Đề Thi Thử GIữa Kỳ Môn Hóa Đại Cương - Đề 1

The correct answer is "Liên kết cộng hóa trị và liên kết ion" because sodium nitrate (NaNO3) is an ionic compound, which means it is composed of positively charged sodium ions (Na+) and negatively charged nitrate ions (NO3-). The bond between the sodium ion and the nitrate ion is an ionic bond, which is a type of bond formed through the transfer of electrons. Additionally, within the nitrate ion, there are covalent bonds between the nitrogen atom and the oxygen atoms, which are formed through the sharing of electrons. Therefore, sodium nitrate has both ionic and covalent bonds, making it a compound with both covalent and ionic bonding.

The correct answer is B-Cl, Be-Cl, Ca-Cl, Na-Cl. This is because the electronegativity of the elements increases from left to right across the periodic table. B has the lowest electronegativity, followed by Be, Ca, and Na. Therefore, the polarity of the B-Cl bond is the lowest, followed by Be-Cl, Ca-Cl, and Na-Cl.

The correct answer is "2 và 4". The reason is that both Metanol (2) and Axit formic (4) have hydrogen bonding. Hydrogen bonding occurs when a hydrogen atom is bonded to a highly electronegative atom (such as oxygen or nitrogen) and is attracted to another electronegative atom in a different molecule. In this case, both Metanol and Axit formic have hydrogen atoms bonded to oxygen atoms, which allows for hydrogen bonding to occur between molecules. The other compounds, Axeton (1) and Etyl clorua (3), do not have the necessary hydrogen bonding groups.

The correct answer is "Dẫn điện ở trạng thái tinh thể" (Conducts electricity in crystalline state). This statement is incorrect because compounds in their crystalline state do not conduct electricity. In order for a compound to conduct electricity, it must have free-moving charged particles, such as ions or electrons. In the crystalline state, these particles are held in fixed positions and cannot move freely, hence the compound does not conduct electricity.

The correct answer is "sp3d". In the molecule PCl5, phosphorus (P) is bonded to five chlorine (Cl) atoms. In order to accommodate these five bonds, phosphorus must have five hybrid orbitals. The hybridization of phosphorus in PCl5 is sp3d, which means that one s orbital, three p orbitals, and two d orbitals from phosphorus combine to form five hybrid orbitals. These hybrid orbitals are then used to form bonds with the chlorine atoms.

The given molecule, CH2=C=CH-CH3, contains a double bond between the first and second carbon atoms and a triple bond between the second and third carbon atoms. The carbon atom with the double bond is in a sp2 hybridization state because it forms three sigma bonds (two with hydrogen atoms and one with the adjacent carbon atom) and has one unhybridized p orbital that participates in the pi bond. The carbon atom with the triple bond is in a sp hybridization state because it forms two sigma bonds (one with the adjacent carbon atom and one with the methyl group) and has two unhybridized p orbitals that participate in the two pi bonds. The remaining carbon atoms in the molecule are each bonded to four other atoms and are therefore in a sp3 hybridization state. Therefore, the correct answer is sp2, sp, sp2, sp3.

The correct answer is 1) C; 2) N; 3) S. This is because in order for [OZO] to be linear, the central atom Z must have no lone pairs and be surrounded by two oxygen atoms. Carbon (C) is the only atom among the given options that satisfies this condition. For [ZO3]- to be planar, the central atom Z must have no lone pairs and be surrounded by three oxygen atoms. Nitrogen (N) is the only atom among the given options that satisfies this condition. For [ZO3]2- to be pyramidal, the central atom Z must have one lone pair and be surrounded by three oxygen atoms. Sulfur (S) is the only atom among the given options that satisfies this condition.

Based on the molecular orbital (MO) theory, the molecule H2 has the most stable bond because it is made up of two hydrogen atoms with overlapping atomic orbitals, forming a sigma bond. H2(-) has a weaker bond because it has an extra electron, leading to increased repulsion between the electrons. H2(2-) does not exist because it would require two extra electrons, which is not energetically favorable. Therefore, the correct order is H2, H2(-), H2(2-).

Theo thuyết VB, các cộng hóa trị mà Selen (Z=34) có thể đạt được là 2, 4, 6.

The correct answer is that SO2 dissolves more in water than CO2 because the SO2 molecule has a non-zero dipole moment, while the CO2 molecule has a dipole moment of zero.

When an electron is added to a molecular orbital, it increases the electron density in the orbital. This increased electron density repels the existing electrons, causing the bond length to increase. Additionally, the added electron also increases the electron-electron repulsion, which leads to a decrease in the bond energy or bond strength. Therefore, the correct answer is "Tăng độ dài và giảm năng lượng liên kết" (Increase in bond length and decrease in bond energy).

The correct answer is sp3, sp, sp2. This is because Cl2O has two sigma bonds and two lone pairs, indicating sp3 hybridization. CO has a triple bond and no lone pairs, indicating sp hybridization. O3 has a double bond and one lone pair, indicating sp2 hybridization.

