Unit 2 History Ch. 25

During the war years, over 400,000 southern blacks moved northward. This suggests that there was a significant migration of African Americans from the southern states to the northern states during this time. The war may have provided opportunities for employment and better living conditions in the North, leading to this mass movement of people.

During World War II, many women entered the workforce to fill the jobs left vacant by men who were serving in the military. However, after the war ended and the men returned, there was a societal expectation for women to leave their jobs and return to their traditional roles as homemakers. Women faced significant pressure to give up their jobs and make way for the returning soldiers. Therefore, it is not true that women in "war work" were usually able to keep their jobs after the war.

During World War I, some American symphonies refused to perform Bach and Beethoven. This could be due to the anti-German sentiment that was prevalent during the war. Bach and Beethoven were both German composers, and their music may have been seen as representative of the enemy. As a result, some American symphonies may have chosen to avoid performing their works during this time.

Henry Cabot Lodge did indeed lead the Senate Republicans who demanded amendments to the Treaty of Versailles. As the Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Lodge was a prominent figure in the opposition against the treaty. He believed that the treaty, as it stood, would undermine American sovereignty and national interests. Lodge and his fellow Republicans sought to amend the treaty to address their concerns, ultimately leading to the treaty's rejection by the Senate. Therefore, the statement is true.

During the European War (World War I), many immigrant groups in the United States supported the Central Powers. This is because these immigrant groups had strong ties to their home countries and often held sympathies towards their countries of origin. Additionally, some immigrant groups had negative experiences with the Allied powers and thus felt more aligned with the Central Powers. These factors led to a significant amount of support for the Central Powers among certain immigrant communities in the United States during World War I.

During the postwar period, Americans faced a virulent menace known as the Spanish flu. This deadly influenza virus caused more casualties than the war itself. The Spanish flu pandemic, which occurred between 1918 and 1919, infected millions of people worldwide and resulted in the deaths of millions as well. It spread rapidly due to the movement of troops during World War I and had a particularly high mortality rate among young and healthy individuals. The Spanish flu had a significant impact on society and public health, making it a major threat that Americans had to confront in the postwar era.

The adoption of the convoy system refers to the practice of grouping merchant ships together and providing them with naval escorts for protection against German submarines during World War II. By implementing this system, the Allied forces were able to significantly reduce their losses to submarine attacks. The convoy system ensured that the ships were more difficult for the submarines to target individually, and the naval escorts could actively defend against any attacks. This strategy proved successful in safeguarding the merchant ships and their valuable cargo, making the statement true.

The Zimmermann telegram was not sent from the White House to the Mexican government, but rather from the German Foreign Office to the German ambassador in Mexico. The telegram was intercepted by the British, not the Germans. Therefore, the statement is false.

The Red Scare of 1919-1920 was a period of intense anti-communist and anti-socialist sentiment in the United States. It was directed against individuals and organizations perceived to be sympathetic to or involved with socialist and communist ideologies. The fear of a revolution similar to the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia led to widespread suspicion, surveillance, and persecution of socialists and communists. This period saw the arrest and deportation of many individuals, the suppression of labor unions, and the violation of civil liberties in the name of national security.

The correct answer is a Serb's assassination of the Austrian archduke. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by a Serbian nationalist in June 1914 was the immediate trigger for the outbreak of World War I. This event led to a series of diplomatic and military escalations between various European powers, eventually leading to a full-scale war. The assassination heightened tensions between Austria-Hungary and Serbia, and the subsequent chain reaction of alliances and declarations of war by other countries ultimately resulted in the outbreak of the war.

Wilson's Fourteen Points were a set of principles proposed by President Woodrow Wilson during World War I as a basis for peace negotiations. They aimed to address the causes of the war and establish a more stable international order. The points included ideas such as freedom of the seas, the creation of a "league" of nations to promote collective security and prevent future conflicts, and an end to secret treaties. However, the Fourteen Points did not endorse the idea of U.S. colonies in Africa and Asia. This means that the correct answer is U.S. colonies in Africa and Asia.

In the 1916 presidential election, Charles Evans Hughes was indeed the Republican candidate. He ran against the incumbent Democratic president, Woodrow Wilson, in a closely contested race. Although Hughes ultimately lost the election, he remains a notable figure in American political history as a former Supreme Court justice and governor of New York.

