Adv Bio M10l2

Membrane-bound receptors are critical for cell signaling and are specifically located on the cell membrane to interact with external molecules such as hormones. This interaction triggers various cellular responses.

Intracellular receptors are located inside the cell and are involved in various cellular responses triggered by hormones or other signaling molecules. These receptors directly affect gene transcription and protein synthesis within the cell, rather than initiating signal transduction pathways from the cell membrane or causing immediate cell death.

In this scenario, the hormone interacts with an intracellular receptor, which triggers the cell to synthesize and secrete a new protein. Intracellular receptors are typically located inside the cell, while membrane-bound receptors are situated on the cell surface. Cytoplasmic receptors are a type of intracellular receptor that is present in the cytoplasm of the cell. Extracellular receptors are located outside the cell and do not play a direct role in internal cellular processes like protein synthesis.

Protein or peptide hormones and some amine hormones are the hormones that stimulate membrane-bound receptors due to their inability to cross the cell membrane. Steroid and thyroid hormones, on the other hand, are able to cross the cell membrane and act directly on intracellular receptors. Fatty acid-derived hormones also do not stimulate membrane-bound receptors.

Sex hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are steroid hormones that can freely diffuse across the cell membrane to bind to intracellular receptors. Membrane receptors, enzyme-linked receptors, and ion channel receptors are involved in responding to other types of signaling molecules.

In this case, the correct receptor involved in the process of epinephrine stimulating the release of calcium ions in smooth muscle cells is a membrane-bound receptor, not an intracellular, extracellular, or nuclear receptor.

Prostaglandins are biologically active lipids that have diverse effects in the body, primarily related to inflammation and pain.

Prostaglandins are biologically active lipids that have various effects in the body, such as smooth muscle contractions, inflammation, and pain.

Hormones can be secreted in different patterns such as constant, acute, or cyclic secretion. Random, intermittent, or sporadic secretion are not recognized patterns of hormone release.

Constant secretion refers to the consistent production of hormones by the body, with the control mechanisms adjusting the level of secretion as needed. This contrasts with temporary increases, irregular fluctuations, or sporadic releases of hormones.

Cyclic secretion refers to the regular and predictable pattern in which hormones are secreted, unlike random or sporadic secretion patterns.

Graph (a) shows a repeating pattern of hormone secretion over time, indicating cyclic secretion.

Hormone receptors can be classified into membrane-bound receptors and intracellular receptors based on their location and mechanism of action.