The West Between The Wars, 1919-1939 17 - 2

Collectivization refers to the policy implemented by Stalin in the Soviet Union during the 1920s and 1930s. It involved the elimination of private farms and the consolidation of agricultural production into collective farms. This policy aimed to increase agricultural productivity and promote industrialization. Through collectivization, the state gained control over the agricultural sector and was able to redistribute resources according to its own priorities. The implementation of collectivization resulted in significant social and economic transformations, including the forced relocation of peasants, widespread famine, and the consolidation of Stalin's power.

A totalitarian state is a form of government that seeks to exercise complete control over every aspect of public and private life. It aims to rule through extensive surveillance, propaganda, and suppression of individual freedoms. This aligns with the given description of a government that aims to rule by broad control. The other options, such as New Economic Policy, collectivization, Politburo, and fascism, do not fully capture the concept of a government ruling through broad control.

The given answer, fascism, is the correct explanation for the philosophy that values the state over the individual. Fascism is a political ideology that emphasizes the importance of the state and its power, often at the expense of individual freedoms and rights. It promotes a strong centralized government led by a dictator, strict control over society, and suppression of opposition. Fascist regimes prioritize national unity, order, and conformity, often using propaganda and force to maintain control. This philosophy contrasts with ideologies that prioritize individual rights and freedoms, such as liberalism or libertarianism.

Stalin's Five Year Plans were a series of economic plans implemented in the Soviet Union during the 1930s. These plans aimed to rapidly industrialize the country and transform it into a major industrial power. They focused on developing heavy industries such as coal, steel, and machinery, and increasing production in sectors like manufacturing and transportation. The goal was to shift the economy from being primarily agrarian to being predominantly industrial. Therefore, the correct answer is that Stalin's Five Year Plans were intended to transform Russia into an industrial society.

The correct answer is New Economic Policy. The New Economic Policy (NEP) was a scheme introduced by Lenin in 1921 to replace the war communism policies implemented during the Russian Civil War. The NEP aimed to revive the economy by allowing limited private enterprise, foreign trade, and small-scale capitalism. It marked a shift towards a more market-oriented approach and helped to stabilize the country's economy. The NEP was seen as a temporary compromise between socialism and capitalism and was eventually replaced by more centralized economic planning under Stalin.

The Politburo was the leading policy-making committee in the USSR. It consisted of the highest-ranking members of the Communist Party and had significant power and influence over the country's policies and decisions. The Politburo played a crucial role in shaping the direction of the Soviet Union and implementing key initiatives such as collectivization and the New Economic Policy. It was a key component of the totalitarian state that existed in the USSR, where the Communist Party had complete control over all aspects of society and government. Fascism, on the other hand, refers to a different political ideology and is not directly related to the USSR or the Politburo.

During the Spanish Civil War, Francisco Franco led a military regime in Spain. Germany and Italy provided support to Franco's regime, while the United States and Britain followed a policy of non-intervention. Germany, under Adolf Hitler, and Italy, under Benito Mussolini, saw Franco's regime as an opportunity to advance their own political and ideological interests. They provided military aid, including troops, weapons, and supplies, to help Franco's forces defeat the Republican government. This support from Germany and Italy played a significant role in ensuring Franco's victory and consolidating his military regime in Spain.

The correct answer is that parliamentary systems failed in most eastern European states because these states had little democratic tradition. This suggests that the lack of a democratic foundation and experience in these countries hindered the successful implementation and functioning of parliamentary systems. Without a strong democratic tradition, the necessary institutions, norms, and values that support a parliamentary system may not have been fully established or embraced by the citizens and political actors in these states.

Lenin intended his economic policies to create a temporary capitalist system. This can be inferred from Lenin's implementation of the New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1921, which allowed for limited private enterprise and market mechanisms in order to revive the Soviet economy after the devastation caused by the Russian Civil War. The NEP aimed to stimulate production and attract foreign investment, with the ultimate goal of transitioning towards socialism. However, it was intended as a temporary measure and was eventually replaced by more centralized and planned economic policies under Stalin.

Mussolini's regime compromised with Italy's traditional institutions. This means that instead of completely dismantling or disregarding the existing institutions in Italy, the regime reached agreements or made concessions with them. This could include working with the monarchy, the Catholic Church, or other established organizations and structures in the country. By compromising with these institutions, Mussolini's regime aimed to maintain some level of stability and legitimacy while consolidating its power.