The Zimmermann telegram was a diplomatic communication sent by Germany to Mexico during World War I. It proposed a military alliance between the two countries in the event of war between Germany and the United States. Germany hoped that Mexico would help distract and potentially attack the United States, thereby diverting American resources and attention from the European theater. This proposal, once intercepted and decoded by British intelligence, greatly angered the United States and played a significant role in their decision to enter the war against Germany.

The statement is false because in the presidential election of 1916, it was actually the Democrats who used the slogan "He kept us out of war" to support President Wilson. The Republicans, on the other hand, criticized Wilson's foreign policy and his handling of the war in Europe.

Woodrow Wilson said, after the sinking of the Lusitania, "There is such a thing as a man being too proud to fight." This statement reflects Wilson's stance on neutrality and his belief in diplomatic solutions rather than resorting to war. He believed that the United States should avoid getting involved in World War I and instead focus on peaceful negotiations to resolve conflicts. Wilson's statement emphasizes his commitment to maintaining peace and diplomacy, even in the face of aggression and provocation.

The Spanish flu epidemic killed five times the number of Americans as died of combat deaths in France. This means that the number of Americans who died from the flu was five times higher than the number of Americans who died in combat during World War I in France. This highlights the devastating impact of the flu, which claimed a significant number of lives during this time period.

The statement suggests that the British allowed Americans to trade with Germany due to their belief in "freedom of the seas." However, this is not true. During World War I, the British implemented a naval blockade to prevent goods from reaching Germany. They did not allow Americans to trade with Germany, as they wanted to weaken the German war effort. Therefore, the correct answer is false.

General Pershing's incursion into Mexico did not result in the defeat and capture of "Pancho" Villa. Although Pershing led a military expedition into Mexico in 1916 in an attempt to capture Villa, he was ultimately unsuccessful in achieving this objective. Villa managed to evade capture and continued his activities as a guerrilla leader.

The so-called Arabic Pledge did not involve Wilson's stand to stop North Africa's fall into chaos during the war. The Arabic Pledge was actually a promise made by the British government to support the establishment of independent Arab states in the Middle East after World War I. Wilson's stance during the war was focused on his Fourteen Points, which aimed to promote peace and self-determination for all nations, but did not specifically address North Africa. Therefore, the statement is false.

The Red Scare of 1919-1920 was a period of intense fear and suspicion of communism in the United States. It was fueled by the impact of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, which led to the establishment of a communist government. The actions of a "lunatic fringe" in the United States, such as bombings and other acts of violence, further contributed to the fear and paranoia. This period was marked by widespread government crackdowns on suspected communists and socialists, resulting in arrests, deportations, and infringements on civil liberties.

The Revenue Act of 1916 was primarily aimed at raising money to fund war preparations. This suggests that the main purpose of the act was to generate revenue for the government in order to finance the costs associated with preparing for war. It is likely that the act included provisions for increasing taxes or implementing new taxes in order to generate the necessary funds. The act may have targeted various sectors of the economy, including farmers and low-income Americans, who would have been affected the most by the increased financial burden. The act was not vetoed by President Wilson and it was not specifically designed to gain Republican support for the war.

The correct answer is "limited and brief." This means that the changes in female employment during the Great War were not extensive and did not last for a long time. The statement suggests that the impact of the war on employment opportunities for single women was not significant, and the changes for married women were only significant on the West Coast. This implies that overall, the changes in female employment were limited in scope and duration.

In the midterm elections of 1918, the Democrats lost control of both houses of Congress. This suggests that Wilson's domestic strength was declining, as his party was unable to maintain their majority in Congress. The fact that labor, eastern businessmen, and western farmers expressed support for Democratic policies indicates that there was still some support for the party's agenda. However, the Republican victories in the South, although offset by heavy losses in the Northeast, ultimately resulted in the Democrats losing control. Wilson's attempt to appeal to voters by asking them to elect progressive candidates of either party did not seem to be enough to prevent this loss of control.

President Wilson had to compromise his principle of national self-determination in negotiating with the Big Four over postwar territorial issues. This suggests that he was willing to make concessions in order to reach agreements with other countries, even if it meant deviating from his core values. This compromise may have been necessary in order to achieve a beneficial outcome for America in the negotiations.

The correct answer is that he thought Wilson's note to Germany denouncing the sinking of the Lusitania would draw America closer to war. This suggests that the secretary of state had concerns about the potential consequences of Wilson's strong stance against Germany's actions. He may have believed that such a note would escalate tensions and potentially lead to military involvement, which he may have disagreed with.