The correct answer is (σs)2(σs*)2(πx)2(πy)2. According to the molecular orbital theory, the electron configuration of the BN molecule can be determined by filling the molecular orbitals with electrons. In this case, the sigma bonding orbitals (σs) are filled with 2 electrons, the sigma anti-bonding orbitals (σs*) are also filled with 2 electrons, and the pi bonding orbitals (πx and πy) are filled with 2 electrons each. This arrangement of electrons follows the Aufbau principle and Hund's rule, resulting in the correct electron configuration for the BN molecule.

The statement is correct because in the molecules NH3, PH3, AsH3, and SbH3, the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), and antimony (Sb) atoms have a hybridization state of sp3. This means that each of these atoms has four electron domains, including three bonding pairs and one lone pair, leading to a tetrahedral arrangement of electron domains and a sp3 hybridization.

The correct answer is H2+, He2+. In molecular orbital theory, the bond order is calculated by subtracting the number of antibonding electrons from the number of bonding electrons and dividing by 2. In the given options, H2+ has a bond order of 0.5 because it has one bonding electron and one antibonding electron. He2+ has a bond order of 0 because it has two antibonding electrons and no bonding electrons. The other options have higher bond orders and are therefore incorrect.

The correct answer is "Liên kết π: sự che phủ của 2AO theo trục". This statement is incorrect because a π bond is formed by the overlap of two atomic orbitals (AOs) above and below the internuclear axis, not along the axis. The correct statement should be "Liên kết π: sự che phủ của 2AO vuông góc với trục".

The correct answer is "Không bão hòa, không định hướng, phân cực" because in a NaCl crystal, the Na+ ions and Cl- ions are held together by ionic bonds, which are formed due to the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. These bonds are non-directional, meaning that the ions are arranged in a regular pattern without any specific orientation. Additionally, the Na+ and Cl- ions do not share electrons, so there is no covalent bond present. Therefore, the NaCl crystal does not exhibit characteristics such as saturation or orientation, but it does have a polar nature due to the separation of positive and negative charges.

NO2- is the only molecule in the given options that has a bent or V-shaped molecular geometry. This is because it has a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom, causing repulsion and distortion of the molecule. In contrast, NO2+ and CO2 have linear geometries, while BeCl2 has a linear or linear-like geometry due to its two bonding pairs and no lone pairs. Therefore, NO2- is the only molecule that is not linear, making it the correct answer.

The explanation is that in a diamond crystal, the valence band is completely filled with electrons, while the band gap is larger than 3eV. This means that there is a band gap between the valence band and the conduction band of diamond. The covalent bonds between carbon atoms in the diamond crystal are responsible for this. The overlapping of the sp3 hybridized orbitals of the carbon atoms forms a saturated valence band in diamond.

The correct answer is "Chất tạo liên kết hidro với nước có thể tan trong nước theo bất cứ tỉ lệ nào" because this statement is not accurate. The solubility of a compound in water depends on various factors such as the strength of the hydrogen bonding between the compound and water molecules, the polarity of the compound, and the size of the compound. Therefore, not all compounds that can form hydrogen bonds with water will dissolve in water in any proportion.

The correct answer is "Dạng tam giác, C lai hóa sp2" because the information provided states that the molecule HCHO has a triangular shape and the carbon atom is sp2 hybridized. This means that the carbon atom in HCHO forms three sigma bonds with three different atoms or groups, resulting in a trigonal planar geometry.

According to the theory of valence bonding (VB), the number of valence electrons of N is 5, and the maximum number of covalent bonds that N can form in its compounds is 4.

The correct answer is "Tứ diện lệch". This means that the molecule SeF4 has a distorted tetrahedral structure. In a regular tetrahedral structure, all the bond angles would be 109.5 degrees. However, in SeF4, the bond angles are slightly different due to the presence of lone pairs on the central selenium atom. This distortion results in a "distorted tetrahedral" or "tetrahedral pyramidal" structure.

The correct answer is 1, 2, and 3.


1. The statement about the hybridization state of the carbon atom in CH2Cl2 being sp3 is incorrect. The carbon atom in CH2Cl2 is actually sp2 hybridized, as it forms three sigma bonds with three atoms (two hydrogen atoms and one chlorine atom) and has one lone pair of electrons.
2. The statement about the energy of the hybridized atomic orbitals (AO) in CH2Cl2 being equal is correct. In sp2 hybridization, the three hybridized orbitals have the same energy.
3. The statement about the tetrahedral structure of CH2Cl2 being non-uniform is correct. Due to the presence of two different atoms (hydrogen and chlorine) attached to the central carbon atom, the molecule has a distorted tetrahedral shape.
4. The statement about the dipole moment of CH2Cl2 being zero is incorrect. CH2Cl2 is a polar molecule, and it has a dipole moment due to the difference in electronegativity between carbon and chlorine.

The statement is incorrect because it describes the definition of an ionic bond, not a coordinate bond. In a coordinate bond, one atom donates a pair of electrons to another atom, while in an ionic bond, there is an electrostatic attraction between positively and negatively charged ions.

