Whap Ch. 5-8 Review

All sought to define a single source of order and meaning in the universe

All elevated the value of humankind.

All reacted in some way to an earlier polytheism.

All emphasized personal moral or spiritual transformation

Confucianism

Daoism

Legalism

Buddhism

Legalists believed that social harmony could be created and maintained by clearly spelling out laws and strictly enforcing them through rewards and punishments.

Legalists believed that the way to create social harmony was by strict adherence to moral "laws" that people would be taught to obey voluntarily.

Legalists believed that the laws of China were handed down from heaven, and that divine forces would destroy those who did not follow them.

Legalists believed that the best way to provide social harmony was by creating a wide popular consensus to legislate and enforce laws

Superiors should provide a good moral example to their inferiors

People should meditate on nature as the key means to restore their sense of balance with the world.

Elites should receive a broad liberal arts education as the key to moral improvement.

Superiors should cultivate benevolence or nobility of heart as the essential ingredient of a peaceful society.

Although women are weaker than men physically, the two sexes are intellectually equal.

Women are subordinate to their husbands, but they are equal to their brothers and other family members of their own generation.

Women should maintain modesty and always yield to others.

Women should be veiled and strictly secluded at all times.

Thanks to Confucianism, elite Chinese culture was essentially nonreligious in character.

The Confucian-based examination system allowed some social mobility for talented young men who were able to afford an education.

Confucianism stressed that emperors should rule justly and provide for the material needs of their people.

Confucianism encouraged individualistic and natural behavior among the elite.

Daoism

Zoroastrianism

Confucianism

Buddhism

Daoism is an offshoot of Confucianism that develops the mystical elements inherent in Confucius' teachings

Daoism and Confucianism were usually in strict opposition to each other, and people could not practice both simultaneously

Daoism and Confucianism were regarded as complementary rather than contradictory.

Most Confucians despised Daoism as a meaningless superstition

They form a body of works that seek to probe the inner meaning of the earlier Vedas.

They put a priority on introspection instead of external ritual.

They were a response to discontent, as Brahmins claimed too much wealth and privilege through their control of Vedic rituals.

All of the above

Buddhism

Hinduism

Confucianism

Daoism

The concept of karma and rebirth

The need for individuals to take responsibility for their own spiritual development

The practice of meditation

The hope for final release from the cycle of rebirth

Buddhist nuns, like secular Indian women, remained under the strong patriarchal authority of their father or other male head of family

Women lived in double monasteries with men, where they were expected to tend to the household needs of the male monks while also devoting themselves to meditation.

The position of Buddhist women was better than that of women in Hinduism, but they were still restricted and subordinated to men.

Buddhist nuns were recognized to have full spiritual equality with men, and they could serve in positions of authority over both men and women.

Unlike Theravada, Mahayana Buddhism venerates the Buddha as a god

Unlike Theravada, Mahayana Buddhism holds that spiritually developed people (bodhisattvas) help others to reach nirvana, instead of emphasizing that individuals were on their own.

Unlike Theravada, Mahayana Buddhism became a popular religion of salvation

Unlike Theravada, Mahayana Buddhism instituted a formal priesthood whose rituals were meant to help people reach nirvana

Intense introspection in an effort to understand the meaning behind traditional rituals

Retreat from the world to an organized, communal religious life

Intense adoration and identification with a particular deity through song, prayer, and ritual

Elaborate rituals performed by a hereditary priestly caste

Daoism

Zoroastrianism

Mahayana Buddhism

Christianity

Confucian philosophy

Greek philosophy

Daoism

Zoroastrianism

More than the Buddha, Jesus actively engaged with the supernatural, both by talking about God and by working miracles

Jesus was much more concerned with the poor and oppressed than was the Buddha

Only Jesus stressed love of others as a central teaching

Unlike Jesus, the Buddha died peacefully after a long life of public preaching.

Paul's message that Jesus' message was for everyone, not just Jews, and that converts did not need to follow Jewish rituals

The widespread popularity of monotheism as a religious concept in the Roman Empire

Christianity's good reputation for the care its followers gave to one another

Reports of impressive miracles

Lacked sharp distinctions along class lines

Were patriarchal in organization

Rarely included slaves

None of the above

Slaveholding defined the society.

Its social organization was shaped by the actions of the state

The caste system defined its social structure.

Women were allowed a role in public life.

Lacked social prestige despite their central role in government.

Served the emperor but were primarily loyal to their own families and regions

Took examinations and were chosen for official positions on the basis of their performance during the Han dynasty.

Were a hereditary class chosen because of their birth and wealth.

In some cases wealthy landlords could raise their own military forces that might challenge the authority of the emperor

The rebel Wang Mang, who usurped the emperor's authority in 8 C.E., did so by allying with the landlord class against the emperor and peasants.

The government did not wish to become too dependent on the taxation of a few wealthy landlords for its revenues

All of the above

The cultural elite viewed Chinese merchants as unproductive, making a shameful profit from selling the work of others

Early in the Han dynasty merchants were prohibited from taking civil service exams or holding public office.

The government sometimes forced merchants to loan large sums of money to the state.

State officials and landlords ostracized Chinese merchants, having no relationships with them despite the potential for profit

In both, birth determined social status for most people

In both, sharp distinctions and great inequalities characterized the social order

In both, there was little social mobility for the vast majority of the population.

