Pharmaceutics Quiz - Questions And Answers: Test Your Knowledge

The Noyes-Whitney equation is used to calculate the rate of drug dissolution from a tablet. It states that the rate of dissolution is directly proportional to the surface area of the tablet and the concentration difference between the drug in the tablet and its surrounding medium, and inversely proportional to the thickness of the diffusion layer. This equation is commonly used in pharmaceutical sciences to understand and predict the release of drugs from solid dosage forms.

Methyl cellulose is used in ophthalmic solutions to increase ocular contact time. This means that it helps the solution to stay on the surface of the eye for a longer period of time, allowing for better absorption and effectiveness of the medication. By increasing the contact time, methyl cellulose ensures that the solution remains in contact with the eye for a sufficient duration, improving its therapeutic benefits.

The pharmaceutical beyond-use date (BUD) is a critical concept in medication management and compounding. It specifies the maximum time that a compounded medication can be used while maintaining its safety and effectiveness. The BUD takes into account factors such as the stability of the medication, its storage conditions, and the potential for contamination. It is essential for ensuring the quality and safety of compounded medications.

1. Film coating is the purpose of Eudragit (R). 2. Syrups are made with Sucrose (S). 3. Emulsification is achieved with Sodium oleate (T). 4. Enteric coating is the purpose of Ethyl cellulose (Q).

The correct answer is 7.2 because the pH of human tears is typically around 7.2. Tears are slightly acidic, with a pH range of 6.5 to 7.6, and 7.2 falls within this range. The pH level of tears is important for maintaining the health and function of the eyes, as it helps to protect the eyes from infections and irritants.

The correct answer is USP dissolution apparatus 1. The USP dissolution apparatus 1, also known as the basket dissolution apparatus, is a commonly used instrument in pharmaceutical laboratories to test the dissolution rate of solid dosage forms. It consists of a cylindrical vessel with a rotating basket that holds the dosage form. The basket moves up and down in the dissolution medium, facilitating the release of the drug from the dosage form. The apparatus is designed to simulate the conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and is used to determine the release profile and dissolution behavior of the drug product.

Before a drug can become available for absorption from a tablet dosage form, the first process that must occur is the disintegration of the drug. Disintegration refers to the breakdown of the tablet into smaller particles, which allows for the drug to dissolve and be released. Once the drug is disintegrated, it can then proceed to the next step of dissolution in gastrointestinal (GI) fluids, where it will further dissolve and become available for absorption into the bloodstream.

Green bone is a source of Type B gelatin.

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PEG (Polyethylene glycol) is a water soluble lubricant. It is a polymer compound that has the ability to dissolve in water, making it suitable for use as a lubricant in various applications. PEG is commonly used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and personal care products due to its water solubility and lubricating properties. Stearic acid, mineral oil, and magnesium stearate, on the other hand, are not water soluble lubricants. Stearic acid is a fatty acid that is insoluble in water, while mineral oil and magnesium stearate are hydrophobic substances that do not dissolve in water.

Epinehrine is formulated as the first pharmaceutical aerosol because it was the first drug to be successfully aerosolized and delivered through inhalation. Aerosolization allows the drug to be converted into a fine mist or spray, which can then be inhaled into the lungs for rapid absorption and action. This method of delivery is particularly effective for drugs that need to act directly on the respiratory system, such as bronchodilators for asthma. Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is commonly used in aerosolized form to treat severe allergic reactions and asthma attacks.

Think of making a pill like baking a cake. You need the right ingredients to hold it all together! Povidone is like the "glue" that binds the powdered drug and other stuff in a pill, making it a solid tablet. Other ingredients have different jobs: lactose adds bulk, magnesium stearate helps it slide out of the machine, and sodium starch glycolate helps it break apart in your stomach. But povidone is the key to keeping that pill from crumbling.

The onset of action refers to how quickly a drug starts producing its therapeutic effect. Sublingual tablets, which are placed under the tongue, are designed to dissolve rapidly and be absorbed directly into the bloodstream through the mucous membranes in the mouth. This bypasses the first-pass metabolism in the liver, resulting in a faster onset of action compared to other routes like oral administration.

