Tc 1: February, Cefi /Anafortan

The correct answer is "Uncomplicated UTI." Cefi is indicated for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs). UTIs are caused by bacteria and can affect the bladder, urethra, or kidneys. Cefi is an antibiotic that is effective against the bacteria commonly associated with UTIs. It works by inhibiting the growth and multiplication of these bacteria, helping to eliminate the infection. Cefi is not indicated for the treatment of typhoid fever or respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Therefore, the correct answer is uncomplicated UTI.

The correct answer is "Inhibits Cell wall synthesis." Third-generation cephalosporins, like other cephalosporins, work by inhibiting the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. They do this by binding to and inhibiting the enzymes called penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which are responsible for the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains in the cell wall. By inhibiting cell wall synthesis, these antibiotics weaken the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell lysis and death.

Acetylcholine is the correct answer because it is a neurotransmitter that is responsible for smooth muscle contraction and dilation. It is released by nerve cells to transmit signals to muscle cells, causing them to contract. Acetylcholine is involved in various bodily functions, including the contraction of smooth muscles in the gastrointestinal tract, blood vessels, and respiratory system. It also plays a role in the dilation of blood vessels. Therefore, acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter responsible for smooth muscle contraction and dilation.

The active phase of labor is defined as the period when the cervix is dilated by at least 3 cm. This is an important milestone as it indicates that labor is progressing and the baby is descending further into the birth canal. The cervix needs to reach a certain level of dilation for the baby to be able to pass through during delivery. Once the cervix is dilated by 3 cm, contractions become stronger and more regular, helping to further open the cervix and facilitate the birth process.

The correct answer is Visual Analogue Scale. The Visual Analogue Scale is a measurement tool used to assess pain intensity or other subjective experiences. It typically consists of a horizontal line with anchor points representing extremes of the experience being measured, such as "no pain" and "worst pain imaginable." Participants are asked to mark their level of pain along the line, and the distance from the anchor point provides a numerical rating of pain intensity. In this context, the VAS is used to compare the reduction in pain scores between Anafortan and Dicyclomine.

Smooth muscle cells are regulated by the level of cytosolic calcium, which plays a crucial role in muscle contraction. In this case, the correct answer is "Peripheral Action." This means that the reduction in cytosolic calcium levels is due to actions occurring outside of the cell. Peripheral actions can include factors such as the release of neurotransmitters or hormones, which can inhibit calcium influx into the cell or enhance calcium efflux. By reducing cytosolic calcium levels, peripheral actions ultimately lead to relaxation of smooth muscle cells.

Cytosolic calcium refers to the levels of calcium inside the cell. Calcium plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including muscle contraction, signal transduction, and enzyme activation. Maintaining the appropriate concentration of calcium within the cell is essential for proper cell function.

The correct answer is "Prevention of infections." This is because the given campaign, "With Cefi, Patient Hygiene Awareness," is focused on preventing infections. The other options, such as upgrading skills and knowledge, documented clinical evidence, and facts on infection trends, may be important aspects of the campaign, but the main goal is to prevent infections.

Cefixime belongs to the Beta Lactum group of antibiotics. This group of antibiotics includes drugs that have a beta-lactam ring in their chemical structure. Cefixime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, which is a subclass of beta-lactam antibiotics. These antibiotics work by inhibiting the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall, leading to the death of the bacteria.

Cefi has been found to be highly effective in treating Acute Otitis Media (AOM), which is an infection of the middle ear. The high cure rate of 86.7% suggests that Cefi is successful in treating this particular condition. However, it may not be as effective in treating other respiratory infections such as Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI) or Respiratory Tract Infection (RTI). Therefore, the answer is AOM.

Beta lactamase is an enzyme that is released by bacteria. This enzyme is capable of breaking down beta lactam antibiotics, which are a class of antibiotics that include penicillins and cephalosporins. Bacteria produce beta lactamase as a defense mechanism to protect themselves from the effects of these antibiotics. When beta lactamase is released, it inactivates the antibiotics by breaking down their beta lactam ring structure, rendering them ineffective against the bacteria. Therefore, the correct answer is bacteria.

Blocking the muscarinic receptors can lead to side effects such as dizziness and dryness of mouth. Muscarinic receptors are found in various tissues including the salivary glands and the inner ear. By blocking these receptors, the normal functioning of these tissues is disrupted, leading to the side effects mentioned.

The correct answer is "A drug acting on a muscle tissue." A musculotropic drug refers to a drug that specifically targets and acts on muscle tissue. It can be used to relax or contract muscles, depending on the desired effect. This type of drug is commonly used in the treatment of muscle spasms, muscle pain, and other conditions affecting muscle function.

The correct answer is Camylofin 50 mg + Diclofenac Sodium 50 mg. This is because the question asks for the contents of each 2 ml ampoule of Anaspas Injection, and the correct answer provides the combination of Camylofin and Diclofenac Sodium in the correct dosage of 50 mg each. The other options either have different dosages or include Diclofenac Potassium instead of Diclofenac Sodium.

IIIrd generation Cephalosporins are effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens. This means that they can target and kill bacteria belonging to both these categories.

The correct answer is Hyoscine butylbromide 10 mg + Paracetamol 500 mg. This is because the composition of the Hyocimax Plus tablet includes 10 mg of Hyoscine butylbromide and 500 mg of Paracetamol.

The correct answer is 20mg/kg in two divided doses. This is the recommended dose of Cefixime in children for the treatment of typhoid. The dosage is based on the child's weight, with a dose of 20mg per kilogram of body weight. The dose is divided into two equal doses given at different times throughout the day. This dosage regimen ensures that the medication is effective in treating the infection and helps to minimize the risk of side effects.

Dicyclomine does not act solely by anticholinergic action. While it does have anticholinergic properties, it also exhibits direct smooth muscle relaxant effects. Therefore, the statement that dicyclomine acts only by anticholinergic action is false.

The correct answer is "Inhibits PDE4 enzyme, restores Camp levels & thus reduces Ca ⁺⁺ ion levels in the smooth muscle cell." This means that Camylofin inhibits the PDE4 enzyme, which leads to an increase in Camp levels. This increase in Camp levels then results in a reduction of Ca ⁺⁺ ion levels in the smooth muscle cell.

The correct answer is 94%. This means that when Cefi is used to treat sinusitis, the clinical cure rate is 94%. This indicates that a majority of patients who were treated with Cefi experienced a cure of their sinusitis symptoms. It is important to note that this answer is based on the information provided and may not be applicable in all cases or situations.