Torax By Agustin Alanis

El lugar donde drena el 75% de la mama es el sistema linfático. El sistema linfático es una red de vasos y ganglios que transportan la linfa, un líquido que contiene células, proteínas y desechos, por todo el cuerpo. En el caso de la mama, el sistema linfático drena el 75% de la linfa a través de los ganglios linfáticos axilares, que se encuentran en la axila. Estos ganglios son importantes para filtrar y eliminar sustancias no deseadas, como células cancerosas, y pueden ser examinados para detectar la propagación del cáncer de mama.

The correct answer is t12, t10, t8, t6, t4. This is because the artery aorta and thoracic duct pass through the diaphragm at multiple levels. The levels mentioned in the answer (t12, t10, t8, t6, t4) represent the vertebral levels where these structures traverse the diaphragm.

The correct answer is "arteria coronaria izquierda." The question is asking about the artery that supplies blood to the anterior interventricular branch. The anterior interventricular branch is a major branch of the left coronary artery, which is responsible for supplying blood to the left side of the heart. Therefore, the left coronary artery is the correct answer as it is the artery that supplies blood to the anterior interventricular branch.

The correct answer is T10. Dermatomes are specific regions of skin that are innervated by a single spinal nerve. The T10 dermatome corresponds to the area where the belly button or umbilicus is located. This means that the sensory information from this area is transmitted to the spinal cord via the T10 spinal nerve.

The correct answer is the "arteria toracica interna." The internal thoracic artery is responsible for supplying blood to the anterior chest wall, including the breast. It arises from the subclavian artery and descends along the inside of the thoracic wall, giving off branches to various structures along the way. This artery is an important source of blood for the mammary glands and plays a crucial role in their vascularization.

The correct answer is "valvula pulmonar". This is because the question is asking where the valve is auscultated (listened to) in the second intercostal space on the left side of the sternum. The valve located in this area is the pulmonary valve, which is responsible for directing blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. Therefore, the correct answer is the pulmonary valve.

The correct answer is T4/T5. This refers to the level at which the trachea bifurcates, or splits into the left and right main bronchi. The trachea is located in the neck and upper chest region, and at the level of T4/T5, it divides into the bronchi, which then further branch into smaller airways within the lungs.

The correct answer is the right coronary artery. In most cases, it supplies blood to the sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node.

The correct answer is the right coronary artery. The right coronary artery primarily irrigates the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart. It supplies blood to these chambers, ensuring proper oxygenation and nutrient delivery for their functioning. The left coronary artery, on the other hand, supplies blood to the left atrium and left ventricle.

A tumor en la bifurcación de la tráquea puede causar ronquera debido a la lesión del nervio laríngeo recurrente. Este nervio es responsable de controlar los músculos de la laringe, que son importantes para la producción de sonido durante el habla. Si el tumor está presionando o dañando este nervio, puede afectar su función y causar ronquera en el paciente.

The ligamento costotransverso superior (superior costotransverse ligament) connects the neck of the rib to the transverse process of the upper vertebra. This ligament helps to stabilize the rib and vertebrae, allowing for proper movement and function of the thoracic spine. It is specifically located in the upper region of the rib and vertebrae junction.

The correct answer is "arteria toracica interna." This artery gives rise to the first 6 anterior intercostal arteries.

The correct answer is the "arteria toracica lateral." This artery is responsible for the lateral irrigation of the breast. It supplies blood to the lateral side of the breast tissue, ensuring proper blood flow and oxygenation to this region. The other options listed are not specifically associated with the lateral irrigation of the breast.

The correct answer is vena cava inferior. The vena cava inferior is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart. It passes through the diaphragm at the level of T8, which means it goes through the eighth thoracic vertebra. This is an important anatomical point to know, as it helps in understanding the pathway of blood flow in the body.

The explanation for the given answer is that the apofisis transversa (transverse process) connects with the non-articular rough part of the tuberculo de la costilla (rib tubercle). This connection helps to provide stability and support to the rib cage.