The correct answer is Chromium oxide. Chromium oxide is frequently used in eye makeup preparations to create green color. It is a pigment that provides a vibrant and long-lasting green shade. It is safe to use on the skin and is commonly found in eyeshadows, eyeliners, and other eye makeup products.

Aspartame is a synthetic sweetening agent that is approximately 200 times sweeter than sucrose (table sugar). It is commonly used as a sugar substitute in various food and beverage products. Aspartame is often preferred by individuals looking to reduce their sugar intake or manage their weight, as it provides sweetness without the added calories.

Aceogel is used to fill powdered dry solid into soft gelatin capsules.

If the dose of a drug is inadequate, typically, the solution involves adding more active drug to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. This adjustment is necessary to increase the amount of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in each dosage unit, ensuring it meets the intended potency and efficacy levels for the treatment.

Cab-O-sil is a brand name for fumed silica, which is commonly used as a glidant in pharmaceutical formulations. A glidant is a substance that improves the flow properties of powders, making them easier to handle and process. It helps to reduce friction between particles, allowing them to move more freely and preventing clumping or sticking. Therefore, Cab-O-sil is used as a glidant to enhance the flowability of powders in pharmaceutical manufacturing processes.

The correct answer is Chromium because plating of punch faces is commonly done using chromium. Chromium plating provides excellent corrosion resistance, hardness, and wear resistance to the punch faces, making them more durable and long-lasting. It also gives a smooth and attractive finish to the punches. Zinc and iron plating are not typically used for punch faces, and the option "All" is not accurate as not all metals are suitable for plating punch faces.

GC refers to Gas Chromatography, which is a technique used to separate and analyze the components of a mixture. In the context of the question, GC can be used to determine the nature of propellant by analyzing its components. By passing the propellant through a gas chromatograph, the different compounds present in the propellant can be separated and identified, providing information about its nature. Therefore, GC is a suitable method for determining the nature of propellant.

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The correct answer is K-F Method. The Karl Fischer (K-F) method is a widely used technique to determine the moisture content in a substance. It involves the reaction of water with iodine and sulfur dioxide, which produces an electrical current that is proportional to the amount of water present. This method is highly accurate and sensitive, making it suitable for a wide range of applications in industries such as pharmaceuticals, food, and chemicals. Gas chromatography, on the other hand, is a technique used for separating and analyzing volatile compounds in a sample, and it is not specifically designed for moisture determination. Therefore, the K-F method is the correct choice for determining moisture content.

To find the number of parts of 10% ointment that need to be mixed with 2 parts of 15% ointment to get a 12% ointment, we can set up the equation (10x + 15(2))/(x + 2) = 12, where x represents the number of parts of 10% ointment. Solving this equation, we find that x = 3. Therefore, 3 parts of 10% ointment need to be mixed with 2 parts of 15% ointment to get a 12% ointment.

Lactose is the correct answer because it is the most commonly used diluent in tablet formulation. Diluents are added to tablets to increase their bulk and aid in the manufacturing process. Lactose is a sugar derived from milk and has excellent compressibility, flowability, and compatibility with other tablet ingredients. It also provides good binding properties and helps to create tablets that are hard and have a smooth surface. Lactose is widely available, cost-effective, and has low hygroscopicity, making it an ideal choice for tablet formulation.

The pH of the duodenum is typically between 4-6. This slightly acidic to neutral pH range is necessary for the proper digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. The duodenum receives acidic chyme from the stomach, and the slightly acidic environment helps to activate digestive enzymes and facilitate the breakdown of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Additionally, the acidic pH helps to create an optimal environment for the action of pancreatic enzymes and bile salts, which further aid in digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Lactose is the correct answer because it can undergo a Maillard reaction in the presence of amine-containing drugs, leading to discoloration. The Maillard reaction is a chemical reaction between the amino group of the drug and the reducing sugar lactose, resulting in the formation of brown pigments. This discoloration can affect the appearance and quality of the drug product.