In both, priority was given to religious status and ritual purity.

The interaction of culturally different peoples

Gender, with distinct male and female castes

Social differences

Economic differences

Only the Sudras were allowed to hear or repeat the Vedas

Only the Sudras were believed to be of Aryan descent.

Only the Brahmin, Kshatriya, and Vaisya were believed to be "twice born."

All of the above

Individual jatis were locked into an unchanging hierarchy in relation to other jatis.

Individuals within a jati regularly raised their social status by growing wealthy enough to join other jatis

An individual jati could raise its standing in relation to other jatis in the local hierarchy by acquiring land or wealth.

No individual could be expelled from his or her jati.

Large-scale warfare in which prisoners were taken

Patriarchal relationships between men and women

Class inequalities based on great differences in privately owned property

All of the above

Han dynasty China.

Classical Greece and Rome

The Americas after European colonization

All of the above

A relatively large percentage, perhaps as much as one-third of the total population, were slaves.

Convicted criminals and their families were among the earliest slaves in Han dynasty China.

Impoverished or indebted peasants might sell their children into slavery.

Slaves never became a major source of labor for agriculture or manufacturing

Indian civilization was economically dependent on slavery

Religious writings and secular law provided no protection for slaves

Slaves could own property and earn money in their spare time

Unlike China, criminals were not enslaved in India

The growth of democracy was accompanied by the simultaneous growth of slavery on a mass scale

A slave who was freed by his or her master became a citizen of the city-state.

Slaves made up no more than 3 percent of the total population.

Slavery was criticized by the greatest of the Greek philosophers, including Aristotle, and was ultimately outlawed in society as a whole.

Roman slaves were employed exclusively as agricultural labor on the estates of the rich.

Slaves made up a substantial portion of the population, including perhaps 33 to 40 percent of the population in the Italian heartland of the empire.

The triumph of Christianity in the Roman Empire brought an end to the practice of slavery

Slaves were primarily drawn from Africa, and slavery was associated with blackness.

Upper-class women had a tendency to live less restricted lives than lower-class women.

Women in general experienced fewer restrictions compared to those living in pastoral societies.

Public life in general was a male domain, while women's roles took place mostly in domestic settings

Patriarchy was only present in Rome and China.

Found themselves restricted to a greater degree than ever before because of the cultural influence of the nomadic peoples who conquered much of northern China.

Were removed from positions as priests, nuns, and reclusive mediators in Daoist movements

Benefited from the growing influence of Buddhism, which provided some women with an alternative to family life in Buddhist monasteries.

Were encouraged by the writings of Ban Zhao to be more assertive in their relationships with men.

Upper-class women in Sparta were more strictly confined to the home than those in Athens.

In Sparta women married men who were about their own age

Athenian women were able to participate in their democratic government, whereas Spartan women were unable to participate in their oligarchic government.

In Athens elite women were strongly encouraged to learn to read and write

The kingdom of Axum

The Roman Empire

The Niger River valley civilization

The Sumerian civilization

Eurasia, Central/South America, Africa, North America, Australia/Oceania

Central/South America, Eurasia, Africa, Australia/Oceania, North America

Eurasia, Africa, Central/South America, North America, Australia/Oceania

Africa, Eurasia, Central/South America, North America, Australia/Oceania

The Americas

Sub-Saharan Africa

Europe

Central Asia

Europe

North America

Sub-Saharan Africa

China

The monarchy was open to women

Meroitic culture was completely derived from that of Egypt

Meroitic cities had specialized crafts, including a particularly strong ironworking industry

Meroë had extensive long-distance trading connections.

Mining and export of precious metals, especially gold

Axum's excellent position commanding the entrance to the Red Sea, which the Axumites exploited as intermediaries in trade between the Mediterranean world and Asia

Axum's highly productive agriculture, using plows, unlike most of Africa in the period

Privileged trade status with the Mediterranean world after the kings of Axum converted to Christianity

Conquest by the newly established Islamic empire in the seventh century C.E

The rise of Islam, which altered trade routes in a way not favorable to Axum

Soil exhaustion, which lessened agricultural prosperity

Erosion brought on by extensive deforestation, as the land was stripped of trees to fuel the iron industry, which lessened agricultural productivity

Axum

Meroë

Mali

The Niger River valley civilization

The Bantu were originally invited into small African states as mercenaries and guest workers, but they eventually seized control of those states.

The Bantu, thanks to their skill in metallurgy, were well-armed and quickly able to conquer their neighbors.

The Bantu spread was a slow movement of peoples, often just a few families at a time.

It was Bantu language and culture that spread, rather than Bantu people themselves, as neighbors emulated highly successful Bantu ways.

The Bantu had political structures that made it possible for them to organize large armies and seize land from the gatherer-hunters.

The Bantu knew how to work iron and thus could produce better tools and weapons than the people they displaced or absorbed.

The Bantu brought diseases to which the gathering and hunting peoples they encountered had little immunity.

The Bantu were farmers and thus could support more people in a smaller area than the gatherer-hunters could

Agriculture, focusing especially on maize, beans, peppers, and squash

Market exchange

Human sacrifice

During most periods, the existence of a single state that unified the region

Creation of an elaborate writing system that included both pictographs and phonetic or syllabic elements

A mathematical system that included the concept of zero and place notation

Creation of elaborate public spaces, including temples, pyramids, and palaces

All of the above