The correct answer is "nervio vago". The explanation for this answer is that the phrase "entra al abdomen a nivel de T10 junto con el esofago" suggests that the nerve mentioned is entering the abdomen at the level of T10 along with the esophagus. The nerve that fits this description is the vagus nerve, also known as the cranial nerve X. It is responsible for controlling various functions of the gastrointestinal tract and other organs in the abdomen.

The correct answer is "arteria intercostal suprema." The statement in the question suggests that the artery being referred to is one that gives rise to the first four posterior intercostal arteries. Among the given options, only the "arteria intercostal suprema" fits this description. Therefore, it is the correct answer.

At this level, the accessory hemiazygos vein crosses the midline to join the azygos vein. The correct answer is T8 because the T8 vertebra is the level at which this anatomical structure is located.

The vena ácigos is the correct answer because it is the main vessel that drains the superior right intercostal vein. The vena ácigos is a large vein that ascends along the right side of the vertebral column and receives blood from various veins, including the superior intercostal veins. Therefore, it is responsible for draining the superior right intercostal vein.

The correct answer is the right coronary artery. The right coronary artery is responsible for supplying blood to the posterior interventricular artery.

The given statement "se ausculta en el 2do espacio intercostal ala derecha" translates to "it is auscultated in the 2nd intercostal space on the right side." The correct answer, "valvula aortica," refers to the aortic valve. Therefore, based on the given information, the aortic valve is auscultated in the 2nd intercostal space on the right side.

The ligamento costotransverso is the correct answer because it is the ligament that connects the neck of the rib with the transverse process of the vertebra. The ligamento costotransverso lateral is not correct because there is no mention of it in the given information. The ligamento amarillo is also not correct because it is a ligament that connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae. The ligamento costotransverso superior is not correct because there is no mention of a superior ligament in the given information. Therefore, the correct answer is ligamento costotransverso.

The correct answer is "vena braquiocefalica izquierda". The question is asking for the place where the left superior intercostal vein drains. The left brachiocephalic vein, also known as the left innominate vein, is formed by the confluence of the left subclavian vein and the left internal jugular vein. It then drains into the superior vena cava. Therefore, the left brachiocephalic vein is the correct answer as it is the vessel where the left superior intercostal vein ultimately drains.

The correct answer is "fisura oblicua del pulmon izquierdo." This is because T3/T4 refers to the third and fourth thoracic vertebrae, which cross the fifth intercostal space and end at the border of the sixth rib. This anatomical landmark corresponds to the location of the oblique fissure of the left lung. The other options are incorrect because they either refer to the right lung or do not match the given anatomical description.

The correct answer is "borde inferior." This is because the phrase "Separa la cara costal de la cara diafragmática de los pulmones" translates to "Separates the costal surface from the diaphragmatic surface of the lungs." The term "borde inferior" refers to the inferior border, which is the lower edge of the lung that separates it from the diaphragm.

The correct answer is "valvula tricuspide." The given statement is in Spanish and it states that the auscultation is done in the fifth intercostal space on the left side of the sternum. The question asks which valve is being auscultated in that location. The valve that is located in the fifth intercostal space on the left side of the sternum is the tricuspid valve. The pulmonary valve is located in the second intercostal space on the left side of the sternum, the mitral valve is located in the fifth intercostal space on the midclavicular line, and the aortic valve is located in the second intercostal space on the right side of the sternum. Therefore, the correct answer is the tricuspid valve.

The correct answer is T4 because the T4 dermatome includes the area where the nipple is located. Dermatomes are specific regions of skin that are innervated by a single spinal nerve. In this case, the T4 spinal nerve innervates the skin around the nipple, making T4 the correct answer.

The correct answer is "arterias frenicas inferiores". The explanation for this answer is that the inferior phrenic arteries are the first pair of branches that arise from the abdominal aorta. These arteries supply blood to the diaphragm, which is a large muscle involved in the process of breathing.

