on medication, or providing care only in a hospital setting.

Concordance rates refer to the percentage of time that both twins in a pair are diagnosed with a specific trait or disorder, such as schizophrenia. It is used to study the influence of genetics on various conditions.

Cytokines are small proteins produced by immune system cells and play a key role in the body's immune response.

Delusional disorder is a specific type of mental health condition characterized by the presence of delusions, which are fixed beliefs that are not based in reality. It is classified in diagnostic manuals such as DSM-5, ICD-10, and ICD-11.

Disorganized thinking refers to a thinking pattern characterized by disturbances in thought form, often seen in psychosis with symptoms like loose associations and tangential responding. It is different from simply inability to think clearly, overthinking, or hyper-focused thinking.