Animal Gas Exchange And Circulation Quiz

1. What is the structural and functional relationship between the respiratory and circulatory systems?

The relationship between the respiratory and circulatory systems is purely mechanical, with no functional connection in gas exchange or nutrient transport.

The circulatory system is made up of the gills, trachea, and lungs, while the respiratory system consists of the heart and blood vessels.

Respiratory (gill, trachea,lungs)-collection of cells, tissue and organs responsible for gas exchange between the individual and its environment -structures for conduction air or water to a surface where gas exchange takes place (tubing)

circulatory (heart, system of vessels)-takes oxygen from respiratory-responsible for moving O2, CO2 and other materials around the body-through circulation, the dissolved O2 and CO2 are transported through out the body.

The respiratory system is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body, while the circulatory system is responsible for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment.

The correct answer highlights the specific roles of each system and how they work together to facilitate gas exchange and transport of oxygen and other materials throughout the body.

Explanation

The correct answer highlights the specific roles of each system and how they work together to facilitate gas exchange and transport of oxygen and other materials throughout the body.

2. Distinguish between open and closed circulatory systems and name the animals that have each.

Open circulatory - blood is fully contained inside vessels-Humans, mammals

Open circulatory-blood is not contained 100% inside vessels-Fish, insects
Closed circulatory:-blood is 100% inside high pressure vessels

Closed circulatory - blood is pumped by a heart and contained entirely within vessels-Frogs, birds

Closed circulatory - blood flows slowly in an open cavity-Oysters, clams

Open circulatory systems are found in animals like fish and insects where the blood is not completely contained within vessels. Closed circulatory systems, on the other hand, are found in animals like frogs and birds where the blood is fully contained within vessels under high pressure.

Explanation

Open circulatory systems are found in animals like fish and insects where the blood is not completely contained within vessels. Closed circulatory systems, on the other hand, are found in animals like frogs and birds where the blood is fully contained within vessels under high pressure.

3. How does the insect tracheal system deliver oxygen throughout the body?

The tracheal system of insects is not involved in the transport of gases

Insects use a specialized organ to pump oxygen throughout their bodies

Oxygen is delivered through the insect's blood vessels

-series of tubes extending throughout the body
-tips of trachea are tiny, fluid filled and highly branched
-transports air close enough to cells for gas exchange to take place directly across their plasma membrane
- insects do not use their circulatory system to transport gases to and from tissues
EXPERIMENT (pumping of oxygen by moving)-trachea of flying insects are sandwiched between muscles when muscles contract/relax tracheae contract and expand in response
-air moves through spiracles
-muscular contractions help ventilate the tracheal system

4. State a hypothesis to explain why giant insects existed 300 million years ago, but could not possibly exist today.

Giant insects went extinct due to competition with other larger predators.

Giant insects survived/thrived because atmospheric concentration of oxygen was high
-by raising oxygen concentration the distance it has to travel would not be a barrier
-now that oxygen concentrations are lower the long distance the oxygen has to travel is harder for teh oxygen and carbon dioxide to travel in and out
-insects are small to account for distance and decreased oxygen concentration

Giant insects were unable to adapt to changing climate conditions over time.

Giant insects faced difficulties in finding sufficient food sources to sustain their large size.

The correct answer states that the reason giant insects existed 300 million years ago but not today is due to the decrease in atmospheric oxygen concentration, which impacted their size and ability to transport oxygen efficiently.

Explanation

The correct answer states that the reason giant insects existed 300 million years ago but not today is due to the decrease in atmospheric oxygen concentration, which impacted their size and ability to transport oxygen efficiently.

5. Define Fick's Law and describe how it relates to the structure of vertebrate respiratory surfaces.

Gills in vertebrates are inefficient at extracting oxygen from water due to their small surface area

The rate of diffusion of a gas is solely dependent on the temperature of the gas exchange surface

The rate of diffusion of a gas depends on 5 parameters:
1. solubility of gas in aqueous film lining the gas exchange surface
2. Temperature
3. surface area available for diffusion
4. Difference in partial pressures of the gas across the gas-exchange surface
5. Thickness of the barrier to diffusion
Gills-present large surface area -countercurrent flow makes gills efficient at extracting O2 from H2O because it ensure that the difference in partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in water vs blood is large over the entire gas-exchange surface
Lungs-amount of surface area varies greatly
Frogs/Amphibians:-lung simple sac
Humans-alveoli makes 40x more surface area
Ventilation-vertebrates-actively ventilate their lungs by pumping air via muscular contractions

The thickness of the barrier to diffusion has no effect on the rate of gas exchange

Fick's Law states that the rate of diffusion of a gas depends on various factors, not just temperature. The thickness of the barrier to diffusion does play a role in gas exchange efficiency. Gills in vertebrates are actually highly efficient due to their large surface area and countercurrent flow mechanism.

