Subrogating Under International Sales Contracts: Which Law Applies?

Explanation
The correct answer is "D". The applicable law in this case is the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods ("CISG"), developed by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL).

The CISG is a treaty which sets out a uniform international sales law - it allows exporters to avoid choice of law issues as the CISG offers "accepted substantive rules on which contracting parties, courts, and arbitrators may rely". It can be viewed online at: http://www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/texts/sales/cisg/CISG.pdf

As of January 2010, the CISG had been ratified by 74 countries that account for a significant proportion of world trade, making it one of the most successful international uniform laws. Japan is the most recent state to have ratified the Convention. A list of countries that have adopted the CISG can be found here: http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/sale_goods/1980CISG_status.html

The CISG has been adopted by the United States. As such, it has the force of federal law and supersedes UCC-based state law. Among the U.S. reservations to the CISG is the provision that the CISG will apply only as to contracts with parties located in other CISG Contracting States, a reservation permitted by the CISG in Article 95. In this scenario, the applicable law of the sales contract is the CISG since (i) both the U.S. and China are Contracting States and (ii) the choice of law clause does not expressly exclude the CISG's application.

Explanation
Since Germany is a signatory to the CISG and the wording of the sales contract does not expressly exclude the CISG's application, the sales contract is governed by the CISG.

Explanation
Again, the applicable law is the CISG since it has been ratified by both the U.S. and Canada. Note that Ontario's "International Sale of Goods Act" expressly adopts the CISG into Ontario's domestic legislation. There is some inconsistency in Ontario case law, however, as to whether implied conditions of fitness for purpose and merchantability set forth in section 15 of Ontario's domestic Sale of Goods Act may be applied concurrently with the application of the CISG.

Explanation
In "international" contracts for the sale of goods between a U.S. entity and an entity of a non-Contracting State, U.S. law does not apply the CISG. Since the United Kingdom has not ratified the CISG, the contract would be governed by the UCC, as adopted under New York State law.

Explanation
Although both the U.S. and Singapore are Contracting States under the CISG, the sales contract calls for the express application of the law of a Non-Contracting State, the United Kingdom. As such, the U.K.'s sale of goods legislation, rather than the CISG, will govern the contract.

Explanation
The CISG is comprised of a blend of common law and civil concepts. As such, it lacks some of the well-established common law concepts such as consideration, Statute of Frauds and the parol evidence rule. The absence of these concepts in the CISG's text has presented common law courts with some challenges as to how to deal with parties' arguments based on these concepts.

An interesting article on this subject was written in 2004 and can be found here: http://www3.austlii.edu.au/nz/journals/VUWLRev/2004/28.html#fn92