What Is Cellular Respiration Quiz

1. What is the purpose of chlorophyll?

Location of photoexcitation (energizing or excitement of electrons). Enables ETC to take place and produce ATP.

To provide structural support to the plant.

To store excess water for the plant.

To regulate plant growth and development.

Chlorophyll is a pigment in plants that plays a key role in the process of photosynthesis by capturing light energy and converting it into chemical energy. It is essential for the location of photoexcitation, which energizes electrons, enabling the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) to take place and produce ATP. Therefore, its purpose is primarily related to photosynthesis and energy production in plants.

Explanation

Chlorophyll is a pigment in plants that plays a key role in the process of photosynthesis by capturing light energy and converting it into chemical energy. It is essential for the location of photoexcitation, which energizes electrons, enabling the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) to take place and produce ATP. Therefore, its purpose is primarily related to photosynthesis and energy production in plants.

2. What is the first intermediate in the Krebs Cycle and what are its components?

Glucose + pyruvate => lactate

Malate (4 C) + NAD+ => oxaloacetate (4 C)

Acetyl-CoA (2 C) + oxaloacetate (4 C) => citrate (6 C)

Glycine + succinyl-CoA => alpha-ketoglutarate

In the Krebs Cycle, the first intermediate is formed by combining Acetyl-CoA (2 C) with oxaloacetate (4 C) to produce citrate (6 C). This process initiates the series of reactions that ultimately leads to the generation of ATP and other high-energy molecules.

Explanation

In the Krebs Cycle, the first intermediate is formed by combining Acetyl-CoA (2 C) with oxaloacetate (4 C) to produce citrate (6 C). This process initiates the series of reactions that ultimately leads to the generation of ATP and other high-energy molecules.

3. What is G3P and why is it important?

-G3P is a type of protein found in animal cells.

-G3P is a rare mineral only found in certain regions of the world.

-G3P is a type of neurotransmitter responsible for muscle contractions.

- Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
- intermediate in glycolysis and product of Calvin Cycle
- simplified form of glucose
- important because produced in photosynthesis => can be converted to a variety of sugars (whichever is needed); also reduced to pyruvate in glycolysis

4. Why are plants important to all life on Earth?

Plants are important because they are the primary consumers in the food chain.

Plants are important because they provide shelter for animals.

- produce carbohydrates through photosynthesis, which are then eaten and digested by all other living organisms for energy
- take in CO2, maintaining stable levels of it (it is a waste product for animals, so too much will kill them)
- let off oxygen, maintaining stable levels of it (plants and other organisms need it for cellular respiration)

Plants are important because they help regulate the Earth's magnetic field.

Plants play a crucial role in producing food, regulating CO2 levels, and providing oxygen for all living organisms on Earth.

Explanation

Plants play a crucial role in producing food, regulating CO2 levels, and providing oxygen for all living organisms on Earth.

5. What are the products of the Krebs Cycle? Where do the products go?

Products: Ribose, Deoxyribose, Phosphate- Ribose and Deoxyribose are used for nucleotide synthesis, Phosphate is released as a byproduct.

- products: ATP (via GTP phosphorylation), NADH + H+, FADH2, CO2
- ATP is used by the cell for energy
- NADH + H+ and FADH2 transport electrons and hydrogens to ETC and chemiosmosis
- CO2 is released as waste

Products: Glucose, Water, Oxygen- Glucose is used for glycolysis, Water and Oxygen are released as byproducts.

Products: Pyruvate, Lactic Acid, Alcohols- Pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA, Lactic Acid and Alcohols are waste products.

The Krebs Cycle produces ATP, NADH + H+, FADH2, and CO2. These products are used for energy production, electron transport chain, and as waste, respectively.

Explanation

The Krebs Cycle produces ATP, NADH + H+, FADH2, and CO2. These products are used for energy production, electron transport chain, and as waste, respectively.

6. List the following molecules in order of increasing chemical potential energy: starch, CO2, acetyl-CoA, G3P, glucose, amylopectin, pyruvate.