Explanation

Fick's Law states that the rate of diffusion of a gas depends on various factors, not just temperature. The thickness of the barrier to diffusion does play a role in gas exchange efficiency. Gills in vertebrates are actually highly efficient due to their large surface area and countercurrent flow mechanism.

6. What are Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Platelets responsible for?

3. (fat cell) store energy

1. (nerve cell) transmit electrical signals

1. (red blood cell) carry oxygen 2. (white blood cell) immune system3. clotting

2. (muscle cell) provide movement

Erythrocytes are red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen, leukocytes are white blood cells involved in the immune system, and platelets are responsible for clotting.

Explanation

Erythrocytes are red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen, leukocytes are white blood cells involved in the immune system, and platelets are responsible for clotting.

7. How are oxygen and carbon dioxide carried in the blood?

Oxygen is carried as a gas in the blood - Carbon Dioxide is stored in the liver

Oxygen is carried on hemoglobin (4= 100%)-carried to tissues (lowers Oxygen concentration to 75%)-Each drop off lowers oxygen concentration until you reach 0%
Carbon Dioxide-dissolves in plasma, binds to plasma/hemoglobin but not on iron like oxygen
-CO2 combines with H2O to produce carbonic acid -dissociates in HCO3- and H+ lowering the pH in the plasma and red blood cells
-hydrogen ions combine with hemoglobin

Oxygen is carried on red blood cells - Carbon Dioxide binds directly to iron in the blood

Oxygen is carried by white blood cells - Carbon Dioxide is exhaled through the lungs

Oxygen is primarily carried on hemoglobin in red blood cells while Carbon Dioxide mainly dissolves in plasma and then combines with water to form carbonic acid, eventually dissociating into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, affecting the blood's pH levels.

Explanation

Oxygen is primarily carried on hemoglobin in red blood cells while Carbon Dioxide mainly dissolves in plasma and then combines with water to form carbonic acid, eventually dissociating into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, affecting the blood's pH levels.

8. Interpret the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociate curve, and identify the situations in which the curve would be shifted to the left or right?

Saturated hemoglobin (4 oxygen)-as the red blood cells move through the tissues(low O2 concentrations)-hemoglobin is likely to give off an oxygen -as it starts to give off oxygen, bonds weaken between oxygen and hemoglobin molecule and it continues to give off oxygens (weaken the bonds each time)
Shifted to right when exercise (INCREASE H+ WHICH LOWERS PH CAN'T CARRY AS MUCH OXYGEN)--Bohr shift--during exercise
shifted to the left when excess oxygen
straight line on curve?--if bond strength did not change

Decreased temperature has no effect on the curve.

Hemoglobin only carries oxygen when inhaled.

Increased oxygen levels shift the curve to the right.

The question is about understanding the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve and the factors that cause shifts to the left or right on the curve.

Explanation

The question is about understanding the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve and the factors that cause shifts to the left or right on the curve.

9. Describe the major types of blood vessels.

Arteries: carry food away from the heart Veins: carry waste toward the heart Capillaries: narrow vessels that join the liver and kidneys

Arteries: carry air away from the heart Veins: carry water toward the heart Capillaries: huge vessels that transport nutrients

Arteries: carry blood toward the heart Veins: carry blood away from the heart Capillaries: large vessels that transport oxygen

Arteries: carry blood away from the heartVeins: carry blood toward the heart Capillaries: thing vessels that join arteries and veins (thin enough for gas exchange)

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood toward the heart, and capillaries are thin vessels that connect arteries and veins allowing for gas exchange, critical for the body's functions.

Explanation

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood toward the heart, and capillaries are thin vessels that connect arteries and veins allowing for gas exchange, critical for the body's functions.

