Theory Of Early Urbanization Quiz

A necropolis is a large ancient cemetery with elaborate tomb monuments.he word is derived from the Ancient Greek νεκρόπολις nekropolis, literally meaning "city of the dead".

The religious model under the Theory of Early Urbanization by Paul Wheatley suggests that religion played a significant role in the process of urbanization. Cities were not only religious ceremonial centers but also served as defenses against supernatural forces. The priestly class held political and social control, and political leaders had to claim to be high priests with special knowledge. This shift from elder-based kinship organization to a complex political system was influenced by religion. Additionally, the development of writing allowed "god-kings" to codify laws, further emphasizing the importance of religion in early urbanization.

Under the classification of human settlements by Ekistic elements, society refers to the population composition and density, social stratification, cultural patterns, economic development, education, health and welfare, law and administration. This means that when analyzing human settlements, the focus is on the social aspects of the community, including its population, social structure, cultural practices, economic status, education, healthcare, and governance.

Under the classification of human settlements by Ekistic Elements, "Nature" refers to the geologic and topographic resources, soil and water resources, plant and animal life, and climate. This category encompasses the natural environment and its various components that play a crucial role in shaping and sustaining human settlements. It includes elements such as landforms, natural resources, biodiversity, and climatic conditions, which influence the location, development, and characteristics of human settlements.

Homogeneous Parts – the fields
• Central Parts – built-up village
• Circulatory Parts – roads and paths within the fields
• Special parts – i.e. monastery contained within the
homogenous part

Human settlements refer to a cluster of dwellings where human beings live. These settlements are created through the movement of people in space and the establishment of boundaries for physical and institutional purposes. They encompass all types and sizes of settlements, ranging from primitive to elaborate, from old to new, from small to big, from temporary to permanent, and from single to composite. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the choices except none."

The correct answer is "All of the choices" because all the statements (i, ii, iii, iv) are mentioned in the given text as factors contributing to early urbanization according to Paul Wheatly's Religious Model. Religion was a major factor behind urbanization, the priestly class exercised political and social control, there was a shift from elder-based kinship organization to a complex political system, and the development of writing enabled god-kings to codify laws.

Hippodamus of Miletus is known as the "Father of Town Planning" in Europe. He was a lawyer-architect who lived around 407 BC. He is credited with developing the grid plan for cities, which became the foundation for urban planning in Europe. His ideas were influential in shaping the layout and organization of cities, with a focus on functionality and efficiency. His work laid the groundwork for future urban planning principles and his ideas continue to be studied and implemented in modern city planning.

The correct answer is "All of the Choices except None". This is because all of the listed options - Public Health Administration, Sanitary Engineering, Public Housing, and Baroque Urban Design - have played significant roles in the development of modern town planning. Social work, although important in various aspects of community development, is not directly related to the origins of town planning.

The concept of "Garden Cities" fits the description given in the question. Garden Cities are planned settlements that are surrounded by greenbelt areas. In this concept, a central city of 58,000 people is surrounded by smaller satellite cities of 30,000 people each, with permanent green spaces or farmlands separating them. This concept aims to create a balanced and sustainable urban environment with a focus on nature and green spaces.

Acropolis and Agora were two distinct functional zones in Athens that were physically separated. The Acropolis was a fortified hilltop where important religious and civic buildings were located, including the famous Parthenon. It served as a symbol of power and authority. On the other hand, the Agora was a marketplace and gathering place for commercial, social, and political activities. It was a bustling center of trade, discussions, and public life. The separation of these two zones allowed for a clear distinction between religious and civic activities, reflecting the organization and structure of ancient Athenian society.

Frederick Law Olmsted Sr. is known as the Father of American Landscape Architecture because of his significant contributions to the field. He wrote a comprehensive book called Public Parks and the Enlargement of Towns in 1870, which focused on park planning. He is particularly famous for his design of New York Central Park, which is considered a masterpiece of landscape architecture. Olmsted's innovative designs and approach to creating urban green spaces have had a lasting impact on the field and his work continues to be influential today.

Meso-settlements – between traditional town and the
conurbation within which one can commute daily

Sir Leslie Patrick Abercrombie - pioneer of regional planning in UK.
Lewis Mumford - Father of Historicosociological approach to physical planning.
Walter Isard - Father of Regional Science, “Planning as Social Physics”.
Clarence S. Stein - principal advocate of New Towns movement in USA.

The correct answer is "Grid-iron." This is because the statement mentions that the basic street pattern in Rome was useful for military movement and the whole city was enclosed by a wall. A grid-iron street pattern, with its straight and intersecting roads, would indeed be advantageous for military movement and efficient navigation within a walled city.

The given correct answer is "City Functional Movement". This movement aimed to address various issues faced by cities, focusing on their functioning rather than design aesthetics. It emphasized the importance of utility infrastructure and land use zoning instead of master planning. The movement sought to find practical solutions for urban problems and improve the overall functionality of cities.

Forced or Premature Urbanization occurs when rural land is converted into urban areas before it is ready or suitable for such development. This can result in irreversible changes to the land and may lead to various negative consequences, such as inadequate infrastructure, environmental degradation, and social issues. This type of urbanization is often driven by external factors, such as government policies or economic pressures, rather than being a natural and sustainable process.