1) CO2 2) starch 3) amylopectin 4) glucose

1) CO2
2) acetyl-CoA
3) pyruvate
4) G3P
5) glucose
6) amylopectin
7) starch

1) pyruvate 2) G3P 3) glucose 4) starch

1) G3P 2) glucose 3) amylopectin 4) starch

The correct order of increasing chemical potential energy is based on the complexity and availability of energy in the given molecules, with CO2 having the lowest chemical potential energy and starch having the highest. Acetyl-CoA, pyruvate, G3P, glucose, and amylopectin fall in between these two extremes.

Explanation

The correct order of increasing chemical potential energy is based on the complexity and availability of energy in the given molecules, with CO2 having the lowest chemical potential energy and starch having the highest. Acetyl-CoA, pyruvate, G3P, glucose, and amylopectin fall in between these two extremes.

7. What is the proton gradient?

B. The process of converting glucose into ATP using oxygen in cellular respiration.

A. The movement of electrons through the electron transport chain in mitochondria.

C. The transfer of high-energy electrons to generate a proton gradient in chloroplasts during photosynthesis.

- difference in concentration of protons on opposite sides of inner membrane of mitochondria
- because of proton accumulation, protons diffuse back into matrix
- releases energy, used to make ATP

The correct answer describes the proton gradient as the difference in concentration of protons on opposite sides of the inner membrane of mitochondria, leading to the release of energy used to make ATP. The incorrect answers either focus on different processes or locations within the cell that do not directly relate to the definition of the proton gradient.

Explanation

The correct answer describes the proton gradient as the difference in concentration of protons on opposite sides of the inner membrane of mitochondria, leading to the release of energy used to make ATP. The incorrect answers either focus on different processes or locations within the cell that do not directly relate to the definition of the proton gradient.

8. Which stages in cellular respiration and photosynthesis are a) anabolic? b) catabolic?

A) photosynthesis - Calvin Cycle
b) cellular respiration - glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs Cycle

A) photosynthesis - Glycolysis b) cellular respiration - Electron Transport Chain

A) photosynthesis - Krebs Cycle b) cellular respiration - Calvin Cycle

A) photosynthesis - Electron Transport Chain b) cellular respiration - Light Reactions, Calvin Cycle

In cellular respiration, glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and Krebs Cycle stages are catabolic as they break down molecules to release energy. In photosynthesis, the Calvin Cycle stage is anabolic as it uses energy to build molecules. The incorrect options do not correctly identify anabolic or catabolic stages in these processes.

Explanation

In cellular respiration, glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and Krebs Cycle stages are catabolic as they break down molecules to release energy. In photosynthesis, the Calvin Cycle stage is anabolic as it uses energy to build molecules. The incorrect options do not correctly identify anabolic or catabolic stages in these processes.

9. What is the difference between ATP and ADP?

- ADP has one more high-energy phosphate than ATP

- ADP is used for energy by living organisms

- ATP has one more high-energy phosphate than ADP
- ATP has more chemical potential energy
- ATP is used for energy by living organisms

- ADP has more chemical potential energy than ATP

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is the high-energy molecule found in living organisms used for energy storage and transfer. ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) is the molecule that forms when ATP loses one of its phosphate groups. Therefore, ATP has more energy and one more phosphate group compared to ADP.

Explanation

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is the high-energy molecule found in living organisms used for energy storage and transfer. ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) is the molecule that forms when ATP loses one of its phosphate groups. Therefore, ATP has more energy and one more phosphate group compared to ADP.

10. What are the two types of fermentation, where do they occur, and what are their products?

Acetic acid fermentation: bacterial cell, produces acetic acid from fructose

- lactic acid fermentation: muscle cell, produces lactate from pyruvate
- alcohol fermentation: yeast cell, produces ethanol and CO2 from pyruvate

Butyric acid fermentation: intestinal cell, produces butyric acid from acetyl CoA

Citric acid fermentation: plant cell, produces citrate from glucose

Lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation are two common types of fermentation processes that occur in different cells and produce distinct products.

Explanation

Lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation are two common types of fermentation processes that occur in different cells and produce distinct products.

11. What are two functions of acetyl-CoA?

Regulates blood glucose levels

Participates in red blood cell production

Functions as a neurotransmitter

- activate Krebs Cycle
- intermediate in lipid production

Acetyl-CoA plays a key role in cellular metabolism by activating the Krebs Cycle and serving as an intermediate in lipid production. The incorrect answers are not accurate functions of acetyl-CoA.