During the Mexican Revolution, President Wilson sent the military to occupy the port of Veracruz as a response to Victoriano Huerta's dictatorial government. This action was taken to put pressure on Huerta and support the opposition forces in Mexico. By occupying the port, Wilson aimed to disrupt the supply of weapons and resources to Huerta's regime and demonstrate his opposition to his oppressive rule. This military intervention was part of Wilson's larger strategy to undermine Huerta's government and promote a more democratic regime in Mexico.

During the time period of the Espionage and Sedition Acts of 1917-1918, criticism of government leaders or war policies became a crime. This means that individuals who spoke or wrote against the government or its war efforts could be prosecuted and convicted. The Acts aimed to suppress dissent and maintain support for the war, particularly targeting those who opposed government actions. The prosecution and conviction numbers mentioned in the question indicate that there were legal consequences for those who engaged in such criticism.

The correct answer is "received a ten-year prison term." This is because violating the Espionage Act is a serious offense, and Debs was likely found guilty of espionage or related charges. As a result, he was sentenced to ten years in prison as punishment for his actions.

Trench warfare gave World War I its lasting character because it was a significant and defining feature of the conflict. The extensive network of trenches created a stalemate on the Western Front, with soldiers enduring harsh conditions and engaging in brutal battles. This type of warfare resulted in immense casualties, prolonged the war, and had a profound impact on the tactics and strategies used. Trench warfare also symbolized the industrialized nature of the war and the shift towards more defensive strategies, making it a defining aspect of World War I.

The turning point in France came at the Second Battle of the Marne. This battle, which took place in July 1918 during World War I, marked a significant shift in the war's momentum. The German army launched a major offensive in an attempt to break through the Allied lines and reach Paris. However, the Allies, including French, American, and British forces, successfully repelled the German attack. This victory not only halted the German advance but also marked the beginning of a series of successful counteroffensives by the Allies, ultimately leading to their victory in the war.

In July 1919, a race riot occurred in Chicago, Illinois, resulting in the deaths of 38 individuals and the injury of over 500. This event was a significant moment in American history, as it highlighted the racial tensions and violence that plagued the country during the early 20th century. The riot was sparked by a dispute between a black teenager and a white man on a beach, which escalated into days of violence and destruction. The Chicago race riot of 1919 serves as a reminder of the deep-rooted racial divisions and systemic racism that persisted in the United States at that time.

The Lusitania secretly carried weapons and ammunition in its cargo. This is a historical fact that has been well-documented. The ship was a British ocean liner that was sunk by a German submarine during World War I. The presence of weapons and ammunition on board was not publicly known at the time of the sinking, but it was later revealed that the ship was carrying a significant amount of munitions. The sinking of the Lusitania played a role in turning public opinion in the United States against Germany and ultimately led President Woodrow Wilson to support the country's entry into the war.

Pancho Villa killed a number of Americans in an attempt to provoke American intervention in Mexico. This suggests that Villa deliberately targeted Americans in order to provoke a response from the United States and involve them in the conflict in Mexico. This action demonstrates Villa's willingness to use violence and aggression to achieve his goals and highlights the tense relationship between Mexico and the United States during this time period.

Italy and Austria-Hungary were not members of the Triple Entente. The Triple Entente was an alliance formed between France, Russia, and Great Britain before World War I. Italy and Austria-Hungary were actually part of the opposing alliance known as the Central Powers, which also included Germany and the Ottoman Empire. Therefore, the pair Italy and Austria-Hungary does not consist of two countries that were members of the Triple Entente.

As a result of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, the country concluded a separate peace with Germany. This means that Russia signed a peace treaty with Germany, separate from the other countries involved in World War I. This decision allowed Russia to withdraw from the war and focus on internal affairs, while also freeing up German forces to fight on other fronts.

Omaha Beach is not associated with major battles in World War I. The battle of Omaha Beach, also known as D-Day, was a significant battle in World War II, specifically during the Normandy landings in 1944. It was part of the larger Allied invasion of German-occupied Western Europe. Therefore, Omaha Beach is not related to major battles in World War I.