The correct size for the diameter of the mesh aperture in the I.P. disintegration apparatus is 2 mm. This means that the openings in the mesh of the apparatus are 2 mm in diameter. The size of the mesh aperture is important in the disintegration process as it determines the size of particles that can pass through the mesh. In this case, a 2 mm diameter aperture suggests that particles up to 2 mm in size can pass through the mesh during the disintegration process.

Subcoating is done in sugar coating of tablets to round the edges and build the tablet size. This process involves applying multiple layers of coating material to the tablet, which helps in giving it a smooth and rounded appearance. It also helps in increasing the size of the tablet, making it easier to swallow. By rounding the edges, the tablet becomes less likely to cause irritation or injury to the throat or digestive system.

Carnauba wax is not commonly used as a coating agent for film coating. CAP, HEC, and Sodium CMC are commonly used coating agents in film coating processes. Carnauba wax, on the other hand, is typically used in various other applications such as car wax, furniture polish, and food glaze.

The correct answer is "all above" because plasticizers are commonly used in coating solutions to improve flexibility, durability, and adhesion. Polyethylene glycol, castor oil, and propylene glycol are all examples of plasticizers that can be used in coating solutions to achieve these desired properties. Therefore, all of the options listed are correct answers.

Shellac and HPMC are used in tablet coating process for seal-coating and film coating. Seal-coating is the process of applying a protective layer to the tablet to prevent moisture and air from affecting the drug. Film coating, on the other hand, is the process of applying a thin layer to the tablet to improve its appearance, taste, and ease of swallowing. Shellac and HPMC are commonly used in these processes due to their ability to form a smooth and protective coating on the tablet surface.

Anhydrous lactose has the advantage over hydrous lactose because it does not undergo the Maillard reaction. The Maillard reaction is a chemical reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars that can occur during the heating or processing of food. This reaction can lead to the formation of brown pigments, off-flavors, and reduced nutritional value. By using anhydrous lactose, which does not contain any water molecules, the Maillard reaction can be avoided, resulting in a product with improved quality and stability.

Sodium starch glycollate is used as a disintegrant. Disintegrants are substances that help to break down or disintegrate tablets or capsules when they come into contact with water or other bodily fluids. This allows for the rapid release of the active ingredients, promoting their absorption and effectiveness. Sodium starch glycollate has the ability to absorb water and swell, causing the tablet or capsule to break apart into smaller particles. This helps to enhance the dissolution and disintegration of the dosage form, ensuring quick and efficient drug release.

The answer is 10% because the question asks for the weight variation allowed as per IP (Indian Pharmacopoeia). According to IP standards, the allowed weight variation for tablets is typically 10%. Therefore, if the weight of the tablet is within 10% of the specified weight (50mg in this case), it is considered acceptable.

Enteric coated tablets are designed to resist disintegration and dissolution in the acidic environment of the stomach and instead disintegrate in the alkaline environment of the intestines. This delayed release allows the active ingredient of the tablet to be released in the intestines where it can be absorbed more effectively. Therefore, the correct answer is 1, indicating that enteric coated tablets disintegrate in 1 hour in simulated intestinal fluid.

The correct answer is 1-S, 2-P, 3-R, 4-Q. In sugar coating tablets, gelatin is used for seal coating, carnauba wax is used for sub coating, PEG 4000 is used for syrup coating, and cane sugar is used for polishing.

The HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) value of a surfactant determines its solubility in water and oil. A higher HLB value indicates a more hydrophilic (water-loving) surfactant, while a lower HLB value indicates a more lipophilic (oil-loving) surfactant. Sodium oleate is an ionic surfactant commonly used in various industries. It is derived from oleic acid, a fatty acid found in vegetable oils. The HLB value of sodium oleate is 18.0, indicating that it has a balanced affinity for both water and oil phases.

When starch is heated, it undergoes hydrolysis, which means it breaks down into simpler compounds. In this case, the hydrolysis of starch results in the formation of dextrin and glucose. Dextrin is a group of low-molecular-weight carbohydrates, while glucose is a simple sugar. Therefore, the correct answer is dextrin and glucose.

Lozenges were originally named as "Pastillies".

