Phylogenetic Exam For Animal

Cladograms are diagrams that show the evolutionary relationships among different species or groups. They are used to illustrate the branching patterns of evolution and the relationships between different organisms. The term "recent common ancestor" refers to the most recent individual from which two or more different species or groups have descended. Therefore, the correct answer indicates that cladograms help in indicating the recent common ancestor of different species or groups.

A phylogenetic tree is a tool used to depict evolutionary relationships. It is a branching diagram that shows the evolutionary history and relationships between different species or groups of organisms. The branches of the tree represent the evolutionary lineages, and the nodes indicate the common ancestors. By analyzing the similarities and differences in genetic and physical traits, scientists can construct phylogenetic trees to understand the evolutionary connections between organisms and trace their common ancestry.

An example would be a whale's flipper and a bat's wing. Different function, same parts.

(non-homologous) An example would be a katydid and a leaf.

Numerical taxonomy is a method that uses mathematical calculations to determine the relatedness between organisms based on the number of shared characteristics or techniques. It involves assigning numerical values to different characteristics and then using these values to calculate the overall similarity between organisms. This approach allows for a quantitative assessment of organismal relatedness, making it a useful tool in the field of taxonomy.

The goal for animal taxonomy is to arrange animals into groups that reflect their evolutionary relationships. Taxonomy is the science of classifying and naming organisms based on their characteristics and evolutionary history. By studying the similarities and differences between different species, taxonomists can determine how closely related they are and group them accordingly. This helps scientists understand the evolutionary history of different species and how they are related to one another.

The two types of phylogenetic trees are dendrograms and cladograms. Dendrograms are tree-like diagrams that show the evolutionary relationships between different species or groups of species. They are commonly used in biology to represent the similarities and differences between organisms. On the other hand, cladograms are also tree-like diagrams that show the evolutionary relationships between organisms, but they specifically focus on the branching patterns of shared derived characteristics. Both dendrograms and cladograms are important tools in understanding the evolutionary history and relationships of different species.

Evolutionary systematics is a branch of biology that focuses on classifying organisms based on their evolutionary relationships. According to this concept, organisms that share a more recent common ancestor will exhibit more similarities to that ancestor compared to organisms that are distantly related. This principle helps scientists understand the evolutionary history of different species and how they are related to one another.

The three main schools of systematics used to construct trees are numerical taxonomy (phenetics), cladistics/phylogenetics, and evolutionary systematics. Numerical taxonomy focuses on quantifying similarities and differences among organisms based on observable characteristics. Cladistics/phylogenetics, on the other hand, uses shared derived characteristics to determine evolutionary relationships and construct trees. Evolutionary systematics combines both the morphological and genetic data to understand the evolutionary history of organisms. Anatomical taxonomy is not one of the main schools of systematics used to construct trees.

The classification in phylogenetics/cladistics is based upon the recency of common descent, meaning that organisms are grouped together based on how recently they shared a common ancestor. Relationships between organisms are determined by the number of shared characteristics, with priority given to the number of shared, derived characteristics. This means that organisms with more shared characteristics are considered to be more closely related.