The statement "Cộng hóa trị của N trong hợp chất HNO3 là 5" is not consistent with the theory of covalent bonding. According to the theory, the valence or covalent bonding capacity of an element is determined by the number of unpaired electrons in its atomic or excited state. Nitrogen (N) has 5 valence electrons, so it can form a maximum of 3 covalent bonds. In HNO3, nitrogen forms 3 covalent bonds with oxygen atoms, resulting in a covalent valence of 3 for nitrogen, not 5.

The question asks to compare the bond strength in N2, CO, and CN-. The correct answer states that the bond strength is equal in all three compounds. This means that the strength of the bonds in N2, CO, and CN- is the same.

Based on the properties of covalent bonding using the VB method, we can predict that the molecule NCl5 and I7F cannot exist among the given compounds. This is because NCl5 violates the octet rule, as nitrogen cannot form more than 4 bonds, and I7F is not a stable compound due to the high electronegativity difference between iodine and fluorine. Therefore, NCl5 and I7F are the correct answers.

The correct answer is (1) 2px, 3py, 4pz. These orbitals have the same shape, which is a dumbbell shape with two lobes of opposite phases. The other options do not have the same shape. Option (2) consists of three different orbitals, each with a different shape. Option (3) consists of three different s orbitals, which have a spherical shape. Option (4) is incomplete and does not specify any orbitals.

The correct answer is "Nhiệt độ nóng chảy của Br2 thấp hơn nhiệt độ nóng chảy của ICl". This is because bromine (Br2) has a lower melting point than iodine chloride (ICl).

The correct answer is CO2, SO2, NH3. This is because the ability to liquefy gases depends on their intermolecular forces. CO2 has the weakest intermolecular forces, so it is the most easily liquefied. SO2 has stronger intermolecular forces than CO2, making it less easily liquefied. NH3 has the strongest intermolecular forces among the three gases, so it is the least easily liquefied. Therefore, the correct order is CO2, SO2, NH3.

The correct order of the cations based on their increasing polarizability is Cs+ < Na+ < Mg2+ < Al3+. Cations with larger ionic radii have higher polarizability, meaning they can distort the electron cloud of an anion more easily. As we move from Cs+ to Al3+, the ionic radii decrease, resulting in a decrease in polarizability. Therefore, Cs+ has the highest polarizability, followed by Na+, Mg2+, and Al3+.

The explanation for the given correct answer is that CsF has an ionic bond, which means it consists of a metal cation (Cs+) and a non-metal anion (F-). Ionic bonds are formed through the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of charged particles called ions. This type of bonding is different from the Van der Waals forces mentioned in the other options, which are weak intermolecular forces that exist between neutral molecules. Therefore, CsF does not exhibit Van der Waals forces, making it the incorrect option in this context.

The given molecule CHCl2-CH=CH2 contains one sigma (sp3-s) bond and three sigma (sp2-s) bonds. The carbon atoms in the molecule are hybridized, with one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms and one chlorine atom, forming a tetrahedral shape with sp3 hybridization. The other carbon atom is bonded to two hydrogen atoms and two carbon atoms, forming a trigonal planar shape with sp2 hybridization. Therefore, there is one sigma (sp3-s) bond and three sigma (sp2-s) bonds in the molecule.

According to the VSEPR theory, the I3- ion has a linear structure. This is because the central iodine atom is surrounded by three other iodine atoms, which repel each other and arrange themselves in a straight line to minimize repulsion. Therefore, the correct answer is I3-.

BaF2 has the highest ionic character among the given compounds. This is because BaF2 is an ionic compound consisting of a metal (Ba) and a non-metal (F). The electronegativity difference between Ba and F is large, resulting in a highly polar covalent bond. The large electronegativity difference causes the electrons to be strongly attracted towards the more electronegative F atom, creating a significant separation of charge and a high degree of ionic character.

The correct answer is "Lực khuếch tán." This means that the explanation for the given answer is that the liquefaction of CO2 is explained by the force of diffusion.

The correct answer is "1 liên kết σ(sp2-sp2), 1 liên kết π(p-p) và 4 liên kết σ(sp2-s)". In the CH2=CH2 molecule, there are two carbon atoms connected by a double bond. Each carbon atom forms three sigma (σ) bonds, one with the other carbon atom and two with hydrogen atoms. Additionally, there is one pi (π) bond formed by the overlap of p orbitals on the two carbon atoms. Therefore, there is one sigma (σ) bond between the two carbon atoms, one pi (π) bond, and four sigma (σ) bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms.

The correct answer is SO3(2-), SO4(2-), SO2, SO3. This is because the oxidation state of sulfur increases from -2 in SO3(2-) to +6 in SO4(2-). SO2 has an oxidation state of +4, which is between the oxidation states of SO3(2-) and SO4(2-). Therefore, the correct order is SO3(2-), SO4(2-), SO2, SO3.

The correct answer is "IF3, H2O, OF2, CS2". The compounds are arranged in increasing order of their valence angles. IF3 has the smallest valence angle because it has a trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry. H2O has a larger valence angle because it has a bent molecular geometry. OF2 has an even larger valence angle because it has a bent molecular geometry as well. CS2 has the largest valence angle because it has a linear molecular geometry.