Ophthalmic solutions are sterilized by autoclave. Autoclave is a device that uses high pressure and steam to kill microorganisms and sterilize materials. It is commonly used in medical and laboratory settings to ensure the safety and efficacy of medical products. Autoclaving is an effective method for sterilizing ophthalmic solutions as it can penetrate the solution and eliminate any potential contaminants, ensuring that the solution is safe for use in the eyes. Hot air ovens and bacterial filters are not typically used for sterilizing ophthalmic solutions.

The Littleford Lodige mixer is considered to be the first high shear powder blender/mixer. This mixer is known for its ability to effectively blend and mix powders, granules, and other solid materials with high shear forces. It is designed to provide efficient and homogeneous mixing, resulting in a uniform product. The Littleford Lodige mixer is widely used in industries such as pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and food processing, where high shear mixing is required for optimal product quality.

In tablet formulation, a glidant is used to improve the flowability of the powder mixture. Pre-gelatinized starch is commonly used as a glidant. A diluent is used to increase the bulk of the tablet and provide a suitable size for swallowing. Calcium sulphate is commonly used as a diluent. An adherent is used to help the tablet maintain its shape and prevent it from crumbling. Colloidal silica is commonly used as an adherent. A disintegrant is used to promote the breakup of the tablet into smaller particles when it comes into contact with water. Sodium alginate is commonly used as a disintegrant. Therefore, the correct set of ingredients and their purposes in the formulation of tablets is 1-R, 2-S, 3-P, 4-T.

Polyoxy ethylene monostearate is the correct answer because it is a type of surfactant that is commonly used in various industries such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food. It is derived from polyethylene glycol and stearic acid, and it acts as an emulsifier and stabilizer in products. It helps to improve the texture, stability, and shelf life of formulations by reducing surface tension and allowing better dispersion of ingredients.

Enteric coating is achieved by using CAP, which stands for cellulose acetate phthalate. CAP is a commonly used polymer in pharmaceuticals for enteric coating. Enteric coating is a process that involves applying a protective layer to tablets or capsules to prevent them from dissolving in the stomach. This coating ensures that the medication is released and absorbed in the intestines instead, where it can be more effective. CAP is known for its ability to withstand the acidic environment of the stomach and dissolve in the alkaline environment of the intestines, making it an ideal choice for enteric coating.

The correct answer is 1-Q, 2-T, 3-S, 4-R. The pH level in the mouth is slightly acidic, ranging from 6.8 to 7.5. The stomach has a highly acidic environment, with a pH level between 1.5 and 3. The small intestine, specifically the duodenum, has a slightly acidic to neutral pH level of 6.8 to 7. Lastly, the large intestine has a slightly acidic pH level of 5 to 6. Therefore, the given answer matches the correct pH levels for each region in the GIT.

The crown thickness of a tablet is measured using a micrometer. A micrometer is a precise measuring instrument that is commonly used to measure small distances or thicknesses with high accuracy. It consists of a calibrated screw mechanism that allows for precise measurement by turning the screw until it comes into contact with the object being measured. Therefore, a micrometer is the appropriate tool for measuring the crown thickness of a tablet.

The correct answer is "Coating by air suspension." In this technique, tablets are placed in a coating chamber and hot air is introduced from the bottom. The coating solution is then applied through an atomizing nozzle from the upper end of the chamber. This creates a suspension of the coating solution in the air, which allows for even and uniform coating of the tablets.

Base adsorption in capsules refers to the process of the drug absorbing moisture from the surrounding environment. This is important because it can affect the stability and efficacy of the drug. The amount of liquid absorbed by the drug can impact its dissolution rate, bioavailability, and overall performance. Therefore, determining the amount of liquid absorbed by the drug is crucial in ensuring the effectiveness of the medication.

Formalin is used for the solubility of gelatin. Formalin is a solution of formaldehyde gas in water, and it is commonly used as a fixative in histology to preserve tissues. When gelatin is treated with formalin, the formaldehyde molecules react with the gelatin proteins, causing them to cross-link and form a stable network. This process increases the solubility of gelatin and allows it to be used in various applications such as food, pharmaceuticals, and photography.

