Airbus A330 Cockpit Startup Procedures Quiz

Alfred Adler was a central figure in early psychology. He worked with Freud but later developed Individual Psychology, emphasizing social interest, purpose, and lifestyle. His work influenced counseling, education, and child guidance movements worldwide.

Adlerian theory emphasizes social context, lifestyle patterns, birth order, and feelings of inferiority and superiority. Unlike other theories, it views behavior as goal-directed and socially embedded.

Adler believed encouragement fosters growth and confidence. Rather than punishment or competition, encouragement helps individuals overcome discouragement and develop social interest.

Psychological health, according to Adler, depends on contributing meaningfully to society. Personal success without social contribution reflects maladjustment.

Mistaken beliefs shape faulty life goals, leading to maladaptive inferiority or superiority. These beliefs distort self-perception and social functioning.

Adlerian therapy focuses on increasing social interest, correcting mistaken beliefs, and improving problem-solving abilities to promote healthy functioning.

Adlerian techniques emphasize encouragement, responsibility, and purposeful behavior. Acting as if and goal agreement promote insight and behavioral change.

Immediacy keeps therapy grounded in present experiences, helping clients understand current patterns rather than avoiding them through past or future focus.

Encouragement strengthens the therapeutic alliance and helps clients recognize strengths, reducing inferiority feelings and fostering growth.

Acting “as if” allows clients to experiment with new behaviors by behaving as though desired change already exists, promoting confidence.

Spitting in the client’s soup makes maladaptive behaviors less rewarding by exposing their hidden costs, encouraging healthier choices.

Deliberately constructed questions help uncover unconscious goals and mistaken beliefs by observing how clients respond.

Avoiding the tar baby prevents therapists from reacting emotionally in ways that reinforce maladaptive patterns or transference.

The inferiority complex is Adler’s most recognized concept, explaining motivation through feelings of inadequacy and striving for competence.

An inferiority complex involves persistent feelings of inadequacy that drive overcompensation and discouragement.

Primary inferiority originates in childhood experiences of helplessness and dependency, shaping later striving.

Secondary inferiority arises when adults fail to achieve unrealistic goals designed to overcome early inferiority.

Inferiority complexes stem from upbringing, physical limitations, and social disadvantage rather than lifestyle habits.

Nietzsche’s ideas on power and striving influenced Adler’s views on motivation and superiority.

Adler’s teleological concept emphasizes unconscious striving toward a fictional goal of completeness.

Teleology refers to purpose-driven explanations of behavior, central to Adler’s theory of motivation.

Holism views individuals as integrated wholes embedded within social systems rather than isolated traits.

Adler identified four personality types based on lifestyle and social interest.

The getting or leaning type seeks support without contribution, showing low activity and social interest.

Avoiding types fear failure and rejection, leading them to avoid risks and social engagement.

Socially useful individuals are active, cooperative, and motivated to improve society.

Birth order refers to sibling placement and its influence on personality development.

Adler believed oldest children often experience pressure, responsibility, and loss of attention, increasing risk of neurotic tendencies.