Former president Theodore Roosevelt was not one of the biggest supporters of the League of Nations. While he was known for his foreign policy initiatives and international involvement, he actually opposed the League of Nations. Roosevelt believed that the United States should maintain its sovereignty and not be bound by an international organization. He felt that the League would limit American independence and ability to act in its own best interests. Therefore, the statement that Roosevelt was one of the biggest supporters of the League of Nations is false.

In the case of Schenck v. United States, the Supreme Court upheld the conviction of a man who had circulated pamphlets against the draft. This means that the Court agreed with the lower court's decision to find the man guilty of a crime for distributing materials that opposed the military draft. The Court determined that this action posed a clear and present danger to the United States during a time of war, and therefore, restrictions on free speech were justified in this case.

Georges Clemenceau was the French premier during World War I. He served as the Prime Minister of France from 1917 to 1920 and played a crucial role in leading France through the war. Clemenceau was known for his strong and determined leadership, earning him the nickname "The Tiger." He was a key figure in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles and advocating for harsh terms against Germany. Clemenceau's leadership during the war and his commitment to securing French interests made him a significant figure in the history of World War I.

In 1917, various significant events occurred, including the St. Louis riots, the Bolshevik Revolution, and the Espionage Act. The St. Louis riots were a series of violent incidents that took place in East St. Louis, Illinois, involving racial tensions and labor disputes. The Bolshevik Revolution was a pivotal event in Russia that led to the overthrow of the Provisional Government and the establishment of a communist regime. The Espionage Act was enacted by the United States government to suppress dissent and punish individuals who were deemed disloyal during World War I. However, the Paris Peace Conference did not occur in 1917. It took place in 1919 and aimed to negotiate peace treaties and establish a new international order after World War I.

The statement is false because "four-minute men" were not a special-operations unit of the U.S. Army. Instead, they were a group of volunteers during World War I who delivered short patriotic speeches to promote support for the war effort. These individuals would speak at public events and encourage citizens to buy war bonds, conserve resources, and support the troops. They played a significant role in shaping public opinion and generating enthusiasm for the war.

The correct answer is "taught Americans to plant victory gardens and to use leftovers wisely". This answer is supported by the information given in the question, which states that the Food Administration taught Americans to plant victory gardens and to use leftovers wisely. There is no additional information given that contradicts or suggests any other answer.

The War Industries Board was the most important mobilization agency during this time. It was responsible for coordinating and overseeing the production and distribution of war materials. It worked closely with other agencies, such as the Fuel Administration and the U.S. Shipping Board, to ensure that the military had the necessary resources to fight the war. The Emergency Fleet Corporation, while important, focused primarily on building and maintaining a merchant fleet for the war effort.

The German delegation at Versailles objected most bitterly to reparations for the entire war. This is because they believed that the entire war was not solely Germany's fault and that it was unfair to burden them with the responsibility of paying for all the damages caused by the war. They argued that other countries involved in the war should also share in the financial burden of reparations.

World War I resulted in the deaths of over 9 million combatants. This includes soldiers who were directly involved in the fighting and lost their lives during the war. The casualties among combatants were extremely high due to the large-scale battles, use of new weapons and technology, and the prolonged duration of the war. The number of combatant deaths is significantly higher compared to the other categories mentioned, such as children, women, and noncombatants, indicating the devastating impact of the war on those directly involved in the fighting.

President Wilson did suffer a stroke, but it did not occur in France while negotiating the peace treaty. The stroke actually happened in the United States, after his return from France. This stroke left him incapacitated for the remainder of his presidency, but it did not occur during the peace treaty negotiations. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

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President Wilson's response to the sinking of the Lusitania was a series of notes demanding that Germany stop such actions and pay reparations. This indicates that Wilson took a strong stance against Germany's actions and sought to hold them accountable for the loss of American lives. By demanding reparations, Wilson aimed to address the damages caused by the sinking and discourage future attacks on American civilians. This response demonstrates Wilson's determination to protect American interests and uphold international norms.

The Republicans lost the presidential election of 1916 by a small margin. This means that they were not able to secure enough votes to win the election, but their defeat was not by a significant or overwhelming margin.

Wilson referred to Article X when he spoke of "the heart of the League." This article stated that League members would consult on military and economic sanctions against aggressors. This demonstrates Wilson's belief that collective security and cooperation among nations would be crucial in maintaining peace and preventing future conflicts. By pledging to consult and take action against aggressors, the League aimed to discourage aggression and promote peaceful resolutions to international disputes.