The correct answer is "Both" because a gasket can be made up of Buna-N or Neoprene rubber. Buna-N is a synthetic rubber that is resistant to oil, fuel, and other chemicals, making it suitable for gaskets in various industries. Neoprene rubber, on the other hand, is known for its excellent resistance to weather, ozone, and oil, making it a common choice for gaskets in outdoor applications. Therefore, gaskets can be made from either Buna-N or Neoprene rubber, hence the answer "Both".

Macrogol is a viscosity enhancer commonly used in ophthalmic preparations. It helps to increase the thickness and consistency of the solution, allowing it to stay on the surface of the eye for a longer duration. This helps in improving the contact time and effectiveness of the medication. Macrogol is also known for its lubricating properties, which can provide relief for dry eyes. Therefore, it is a suitable option as a viscosity enhancer in ophthalmic preparations.

HEC, or Hydroxyethyl cellulose, is a water soluble substance that is commonly used as a coating material in the microencapsulation process. It is a derivative of cellulose and is known for its thickening, stabilizing, and film-forming properties. HEC is often used in industries such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food, where it is used to encapsulate active ingredients and provide controlled release. Its water solubility makes it an ideal choice for coating materials in microencapsulation, as it can easily dissolve and form a protective film around the core material.

Saccharin is 500 times sweeter than sucrose, but it has a bitter taste. This means that statement P is correct. Additionally, statement Q is also correct as it states that saccharin is sweeter than sucrose but has a bitter taste. Therefore, the correct answer is P, Q.

The correct answer is (Age in months/150) x Adult dose. This formula suggests that the dose for a child should be calculated based on their age in months divided by 150, multiplied by the adult dose. This indicates that the dose for a child should be proportionate to their age in months compared to an adult.

The Draves test is a commonly used method to measure the efficiency of wetting agents. It involves determining the time it takes for a wetting agent to spread across a surface and reduce the contact angle of a droplet. A lower contact angle indicates better wetting and therefore higher efficiency of the agent. The Draves test provides a quantitative measure of the wetting agent's performance, allowing for comparisons between different agents and formulations.

Sublingual tablets do not require a disintegrant because they are designed to dissolve rapidly under the tongue. The oral mucosa has a rich blood supply, allowing for direct absorption of the medication into the bloodstream, bypassing the need for disintegration in the stomach. Therefore, sublingual tablets are formulated to quickly dissolve and deliver the active ingredient for immediate absorption.

The correct answer is P-1, Q-2, R-3, S-4. This means that the material not used in a cutter mill is friable material, the material not used in a hammer mill is abrasive material, the material not used in a ball mill is dyes and pigments, and the material not used in a fluid energy mill is adhesive material.

Ascorbic acid (P) and Thiourea (S) work as reducing agents. Ascorbic acid is a powerful antioxidant that can donate electrons to neutralize free radicals. Thiourea also has reducing properties and can act as an antioxidant by donating electrons to stabilize free radicals. Tocopherol (Q) and Gallic acid (R) are not mentioned as reducing agents in the given options.

The Wurster process is a method used to coat tablets. It involves suspending the tablets in a fluidized bed and applying a coating material to them. This process is commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry to improve the appearance, taste, and stability of tablets. The coating can also help control the release of the active ingredient in the tablet. Therefore, the correct answer is "Coat tablets."

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Shellac is used for hydrophilic matrix coating in the preparation of multi-layer tablets. Shellac is a natural polymer derived from the lac beetle and is known for its excellent film-forming properties. It forms a hydrophilic matrix when applied as a coating on tablets, allowing for controlled release of the drug. Shellac also provides protection to the tablet from moisture and other environmental factors. Therefore, it is commonly used as a coating material in the pharmaceutical industry.

The correct answer is "Solution of HPMC." This is because the given options include various substances such as ethyl cellulose and methyl cellulose dispersions, but only one option states "Solution of HPMC." Therefore, the correct answer is the one that specifically mentions HPMC as the substance in the aqua coat.

