Bentley Ch. 34 Test Age Of Anxiety

The correct answer is overproduction and falling prices. During the 1920s, agriculture faced a major economic problem due to overproduction. Farmers were producing more crops and goods than the market demanded, leading to a surplus. This surplus caused prices to fall as the supply exceeded the demand. The combination of overproduction and falling prices created a depressed state in the agricultural sector, causing financial difficulties for farmers. This problem was a significant challenge during the 1920s.

The correct answer explains that the Russian Civil War was fought between the Reds, who were the communists of Lenin's regime, and the Whites, who were a collection of anti-communist groups. This answer accurately identifies the two main opposing factions in the conflict, with the Reds representing the Bolsheviks and the Whites representing a diverse range of groups opposed to the communist regime.

KRISTALLNACHT, also known as the Night of Broken Glass, refers to a series of coordinated attacks against Jews in Nazi Germany and Austria in November 1938. During this violent pogrom, thousands of Jewish-owned stores, synagogues, and homes were vandalized, looted, and destroyed. The term "Kristallnacht" is derived from the shattered glass that covered the streets from broken windows. This event marked a significant escalation in the persecution of Jews by the Nazi regime and is considered a precursor to the Holocaust.

During the Great Depression, economist John Maynard Keynes advocated for the government to expand the money supply and undertake public works projects in order to stimulate the economy and create jobs. This approach, known as Keynesian economics, aimed to increase aggregate demand and pull the economy out of recession. By increasing the money supply, more money would be available for lending and investment, which would spur economic activity. Additionally, undertaking public works projects would create jobs and provide income for workers, further boosting consumer spending and stimulating economic growth.

The chief actions of Roosevelt's New Deal included giving workers the right to organize and bargain collectively, providing social security in old age, and creating jobs through public works projects. However, tightening the money supply was not one of the chief actions of the New Deal.

The correct answer is that the First Five-Year Plan was designed to transform the Soviet Union from an agricultural nation into an industrial one. This plan, implemented by the Soviet government in 1928, aimed to rapidly industrialize the country by setting targets for industrial output and increasing the production of heavy machinery, steel, and other industrial goods. The plan also involved collectivizing agriculture and increasing agricultural productivity to support the growing industrial sector. The ultimate goal was to modernize the Soviet economy and establish the Soviet Union as a major industrial power.

The spread of photography led many painters to believe that the purpose of painting was not to mirror reality but to create it. This suggests that painters were influenced by the rise of photography and began to see their role as artists in a different light. They saw photography as a medium that could accurately capture reality, so they sought to differentiate themselves by emphasizing their ability to create something beyond reality through their paintings. This shift in perspective highlights the impact that photography had on the mindset of painters during this time period.

The impressionists were not one of the new artistic movements of the twentieth century. The impressionist movement emerged in the late 19th century, primarily in France, and was characterized by its focus on capturing the fleeting effects of light and color in outdoor settings. While the expressionists, cubists, and dadaists were all significant artistic movements that emerged in the twentieth century, the impressionists preceded them and were part of the earlier artistic developments.

Stalin believed in the philosophy of promoting communism primarily in the Soviet Union rather than exporting the revolution to other nations. Unlike Trotsky, who advocated for worldwide revolution, Stalin focused on consolidating and strengthening the Soviet Union internally. This philosophy, known as "socialism in one country," aimed to build a strong socialist state in the Soviet Union before attempting to spread communism globally. Stalin's approach prioritized the development and industrialization of the Soviet Union, leading to the implementation of policies that emphasized rapid industrial growth and collectivization of agriculture.

The concept of "path of legality" refers to the idea that fascist regimes, like the one in Germany, sought to establish their power and control through legal means. In Germany, the Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler rose to power through democratic elections and then gradually dismantled democratic institutions to establish a totalitarian regime. This concept highlights the deceptive nature of fascism, as it initially operated within the legal framework before subverting it for its own purposes.

Germany and Japan suffered most extensively during the Great Depression because both nations heavily depended on exporting manufactured goods to pay for imported fuel and food. As the global economy contracted, international trade declined, leading to a significant decrease in demand for their exports. This resulted in a severe economic downturn in both countries, as they were unable to generate enough revenue to sustain their imports. The heavy reliance on exports made them vulnerable to the economic downturn, exacerbating the impact of the Great Depression on their economies.

Gertrude Stein is the correct answer because she is the one who coined the term "lost generation." This term refers to the group of writers and artists who came of age during World War I and felt disillusioned by the societal changes that followed. Gertrude Stein, an American writer and art collector, used the term in reference to the young people of that time who felt lost and disconnected from the values and traditions of the past. Her use of the term became widely recognized and influential in describing this generation.

Germany managed to rebuild faster than France or Russia after World War I because it had not suffered the physical destruction of its natural resources, infrastructure, or production capacity. Unlike France and Russia, Germany did not experience major military engagements on its soil, which spared it from the extensive damage caused by warfare. This allowed Germany to focus on rebuilding and recovering its economy more quickly than the other two countries.

The correct answer is to pressure them to emigrate. The Nazi regime aimed to create conditions that would make life so unbearable for Jews in Germany that they would choose to leave the country. This was part of their broader goal to eliminate Jews from German society. They implemented various discriminatory policies and laws to marginalize and isolate Jews, making it increasingly difficult for them to live and work in Germany. The ultimate objective was to force Jews to emigrate and leave the country, rather than outright killing them or turning them into slaves.

During the 1930s, women in Russia achieved greater economic success compared to the other nations listed. This can be attributed to the Soviet government's emphasis on gender equality and women's rights. The Soviet Union implemented policies that provided women with equal access to education, job opportunities, and healthcare. Women were encouraged to participate in the workforce and were given opportunities for leadership roles. This focus on gender equality allowed women in Russia to make significant advancements in the economic sphere during the 1930s.