Whap Ch. 5-8 Review

Europe

North America

Sub-Saharan Africa

China

Creation of an elaborate writing system that included both pictographs and phonetic or syllabic elements

A mathematical system that included the concept of zero and place notation

Creation of elaborate public spaces, including temples, pyramids, and palaces

All of the above

Confucianism

Daoism

Legalism

Buddhism

It motivated the creation of states in various regions of the world

it affected the day-to-day working lives of many people

It became the vehicle for the spread of ideas and diseases

All of the above

Large-scale warfare in which prisoners were taken

Patriarchal relationships between men and women

Class inequalities based on great differences in privately owned property

All of the above

Wheeled vehicles

Oceangoing vessels

the isthmus of Panama.

None of the above

Daoism is an offshoot of Confucianism that develops the mystical elements inherent in Confucius' teachings

Daoism and Confucianism were usually in strict opposition to each other, and people could not practice both simultaneously

Daoism and Confucianism were regarded as complementary rather than contradictory.

Most Confucians despised Daoism as a meaningless superstition

They form a body of works that seek to probe the inner meaning of the earlier Vedas.

They put a priority on introspection instead of external ritual.

They were a response to discontent, as Brahmins claimed too much wealth and privilege through their control of Vedic rituals.

All of the above

Superiors should provide a good moral example to their inferiors

People should meditate on nature as the key means to restore their sense of balance with the world.

Elites should receive a broad liberal arts education as the key to moral improvement.

Superiors should cultivate benevolence or nobility of heart as the essential ingredient of a peaceful society.

Upper-class women had a tendency to live less restricted lives than lower-class women.

Women in general experienced fewer restrictions compared to those living in pastoral societies.

Public life in general was a male domain, while women's roles took place mostly in domestic settings

Patriarchy was only present in Rome and China.

Found themselves restricted to a greater degree than ever before because of the cultural influence of the nomadic peoples who conquered much of northern China.

Were removed from positions as priests, nuns, and reclusive mediators in Daoist movements

Benefited from the growing influence of Buddhism, which provided some women with an alternative to family life in Buddhist monasteries.

Were encouraged by the writings of Ban Zhao to be more assertive in their relationships with men.

Agriculture, focusing especially on maize, beans, peppers, and squash

Market exchange

Human sacrifice

During most periods, the existence of a single state that unified the region

Ran similar regional economies controlled by the state, which tried to suppress all private merchant activity

Were in close contact, creating by far the largest and most important long-distance trade network in the Americas

Had little to trade with each other, because both regions grew the same crops and had the same resources

Seem to have had little direct contact with each other

Judaism

Zoroastrianism

Confucianism

Buddhism

The concept of karma and rebirth

The need for individuals to take responsibility for their own spiritual development

The practice of meditation

The hope for final release from the cycle of rebirth

Lacked social prestige despite their central role in government.

Served the emperor but were primarily loyal to their own families and regions

Took examinations and were chosen for official positions on the basis of their performance during the Han dynasty.

Were a hereditary class chosen because of their birth and wealth.

Roman slaves were employed exclusively as agricultural labor on the estates of the rich.

Slaves made up a substantial portion of the population, including perhaps 33 to 40 percent of the population in the Italian heartland of the empire.

The triumph of Christianity in the Roman Empire brought an end to the practice of slavery

Slaves were primarily drawn from Africa, and slavery was associated with blackness.

Indian Ocean trade picked up as mariners learned how to ride the monsoons.

Christianity traveled along the Indian Ocean trade routes to Kerala in southern India

Chinese merchants started to trade directly in India

All of the above

The Chinese state under the Tang and Song dynasties actively encouraged maritime trade.

The invention of the magnetic compass in China improved navigation

China provided a vast and attractive market for Indian and Southeast Asian goods

The Chinese state under the Tang and Song dynasties prohibited Chinese merchants from traveling along the Silk Road, effectively forcing them to trade along the Indian Ocean trade routes.

An important seaborne trade network with South American Andean civilizations that distributed exotic luxury goods, which served to uphold the position and privileges of nobles and rulers

A land-based trade with the great city-state of Teotihuacán in central Mexico

A land-based trade network with the Aztecs

Both a and b

Indian civilization was economically dependent on slavery

Religious writings and secular law provided no protection for slaves

Slaves could own property and earn money in their spare time

Unlike China, criminals were not enslaved in India

Upper-class women in Sparta were more strictly confined to the home than those in Athens.

In Sparta women married men who were about their own age

Athenian women were able to participate in their democratic government, whereas Spartan women were unable to participate in their oligarchic government.

In Athens elite women were strongly encouraged to learn to read and write

The Silk Roads linked the entire world into a single trade network

The Silk Roads linked the large civilizations on the outer rim of the Eurasian continent but bypassed the pastoral peoples of the interior

The Silk Roads were largely a "relay trade" route, in which goods were passed down the line rather than carried by one merchant along the entire route

Although important, the Silk Roads never carried as large a volume of long-distance trade as the American network

Legalists believed that social harmony could be created and maintained by clearly spelling out laws and strictly enforcing them through rewards and punishments.