Glyceryl mono stearate is used as a pH dependent controlled release excipient. It is a type of emulsifier that can be used to control the release rate of drugs in pharmaceutical formulations. The release of the drug can be adjusted based on the pH of the surrounding environment, allowing for targeted delivery to specific areas of the body. This makes glyceryl mono stearate a suitable excipient for formulations that require pH-dependent release profiles.

The plasticizers in making soft gelatin capsules are used in the preparation is 20 to 30% of wet gel formulation. Plasticizers are added to the gelatin to increase its flexibility and prevent it from becoming brittle. They help in improving the capsule's elasticity and durability, making it easier to swallow and preventing it from cracking or breaking easily. Adding plasticizers in the range of 20 to 30% ensures that the gelatin capsules have the desired softness and flexibility while maintaining their structural integrity.

Shellac is used as an enteric coating agent for tablets. Enteric coating is a type of coating that is designed to protect the tablet from being dissolved or disintegrated in the acidic environment of the stomach. It allows the tablet to pass through the stomach intact and then dissolve and release the medication in the alkaline environment of the intestines. Shellac is a natural resin derived from the lac beetle and it forms a protective barrier around the tablet, preventing it from being broken down in the stomach.

Propane is used as a propellant in topical pharmaceutical aerosols. Propane is a colorless and odorless gas that is easily liquefied, making it suitable for use in aerosol products. It has a low boiling point, which allows it to quickly vaporize and propel the active ingredients in the aerosol. Propane is also non-toxic and non-reactive, making it safe to use in pharmaceutical products.

Sta-Rx-1500 contains 10% of moisture.

Sugar tab is not a commercially available starch product because it is made of sugar, not starch. Starch is a complex carbohydrate that is commonly used in various food and industrial applications, such as thickening agents, stabilizers, and binders. However, sugar tab is made of sugar, which is a simple carbohydrate and has different properties and uses compared to starch.

Ethyl cellulose is used for film coating, as it forms a thin layer on the surface of the tablet or capsule. Sucrose is used in syrups to provide sweetness and act as a preservative. Sodium oleate is used for emulsification, as it helps to mix oil and water-based ingredients together. Eudragit is used for enteric coating, as it protects the medication from being released in the stomach and instead allows it to dissolve in the intestines.

The valve body/housing in an aerosol bottle valve assembly is made from nylon. Nylon is a commonly used material for valve bodies due to its excellent strength, durability, and chemical resistance. It is also lightweight, which makes it ideal for aerosol applications. Nylon can withstand the pressure and temperature variations associated with aerosol products, ensuring the valve assembly functions effectively and safely. Additionally, nylon is a cost-effective option compared to materials like stainless steel.

Gelatin is used as a sub coating material. Gelatin is a natural protein derived from animal collagen and is commonly used in pharmaceutical coatings. It helps to improve the adhesion of the outer coating to the tablet or capsule surface. Gelatin also provides a smooth and glossy finish to the coated product.

The correct answer is Spray drying machine. Spray drying is a method used to produce dry powders or granules from a liquid or slurry by rapidly drying it with hot gas. In the context of preparing core-coated tablets, a spray drying machine can be used to dry the coating solution or suspension into a fine powder, which can then be applied onto the tablet cores. This process helps to create a uniform and controlled coating on the tablets, ensuring consistent quality and drug release characteristics.

The propellant used in aerosols can vary from 5% to 95%. This means that the concentration of propellant in an aerosol can range from as low as 5% to as high as 95%. The specific concentration depends on the formulation and purpose of the aerosol product. The propellant is responsible for expelling the product from the container, and different concentrations may be used to achieve the desired spray characteristics and performance.

The manufacturing of aerosol involves gas filling, which refers to the process of filling the aerosol can with gas. This gas is usually a propellant that helps in dispensing the product from the can. Gas filling is an essential step in the manufacturing process of aerosol products.

The sub coating is given to the tablets to avoid stickiness. This is because stickiness can make it difficult to handle and package the tablets. By applying a sub coating, a layer is created on the surface of the tablet that prevents it from sticking to other tablets or surfaces. This improves the overall quality and appearance of the tablets and ensures that they can be easily handled and stored without any issues.