Sir Ebenezer Howard is the correct answer because he is known for developing the concept of the "garden city" and the idea of a polycentric settlement surrounded by green space. His vision included a central city surrounded by smaller "garden cities" with permanent green space or farmlands separating them. This concept aimed to create a more balanced and sustainable urban environment with easy access to fresh food and natural surroundings.

Also HE built the foundations for Geographic Information System (GIS)
*Manual ‘Sieve Mapping’ was popular before the full development of GIS
and GPS in 1980s at MIT

Also, MEGAPOLIS related to the phenomenon of Urban Primacy - occurs mostly
in Third World countries where a large metropolis enjoys
extraordinary share of a country’s population, resources, and
investments by reason of historical or political precedence

Gentrification is a trend in urban neighborhoods, which results in increased property values and the displacing of lower-income families and small businesses (wikipedia)
Gentrification may be viewed as "correction" of blockbusting and urban flight as many gentrified neighborhoods of the present were once affluent neighborhoods of the past. (wikipedia)

Exurbia refers to a region or area located outside a city, often characterized by a rural or suburban lifestyle. In this context, the explanation for the correct answer suggests that people are returning to the village as a lifestyle choice because living in the big city has become too expensive. Additionally, the use of information and communication technology (ICT) allows individuals in exurbia to stay connected and in touch with others, despite living in a more rural or suburban setting.

HER Advocacies led to the formation of US Environmental Protection
Agency, EIA system, Council of Environmental Quality,
Environmental Defense Fund. campaigned against pesticide DichloroDiphenylTrichloroethane
(DDT)

Paul Charles Wheatley (born 27 May 1938) is an Anglican priest who was the Archdeacon of Sherborne and Rector of West Stafford in Dorset from 1991 to 2003.[1]

Wheatley was educated at Durham University and ordained deacon in 1964[2] and priest in 1985. Following a curacy in Bishopston he was youth chaplain in the Diocese of Bristol from 1963 to 1968. He held incumbencies in Dorcan and Ross on Wye[3] before his archdeacon’s appointment.

The Agora is the correct answer because it is described as the venue for public participation in social life. It is the civic sphere where secular politics and public activities took place. The Acropolis, on the other hand, is a separate area that served as a religious and ceremonial center. The Megapolis and Eperopolis are not mentioned and do not correspond to the given description.

The correct answer is Ekistic Logarithmic Scale (ELS). The Ekistic Logarithmic Scale is used in geography and regional science to measure and classify various dimensions in human settlements. It consists of 15 Ekistic units, ranging from Man to Ecumenopolis, which are then grouped into four basic groups. This scale provides a basis for understanding and analyzing the development and evolution of human settlements.

The term "Eco-polis" aligns with the concept described by Paul F. Downton in the given statement. It refers to a city that prioritizes ecology and sustainability. In an Eco-polis, settlements are designed as closed-loop systems, aiming to maximize energy and resource recycling while minimizing waste. Additionally, Eco-polis emphasizes the preservation of historic character and cultural heritage, making cities outstanding in these aspects. Therefore, "Eco-polis" is the most suitable term that reflects the ideas presented by Paul F. Downton.

Acropolis is the correct answer because it is the area in Athens that contains sacred sites and religious temples. These structures were specifically built to blend in with the natural landscape of the Acropolis, creating a harmonious and sacred atmosphere. The Agora, Megapolis, and Eperopolis are not associated with sacred sites and religious temples in the same way that the Acropolis is.

Macro-settlements are one of the classifications of human settlements based on Ekistic units. These settlements are characterized by their large size and population. The largest possible expression of a macro-settlement is the Ecumenopolis, which refers to a hypothetical city that encompasses the entire planet. This classification highlights the scale and magnitude of these settlements, indicating their importance and impact on a global level.

The correct answer is Garden City Movement. Letchworth and Welwyn Garden Cities were designed as part of the Garden City Movement, which aimed to create planned communities with a focus on green spaces, affordable housing, and a high quality of life. These cities served as a model for the development of 30 "New Towns" by the British government after World War II. Sir Raymond Unwin designed Letchworth garden city, while Louis de Soissons designed Welwyn.

Constitutionality of zoning as part of police power of the State
was upheld by US Supreme Court in 1926, as a result of Village of
Euclid v. Ambler Realty Company(1926), hence the term
‘Euclidean zoning’

Karl Wittfogel is the correct answer because he is known for his theory of hydraulic civilization, which states that large-scale irrigation systems played a crucial role in the development of early urbanization. According to Wittfogel, the control and management of water resources allowed for the establishment of centralized political systems and the growth of cities. His theory suggests that the need for water management and agricultural productivity led to the formation of complex societies and urban centers.

Rome is the correct answer because it fits the description given in the question. The city of Rome was bisected by two main streets that met at the center called the "Forum." The Forum was a central hub where various important buildings and venues were located, such as temples, government buildings, theaters, arenas, markets, warehouses, libraries, schools, and venues for common assembly. Rome is also commonly referred to as "The Eternal City."