Legalists believed that the way to create social harmony was by strict adherence to moral "laws" that people would be taught to obey voluntarily.

Legalists believed that the laws of China were handed down from heaven, and that divine forces would destroy those who did not follow them.

Legalists believed that the best way to provide social harmony was by creating a wide popular consensus to legislate and enforce laws

Daoism

Zoroastrianism

Mahayana Buddhism

Christianity

Paul's message that Jesus' message was for everyone, not just Jews, and that converts did not need to follow Jewish rituals

The widespread popularity of monotheism as a religious concept in the Roman Empire

Christianity's good reputation for the care its followers gave to one another

Reports of impressive miracles

Lacked sharp distinctions along class lines

Were patriarchal in organization

Rarely included slaves

None of the above

In some cases wealthy landlords could raise their own military forces that might challenge the authority of the emperor

The rebel Wang Mang, who usurped the emperor's authority in 8 C.E., did so by allying with the landlord class against the emperor and peasants.

The government did not wish to become too dependent on the taxation of a few wealthy landlords for its revenues

All of the above

Foreign invasion

A century of devastating flooding

A long-term drought

Massive rebellions that overthrew the Mayan government

As an empire ruled by a single powerful king

To control a choke point in the Indian Ocean trading network

As a stateless state, making it unique among third-wave civilizations

As a number of rival independent cities

Daoism

Zoroastrianism

Confucianism

Buddhism

Only the Sudras were allowed to hear or repeat the Vedas

Only the Sudras were believed to be of Aryan descent.

Only the Brahmin, Kshatriya, and Vaisya were believed to be "twice born."

All of the above

Han dynasty China.

Classical Greece and Rome

The Americas after European colonization

All of the above

The growth of democracy was accompanied by the simultaneous growth of slavery on a mass scale

A slave who was freed by his or her master became a citizen of the city-state.

Slaves made up no more than 3 percent of the total population.

Slavery was criticized by the greatest of the Greek philosophers, including Aristotle, and was ultimately outlawed in society as a whole.

The kingdom of Axum

The Roman Empire

The Niger River valley civilization

The Sumerian civilization

Eurasia, Central/South America, Africa, North America, Australia/Oceania

Central/South America, Eurasia, Africa, Australia/Oceania, North America

Eurasia, Africa, Central/South America, North America, Australia/Oceania

Africa, Eurasia, Central/South America, North America, Australia/Oceania

Classical Greece

The Roman Empire

The Niger Valley civilization

The kingdom of Axum

The Ancestral Pueblo

The Moche

The Cahokians

The Nazca

Although women are weaker than men physically, the two sexes are intellectually equal.

Women are subordinate to their husbands, but they are equal to their brothers and other family members of their own generation.

Women should maintain modesty and always yield to others.

Women should be veiled and strictly secluded at all times.

Buddhism

Hinduism

Confucianism

Daoism

Buddhist nuns, like secular Indian women, remained under the strong patriarchal authority of their father or other male head of family

Women lived in double monasteries with men, where they were expected to tend to the household needs of the male monks while also devoting themselves to meditation.

The position of Buddhist women was better than that of women in Hinduism, but they were still restricted and subordinated to men.

Buddhist nuns were recognized to have full spiritual equality with men, and they could serve in positions of authority over both men and women.

More than the Buddha, Jesus actively engaged with the supernatural, both by talking about God and by working miracles

Jesus was much more concerned with the poor and oppressed than was the Buddha

Only Jesus stressed love of others as a central teaching

Unlike Jesus, the Buddha died peacefully after a long life of public preaching.

Slaveholding defined the society.

Its social organization was shaped by the actions of the state

The caste system defined its social structure.

Women were allowed a role in public life.

The cultural elite viewed Chinese merchants as unproductive, making a shameful profit from selling the work of others

Early in the Han dynasty merchants were prohibited from taking civil service exams or holding public office.

The government sometimes forced merchants to loan large sums of money to the state.

State officials and landlords ostracized Chinese merchants, having no relationships with them despite the potential for profit

Individual jatis were locked into an unchanging hierarchy in relation to other jatis.

Individuals within a jati regularly raised their social status by growing wealthy enough to join other jatis

An individual jati could raise its standing in relation to other jatis in the local hierarchy by acquiring land or wealth.

No individual could be expelled from his or her jati.

The Americas

Sub-Saharan Africa

Europe

Central Asia

The Sand Roads across the Sahara Desert

The Sea Roads across the Indian Ocean

The Atlantic Ocean Roads across the eastern Atlantic between Europe and equatorial West Africa

The Silk Roads across Central Asia

Islamic rulers were suspicious of merchants and sought to curtail their activities

Muslim merchants and sailors established communities of traders from East Africa to the southern China coast

Early rulers of the Arab Empire sought to promote trade within the empire by prohibiting trade by Muslim merchants beyond its borders.

Both a and c