13. Constitutions, Law And Judges - Heywood, 5th Edition

Statute law refers to laws that are created and enacted by the legislative branch of government, such as a parliament or congress. It is different from common law, which is based on judicial decisions, religious law, which is derived from religious texts, and executive orders, which are issued by the executive branch of government.

An uncodified constitution is characterized by its lack of a single authoritative document, unlike a codified constitution. It draws rules from various sources rather than being centralized in one document.

Popular sovereignty refers to the idea that the ultimate authority and legitimacy of government is derived from the consent of the people. It emphasizes that the people have the right to determine their own government and policies through direct participation.

A treaty is a formal agreement between states, not a document outlining laws, historical artifact, or musical performance.

Limited government refers to a system in which the government's power is restricted by laws, a constitution, or institutional checks and balances, ensuring that it cannot exert unlimited control over society. This framework aims to prevent abuses of power and protect individual rights by imposing constraints on the government's authority.

Negative rights are rights that restrict government intervention rather than requiring it. They are focused on limiting actions that can be taken against an individual, rather than requiring specific actions to be taken. This concept contrasts with positive rights, which do require some form of government action or intervention to be upheld.

Positive rights are rights that require active provision by the government, such as the right to education or healthcare. This contrasts with negative rights, which focus on limiting government intervention in individuals' lives.

A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of the executive, legislative, and judicial powers, alerting citizens to change their normal behaviors.

Law is a system of rules created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior. It is a binding set of rules that citizens are expected to follow, with consequences for violations.

Legal positivism is a legal theory that does not consider the moral content of laws, focusing instead on their ability to be enforced. It sees law as a social construction and emphasizes the importance of authority in creating and maintaining legal rules.

Soft law refers to non-binding regulations or guidelines that do not have the same force as traditional law. They are voluntary in nature and rely on moral obligation rather than legal obligation for compliance.

War crimes are actions that violate the laws and norms of warfare, and those responsible can be held accountable for their actions.

Judicial independence is crucial for the effective functioning of a democracy as it ensures that courts can make fair and impartial decisions without interference from other branches of government or external influences.

Due process refers to the conduct of legal proceedings in a fair and just manner, ensuring the rights of all parties involved are protected.