Micro-settlements are the correct answer because they refer to small units of human settlements that are smaller than traditional towns. These settlements are characterized by interconnections achieved through walking, such as house groups, small neighborhoods, and neighborhoods. The term "micro" signifies the small size of these settlements and their close-knit nature, where people can easily walk between different parts of the settlement.

Frank Lloyd Wright is the correct answer because he was a major US architect known for his involvement in site planning and community planning. He had numerous commissions, designs, and drawings, indicating his prolific career. Additionally, his use of the "Quadruple Block Plan" in designing neighborhoods and subdivisions, where houses are placed on small square blocks surrounded by roads, showcases his innovative approach to maximizing yard space and creating private spaces within the center of the block.

Robert Moses is the correct answer because the passage states that he was the commissioner and head of the city planning commission in NYC. It also mentions that he built hundreds of new city playgrounds and ordered the planting of 2 million trees, which suggests that he had a significant impact on the city's development. Additionally, the passage highlights that he emerged as one of the most powerful unelected public officials in the US, further emphasizing his importance and influence.

Baron Georges Eugene Haussmann is the correct answer because he was a French architect-theorist who was appointed by Emperor Napoleon III to redesign Paris. He is known for his extensive renovation of the city, which involved the creation of wide boulevards, parks, and public spaces. Haussmann's redesign of Paris had a significant impact on the city's urban planning and architecture, making him the first architect to significantly change a city on such a large scale.

6 Principles of New Towns Movement
• Plan simply, but comprehensively
• Provide ample sites in the right places for community use
• Put factories and other industrial buildings where they can be
used without wasteful transportation of people and goods
• Cars must be parked and stored (not on the streets!)
• Bring private and public land into relationship
• Arrange for the occupancy of houses

ICT- information and communication technologies

•Economic: Promote industrialization by enabling
goods and services to be transported efficiently
• Aesthetic: Impose a measure of unifying order and
opening up space to allow light to penetrate Paris
• Military: Eliminate the threats of proletariat’s rising
• Sanitary: Improve the state of health

Pierre Charles L’Enfant - Forerunner of “City Beautiful Movement” later
picked up by Ebenezer Howard (UK) and Daniel H.
Burnham (US)

Under the classification of human settlements by Ekistic Elements, "Man" refers to the inhabitants of the settlement. This includes all individuals who live in the settlement and contribute to its functioning and development. The biological needs, sensations and perceptions, emotional needs, and moral values of the inhabitants are essential elements in understanding and categorizing human settlements. Therefore, "Man" is the correct answer as it encompasses the human population and their various characteristics and needs within a settlement.

Meso-settlements – between traditional town and the
conurbation within which one can commute daily

False urbanization refers to the situation where there is a large-scale migration of rural people into urban areas, even though there are no available employment opportunities for unskilled labor with low education. This can occur in both big and small cities. In false urbanization, people move to urban areas in search of better opportunities, but end up facing unemployment or underemployment due to the lack of suitable jobs. This leads to various social and economic challenges in urban areas, such as poverty, overcrowding, and increased strain on infrastructure and services.

FLW- Broadacre City
Le Corbusier- Radiant City & Contemporary City
Clarence Perry- Neighborhood Unit
Henry Wright- Concept of "superblock"

Baron Georges Eugene Haussmann is the correct answer because he is known for his redesign of Paris in the 19th century. He implemented a plan that involved creating wide boulevards, including the grand avenues radiating from the Arc de Triomphe, in order to address traffic flow and prevent mob behavior. His urban planning efforts transformed Paris into the modern city it is today.

Agurbia is the correct answer because it refers to manageable villages that have multiple relations with the city in terms of education, cooperation, and workplaces, while still maintaining their village identity and values. This term suggests a close connection and interdependence between the village and the city, where the village "feeds" on the city for various resources and opportunities.

Eco-Anarchism is the correct answer because it aligns with the concept of anti-big city philosophy and the return to microidentities as a spatial strategy. Eco-Anarchism promotes a decentralized and self-governing society that prioritizes ecological sustainability. It opposes the concentration of power and resources in large cities and instead advocates for smaller, self-sufficient communities. This philosophy supports the idea of micropolis, which refers to the development of small-scale, sustainable urban areas.

The ultimate aim of sustainable development is human development now and through future generations. This means that development should not only focus on the present generation but also consider the needs and well-being of future generations. If this aim is not achieved, development is likely to have negative consequences such as joblessness, ruthlessness, rootlessness, voicelessness, and futurelessness. This aligns with the principles outlined in the 1996 UNDP Human Development Report, which emphasizes the importance of sustainable development for the overall well-being of society.

The correct answer is the analysis of Oriental despotism which emphasized the role of irrigation works. This explanation suggests that the theory of early urbanization by Karl Wittfogel focused on the concept of Oriental despotism and how it was connected to the development of large-scale irrigation systems. This analysis highlighted the importance of irrigation works in the formation of strong, centralized governments and the emergence of urban civilizations. However, it is stated that this theory does not apply to all "urban hearths" in Antiquity, as urbanization occurred in Mesoamerica without the reliance on irrigation.