10. Describe the flow of blood through the human heart in the proper order.

Blood from body -- inferior vena cava -- left ventricle -- left atrium -- pulmonary artery -- lungs -- pulmonary veins -- right atrium -- right ventricle -- aorta -- body

Blood from body -- superior or inferior vena cava--- right atrium--- right ventricle---pulmonary artery---lungs---pulmonary veins----left atrium---left ventricle----aorta---body

Blood from body -- inferior vena cava -- right atrium -- right ventricle -- pulmonary artery -- lungs -- pulmonary veins -- left atrium -- left ventricle -- aorta -- body

Blood from body -- superior vena cava -- left ventricle -- left atrium -- pulmonary artery -- lungs -- pulmonary veins -- right atrium -- right ventricle -- aorta -- body

The correct order of the blood flow through the human heart begins with blood from the body entering via the superior or inferior vena cava, then flowing through the right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, and finally leaving the heart through the aorta to circulate back to the body.

Explanation

The correct order of the blood flow through the human heart begins with blood from the body entering via the superior or inferior vena cava, then flowing through the right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, and finally leaving the heart through the aorta to circulate back to the body.

11. How does atherosclerosis lead to myocardial infarction?

Atherosclerosis causes an increase in heart muscle cell oxygen supply, preventing myocardial infarction.

Atherosclerosis leads to reduced blood sugar levels instead of oxygen levels in the heart, preventing myocardial infarction.

Artherosclerosis: build up of cholestrol which makes heart muscle cell not receive enough oxygen, eventually killing the cell (due to hypoxial)
--can happen throughout the body
--if it happens in a coronary artery it called myocardial infarction-death of tissues in the heart due to lack of oxygen

Atherosclerosis is a condition that only affects the brain, not the heart.

Atherosclerosis is a condition where cholesterol builds up in the arteries, leading to decreased oxygen supply to the heart muscle cells. This lack of oxygen can eventually result in the death of heart tissues, known as myocardial infarction. It is a serious condition that can have severe consequences on heart health.

Explanation

Atherosclerosis is a condition where cholesterol builds up in the arteries, leading to decreased oxygen supply to the heart muscle cells. This lack of oxygen can eventually result in the death of heart tissues, known as myocardial infarction. It is a serious condition that can have severe consequences on heart health.

12. Identify the number of chambers in the hearts of the major vertebrate groups and describe the functional consequences of differences in number of chambers.

Fish-- 2 chambersAmphibians/Reptiles--3 chambers (not able to get as high blood oxygenated blood--- MIXED)(except crocs)-- 4 chambers Birds/Crocs/Mammals--- 4 chambers-completely divided ventricles-divided pulmonary and systemic circuits

Birds have 3 chambers in their hearts allowing for superior oxygenation of blood compared to other vertebrates.

Fish have 4 chambers in their hearts providing a more streamlined circulatory system compared to other vertebrates.

Mammals have 2 chambers in their hearts resulting in more efficient blood circulation.

The correct answer highlights the different number of chambers in the hearts of major vertebrate groups and the functional consequences of these differences, emphasizing the importance of oxygenation and circulation efficiency.

Explanation

The correct answer highlights the different number of chambers in the hearts of major vertebrate groups and the functional consequences of these differences, emphasizing the importance of oxygenation and circulation efficiency.

13. What is not an advantage of breathing air?

Breathing air helps supply oxygen to the body.

Breathing air removes carbon dioxide from the body.

Breathing air leads to high evaporation rates -- moist surface in order to keep diffusion going

Breathing air is essential for the respiratory system to function properly.

Breathing air is essential for oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal, as well as the proper functioning of the respiratory system. However, one potential downside of breathing air is that it can lead to high evaporation rates and require a moist surface to keep diffusion going.

Explanation

Breathing air is essential for oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal, as well as the proper functioning of the respiratory system. However, one potential downside of breathing air is that it can lead to high evaporation rates and require a moist surface to keep diffusion going.

14. Open circulatory system is less efficient in what respect?

Regulating blood pH

Hard to deliver O2 to specific tissues

Maintaining high blood pressure

Transporting nutrients efficiently

Open circulatory systems have lower pressure and less control over where the fluid goes, making it harder to target specific tissues for oxygen delivery.

Explanation

Open circulatory systems have lower pressure and less control over where the fluid goes, making it harder to target specific tissues for oxygen delivery.