2nd Six Weeks Test- Part 1: Biochemistry

An atom is the basic unit of matter, consisting of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting around it.

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, resulting in varying atomic masses.

Ions are atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons, resulting in a positive or negative charge.

A Covalent bond is formed when atoms share electrons, unlike ionic bonds where atoms gain or lose electrons, or attractions between atoms in hydrogen bonds.

Ionic bonds are formed through electron transfer, not electron sharing like in covalent bonds. They typically occur between a metal and a non-metal, not between two non-metal atoms or involving the sharing of protons.

Van Der Waals forces are weak attractions between molecules, not to be confused with chemical bonds or forces within individual atoms.

A chemical formula is a symbolic representation of the elements present in a compound along with their respective ratios. It provides information on the types of atoms and the numbers of each atom within the compound.

A chemical reaction specifically refers to the transformation of substances into new substances through the breaking and forming of chemical bonds.

In a chemical reaction, reactants are the substances that interact with each other while products are the substances formed as a result of the reaction. Protons, isotopes, and catalysts are different concepts in chemistry not directly related to reactants and products of a chemical reaction.

Water molecules are polar due to the uneven distribution of electrons caused by the bent shape of the molecule, resulting in a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atoms and a partial negative charge on the oxygen atom.

A suspension refers to a mixture in which particles of a solid material are dispersed throughout a liquid, typically water, without dissolving in it. This forms a heterogeneous mixture where the particles remain suspended and do not settle at the bottom.

Acids are defined as compounds that release hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water, leading to a positively charged solution. This characteristic distinguishes them from other substances like bases.

Bases are substances that release hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution, leading to an increase in the concentration of hydroxide ions and resulting in a basic pH level. This is in contrast to acids, which release hydrogen ions (H+) in solution.

The Sun is the primary source of energy for living things on Earth through the process of photosynthesis, which converts sunlight into energy for plants and ultimately for all living organisms.

The Mass Number specifically refers to the total number of Protons and Neutrons in an atom's nucleus, excluding the number of Electrons.

The atomic number of an element is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. It is a unique identifier for each element on the periodic table.

The carbohydrate ratio is 1 : 2 : 1 for carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, respectively. Additional elements like phosphorus, sulphur, and nitrogen are not part of the carbohydrate ratio.

Lipids are not carbohydrates, which are a separate category of molecules. Lipids do not contain Oxygen and Nitrogen, as they are primarily composed of Carbon and Hydrogen. Lipids are also distinct from proteins.

Proteins are complex macromolecules made up of amino acids. They play vital roles in the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs.

Nucleic acids are different from proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates as they are specifically made up of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus.

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding up reactions that take place in cells. They are not carbohydrates, lipids, or nucleic acids.

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They consist of elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

Nucleotides are organic molecules composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate group. They are the building blocks of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.

Saturated bonds are formed when each carbon atom in a molecule is bonded to four other atoms, either carbon or hydrogen, resulting in a single bond between the carbon atoms. Unsaturated bonds occur when there is at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms in a molecule.

A compound is a substance made up of two or more different types of atoms bound together. It is formed through a chemical reaction between elements, not just a physical mixture or a single element. Compounds can be found in both natural and synthetic forms.

A molecule consists of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together to form a stable unit.

In chemistry, H+ ions are produced by acids which donate the hydrogen ions, while OH- ions are produced by bases which accept the hydrogen ions.

Valence electrons are the outermost electrons of an atom and can be determined by the column the element is in on the periodic table. They are involved in chemical bonding and reactions.

Cohesion refers to the attraction between molecules of the same substance, leading to the molecules sticking together. This phenomenon is responsible for surface tension and enables liquids to form drops.