The correct answer is "arterias coronarias." The question is asking for the first branch of the aorta, and the arteries coronarias are the branches that supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. The other options listed are not the first branches of the aorta.

The correct answer is the "arteria musculofrenica." This artery is responsible for supplying blood to the muscles and the diaphragm in the lower part of the chest. The other options listed, such as the lateral thoracic artery, internal thoracic artery, and superior phrenic artery, do not specifically supply blood to the 4 inferior anterior intercostal arteries mentioned in the question. Therefore, the correct answer is the artery that is directly associated with the irrigation of these arteries, which is the musculofrenic artery.

The correct answer is LMC - Costilla 8, LMA Costilla 10, T12. This answer indicates that the LMC (Linea Medioclavicular) is located at the level of the 8th rib, the LMA (Linea Medioaxilar) is located at the level of the 10th rib, and T12 represents the 12th thoracic vertebra. This information provides a specific description of the levels of the pleura in relation to the ribs and vertebrae.

In the 5th intercostal space, near the midclavicular line, the valve that is auscultated is the mitral valve.

The correct answer is "D Y C son correctas". This means that both options D and C are correct. Without further context, it is difficult to determine the exact meaning of the question. However, it appears to be asking about the level at which the sternum's handlebar is located. Options T5, T2, T4, and T3 are provided, but it is stated that options D and C are both correct. The explanation for this answer may require additional information or clarification.

The correct answer is "A YB son correctas" because the question is asking for the level where the xiphoid process is located, and none of the options T9, T10, T8, or T7 are correct. Therefore, the correct answer is that options A and B are correct, indicating that the level of the xiphoid process is not specified in the given information.

The correct answer is the aorta toracica. The superior phrenic arteries are branches of the thoracic aorta. They supply blood to the diaphragm and other structures in the thoracic region. The other options mentioned, such as the thoracic internal artery, abdominal aorta, musculophrenic artery, and superior epigastric artery, are not directly related to the superior phrenic arteries.

The correct answer is "musculos intercostales internos" because the statement describes the origin and insertion points of the muscle. The musculos intercostales internos originate from the lateral lip of the costal groove and insert into the superior surface of the lower rib. This aligns with the given description, making it the correct answer choice.

The correct answer is "receso costodiafragmático." This is because the question is asking for the levels indicated in option D, and the options listed in option D are all related to anatomical structures in the chest and lungs. The "receso costodiafragmático" refers to the space between the diaphragm and the ribs, which is an important anatomical landmark in the chest.

The correct answer is "fisura oblicua del pulmon derecho" because T4 crosses the 5th intercostal space and ends at the border of the 6th rib, which corresponds to the location of the oblique fissure of the right lung.

The correct answer is T5 a T7. This answer refers to the level where the pulmonary hilum is located. The pulmonary hilum is the area on each lung where the main bronchus, blood vessels, and lymphatics enter and exit. T5 a T7 refers to the thoracic vertebrae levels T5 to T7, which are located in the middle of the chest. Therefore, the pulmonary hilum is situated at the T5 to T7 level.

The correct answer is "aauricula izquierda y ventriculo izquierdo." This means that the left atrium and left ventricle form the left surface of the heart.

At the T4 level, the vena azygos joins with the inferior vena cava.

In the 5th intercostal space, near the midclavicular line, the apex of the heart is located.

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The correct answer is "auricula derecha". The question is asking about the structure that forms the right pulmonary surface of the heart. The right atrium, also known as the "auricula derecha" in Spanish, is the correct answer as it is the chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it into the right ventricle.

At this level, the hemiazygos vein crosses the midline to join the azygos vein. The T9 vertebra is the correct answer as it is the level at which this anatomical structure is located.

The correct answer is "pulmones, receso costomediastinico". The question is asking about the limits marked by option C. The first limit is the lungs, which are the organs responsible for respiration. The second limit is the receso costomediastinico, which is a small space located between the ribs and the mediastinum, a central compartment in the chest. This space allows for movement and expansion of the lungs during breathing.