Explanation

Acetyl-CoA plays a key role in cellular metabolism by activating the Krebs Cycle and serving as an intermediate in lipid production. The incorrect answers are not accurate functions of acetyl-CoA.

12. What are the steps of cellular respiration, in order of their occurrence?

1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate oxidation
3. Krebs Cycle
4. Electron transport chain and Chemiosmosis

1. Electron transport chain and Chemiosmosis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Pyruvate oxidation 4. Glycolysis

1. Pyruvate oxidation 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron transport chain and Chemiosmosis 4. Glycolysis

1. Krebs Cycle 2. Pyruvate oxidation 3. Glycolysis 4. Electron transport chain and Chemiosmosis

The correct order of steps in cellular respiration starts with Glycolysis, followed by Pyruvate oxidation, then the Krebs Cycle, and finally the Electron transport chain and Chemiosmosis. Each step plays a crucial role in the overall process of generating energy from carbohydrates.

Explanation

The correct order of steps in cellular respiration starts with Glycolysis, followed by Pyruvate oxidation, then the Krebs Cycle, and finally the Electron transport chain and Chemiosmosis. Each step plays a crucial role in the overall process of generating energy from carbohydrates.

13. What is the main purpose of the Krebs Cycle?

To generate ATP for cellular energy.

To regulate the cell cycle and replication.

To produce NADH + H+ and FADH2.

To synthesize proteins for cell growth.

The Krebs Cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that generate energy in the form of NADH + H+ and FADH2, which are crucial in the process of cellular respiration.

Explanation

The Krebs Cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that generate energy in the form of NADH + H+ and FADH2, which are crucial in the process of cellular respiration.

14. Draw and label the mitochondria. Indicate where the stages of cellular respiration take place.

Diagram of a ribosome.

Diagram of a mitochondria

Diagram of a chloroplast.

Diagram of a nucleus.

The correct answer is a diagram of a mitochondria because mitochondria are the organelles where the stages of cellular respiration take place. Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis, nuclei are the command center of the cell, and ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.

Explanation

The correct answer is a diagram of a mitochondria because mitochondria are the organelles where the stages of cellular respiration take place. Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis, nuclei are the command center of the cell, and ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.

15. Draw and label the chloroplast. Indicate where the stages of photosynthesis take place.

Diagram of a chloroplast

A detailed drawing of a nucleus highlighting key photosynthesis processes.

An annotated ribosome indicating sites of photosynthesis.

A labeled mitochondria showing stages of photosynthesis.

The question requires a drawing of a chloroplast specifically, and the correct answer should focus on that specific organelle and its role in photosynthesis.

Explanation

The question requires a drawing of a chloroplast specifically, and the correct answer should focus on that specific organelle and its role in photosynthesis.

16. What role do lipids play in cellular respiration?

- Lipids convert into proteins for energy production in cells.

- breaks down into fatty acids and glycerol
- glycerol might become glucose or other intermediate through gluconeogenesis
- fatty acids become acetyl-CoA

- Lipids directly produce ATP in cellular respiration.

- Lipids are primarily stored in the cell membrane and do not participate in cellular respiration.

Lipids break down into fatty acids and glycerol, which are important components in the cellular respiration process. Fatty acids can be converted into acetyl-CoA, a key molecule in the citric acid cycle, while glycerol can be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis.

Explanation

Lipids break down into fatty acids and glycerol, which are important components in the cellular respiration process. Fatty acids can be converted into acetyl-CoA, a key molecule in the citric acid cycle, while glycerol can be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis.

17. What is substrate-level phosphorylation? When does it occur? What is oxidative phosphorylation? When does it occur? Which is more efficient?

- Substrate-level phosphorylation is the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP, occurring during the electron transport chain.

- Substrate-level phosphorylation is more efficient than oxidative phosphorylation for most organisms.

- substrate-level: using an enzyme to bond phosphate group and ADP together to make ATP
- during glycolysis and Krebs Cycle
- oxidative: using the transfer of electrons to power the creation of ATP
- during electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
- more efficient for most organisms (but not some others like yeast)

- Oxidative phosphorylation involves the enzymatic transfer of a phosphate group to ADP, occurring during glycolysis and Krebs Cycle.

Substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation are distinct processes in cellular respiration, each occurring at specific stages with different mechanisms and efficiency levels.

Explanation

Substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation are distinct processes in cellular respiration, each occurring at specific stages with different mechanisms and efficiency levels.

18. Differentiate between cellular respiration and fermentation (3 points).

- Fermentation involves more energy production compared to cellular respiration

- Cellular respiration and fermentation have the same efficiency in terms of ATP production

- cellular respiration is aerobic, fermentation is anaerobic
- cellular respiration has many more steps than fermentation
- cellular respiration is far more efficient (fermentation makes 2 ATP, respiration 36)

- Both cellular respiration and fermentation occur in the presence of oxygen

Cellular respiration is indeed aerobic, while fermentation is anaerobic. Cellular respiration involves more steps and is far more efficient in ATP production compared to fermentation. The incorrect answers provided are inaccurate in distinguishing between the two processes.

Explanation

Cellular respiration is indeed aerobic, while fermentation is anaerobic. Cellular respiration involves more steps and is far more efficient in ATP production compared to fermentation. The incorrect answers provided are inaccurate in distinguishing between the two processes.

19. What are the reactants and products of pyruvate oxidation? Where do the products go?

Reactants: 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 CoA- products: 2 acetyl-CoA, 2 CO2, 2 NADH + H+- acetyl-CoA used for energy production, CO2 released through skin

Reactants: 1 pyruvate, 1 NAD+, 1 CoA- products: 1 acetyl-CoA, 1 CO2, 1 NADH + H+- acetyl-CoA is used for energy production

Reactants: 2 pyruvate, 2 NAD+, 2 CoA- products: 2 acetyl-CoA, 2 CO2, 2 NADH + H+- acetyl-CoA used in muscle contraction, CO2 excreted through lungs

- reactants: 2 pyruvate, 2 NAD+, 2 CoA
- products: 2 acetyl-CoA, 2 CO2, 2 NADH + H+
- 2 acetyl-CoA triggers Krebs Cycle
- 2 CO2 is exhaled as waste
- 2 NADH + H+ carries hydrogens and electrons to ETC and chemiosmosis

20. What are the functions of the light reaction products ATP, NADPH + H+ and O2?

- O2 is used as a reactant in the light reactions of photosynthesis

- NADPH + H+ is responsible for absorbing light energy during photosynthesis

- ATP utilized to build carbohydrates (anabolism)
- NADPH + H+ reduces intermediates in Calvin Cycle
- O2 is given off as waste

- ATP is used in photosynthesis to produce oxygen

The correct answer details the specific functions of each product in the light reaction process of photosynthesis, which are different from the incorrect answers provided.

Explanation

The correct answer details the specific functions of each product in the light reaction process of photosynthesis, which are different from the incorrect answers provided.

21. How are the ETC and chemiosmosis able to synthesize ATP?

ATP is synthesized by breaking down fatty acids in the cell membrane.

- NADH + H+ deposits protons and electrons
- electrons transferred between proteins in increasing order of electronegativity until finally accepted by oxygen
- electron transfer powers proton movement into intermembrane space via proton pumps
- protons accumulate in intermembrane space
- some protons repelled back into matrix, enter via ATP synthase
- releases energy, used to manufacture ATP

ATP is synthesized by the movement of ions across the cell membrane through diffusion.

ATP is directly synthesized from glucose through a series of enzymatic reactions.

The correct answer outlines the process of ATP synthesis through the electron transport chain (ETC) and chemiosmosis, highlighting the deposition of protons and electrons, electron transfer via proteins, proton movement, accumulation in intermembrane space, and ATP synthesis through ATP synthase. The incorrect answers provided do not accurately describe the mechanism of ATP synthesis by ETC and chemiosmosis.

Explanation

The correct answer outlines the process of ATP synthesis through the electron transport chain (ETC) and chemiosmosis, highlighting the deposition of protons and electrons, electron transfer via proteins, proton movement, accumulation in intermembrane space, and ATP synthesis through ATP synthase. The incorrect answers provided do not accurately describe the mechanism of ATP synthesis by ETC and chemiosmosis.