Statistical Description Of Data

The correct answer is "All these". Statistics is applied in various fields, including economics, business management, commerce, and industry. In economics, statistics is used to analyze and interpret economic data, such as GDP, inflation rates, and employment figures. In business management, statistics is used to make informed decisions, analyze market trends, and evaluate performance. In commerce and industry, statistics is used for market research, quality control, and forecasting. Therefore, statistics is applicable in all of these fields.

Secondary data refers to data that has been collected by someone else for a different purpose. International and government sources are important sources of secondary data because they provide data that is collected at a global or national level. These sources often have extensive databases and research reports that can be accessed by researchers and analysts. This data can be used to gain insights into various aspects such as economics, demographics, social trends, and more. International sources include organizations like the United Nations, World Bank, and World Health Organization, while government sources refer to data collected by government agencies at the local, regional, or national level.

The correct answer is "All these" because primary data can be collected through various methods such as interviews, observations, and questionnaires. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, and researchers often use a combination of these methods to gather comprehensive and reliable data. Therefore, the statement "All these" correctly acknowledges that primary data can be collected through any of these methods.

The amount of non-responses is maximum in the mailed questionnaire method. This is because when questionnaires are sent by mail, there is no direct interaction between the researcher and the respondent. This lack of personal contact may result in a lower response rate as compared to other methods. Respondents may choose not to fill out the questionnaire or may simply forget to do so. Additionally, there is no opportunity for the researcher to clarify any doubts or provide further explanations, which may further contribute to non-responses.

The question is asking about the different modes of presenting data. The correct answer states that the modes of presentation are textual, tabulation, and diagrammatic. This means that data can be presented in the form of written text, tables, and diagrams. These different modes allow for different ways of organizing and representing data, depending on the purpose and audience of the presentation.

The UCL (Upper Control Limit) is a statistical measure that represents the highest acceptable value or limit for a process. It is used in quality control to determine if a process is within acceptable limits or if it is experiencing excessive variation. Therefore, the correct answer is "An upper limit to UCL" as it accurately describes the role and purpose of the UCL in statistical analysis.

The correct answer is "Footnote." In tabulation, the source of the data is typically shown in the footnote. This is where additional information or references are provided to give credit or context to the data presented in the table. The footnote is usually placed at the bottom of the table and is numbered or marked with symbols to link it to specific data points or tables.

Tabulation is the most accurate mode of data presentation because it organizes data in a systematic and structured manner, making it easier to analyze and interpret. It involves the use of tables, which provide a clear and concise summary of the data. Tabulation allows for easy comparison and identification of patterns, trends, and relationships within the data. It also enables the presentation of large amounts of data in a compact and organized format, making it more comprehensible and accessible to the reader.

The correct answer is "All these" because diagrammatic representation of data can be done using diagrams, charts, and pictures. All of these methods visually present data in a way that is easy to understand and analyze.

The given data represents the number of observations for different ranges of values. The question asks for the number of observations between 250 and 300. From the data, we can see that there are 38 observations for values more than 250 and 15 observations for values more than 300. Therefore, the number of observations between 250 and 300 would be the difference between these two values, which is 38 - 15 = 23.

In 1995, 65% of the students read commerce and 20% of female students read science. In 2000, 40% of the students read science and 50% of male students read commerce. This means that the percentage of female students reading science decreased while the percentage of male students reading commerce increased. Therefore, the ratio of female commerce students to female science students (x) is greater than the ratio of male commerce students to male science students (y). Hence, the answer is x > y.

The upper part of a table is commonly referred to as the "box head." This section usually contains the table's title or caption and any additional information or labels that are necessary for understanding the data in the table. The box head is located above the body of the table and provides an overview or summary of the information presented in the table.

The given correct answer is "Statistics is derived from the French word 'Statistik'". However, this statement is false because statistics is not derived from the French word 'Statistik'. The word 'statistics' is actually derived from the Latin word 'Status', which means "state" or "status".

Statistics is concerned with both qualitative and quantitative information. Qualitative information refers to non-numerical data that describes qualities or characteristics, such as opinions, preferences, or observations. Quantitative information, on the other hand, involves numerical data that can be measured or counted, such as quantities, amounts, or statistics. Statistics uses both types of information to analyze and interpret data, make predictions, and draw conclusions.

The data collected on religion from the census reports is considered secondary data. This is because the census reports are already existing sources of information that have been collected by a third party (government or statistical agencies) for a different purpose. The data is not collected directly by the researcher for their specific study or research question.

The mailed questionnaire method covers the widest area among the given options. This method involves sending questionnaires to a large number of respondents through mail, allowing for a broader geographic reach compared to methods like telephone or direct interviews. With the mailed questionnaire method, researchers can collect data from individuals across different locations, making it a suitable choice for studies that require a wide representation of respondents.

In tabulation, the unit of measurement is shown in the Box head. The Box head is the topmost part of a table or chart that contains the labels or headings for each column. It provides a clear and concise representation of the units being measured in the tabulation.

A multiple line chart is used to display two or more related time series when the variables are expressed in the same unit. This type of chart is effective in comparing the trends and patterns of different variables over time. By using multiple lines, it becomes easier to visualize and analyze the relationships between the variables. This chart is particularly useful when the variables being compared are measured on the same scale or have similar units of measurement, allowing for a meaningful comparison between them.

Indirect interview is the appropriate method of data collection in case of a rail accident. This method involves gathering information from individuals who have knowledge or experience related to the accident, but without directly interviewing them. This could include reviewing documents, reports, and other sources of information to gather relevant data. Indirect interviews help in obtaining accurate and reliable information about the accident without directly involving the individuals who were directly affected or involved in the incident.

The relative frequency for a particular class represents the proportion of times that class occurs in relation to the total number of occurrences. Since it is a proportion, it must be expressed as a fraction or decimal between 0 and 1. It cannot be negative or greater than 1 because it represents a fraction of the whole. Therefore, the correct answer is "Lies between 0 and 1".

The number of cases when 3 or less accidents occurred can be calculated by adding up the frequencies for the number of accidents 0, 1, 2, and 3. In this case, the frequencies for these numbers are 15, 19, 22, and 31 respectively. Adding them up, we get 87, which is the correct answer.

Nationality of a student is considered as an attribute because it is a characteristic or quality that describes the student. It is not a continuous variable because it cannot be measured on a continuous scale, and it is not a discrete variable because it does not have distinct numerical values.

The drinking habit of a person is considered an attribute because it is a characteristic or quality that describes the person. It is not a variable because it does not vary or change over time. It is also not a discrete or continuous variable because it cannot be measured or quantified in a numerical form. Instead, it is a qualitative characteristic that helps define and distinguish individuals.

The less than cumulative frequency represents the total number of data points that are less than the class boundary, while the more than cumulative frequency represents the total number of data points that are greater than the class boundary. Therefore, when we add these two frequencies together, we are considering all the data points in the dataset. Hence, the sum of the less than cumulative frequency and the more than cumulative frequency is equal to the total frequency.

The quickest method to collect primary data is a telephone interview. This is because it allows for immediate communication and eliminates the need for travel or scheduling conflicts. With a telephone interview, researchers can quickly gather information from respondents by asking questions and recording their responses in real-time. This method is particularly useful when time is limited and when face-to-face interaction is not necessary.

A chart that uses logarithm of the variable is known as a ratio chart. This type of chart is used when the data being plotted spans a wide range of values. By taking the logarithm of the variable, the chart can effectively display both small and large values on a single scale. This helps to visualize the relative ratios between the data points more accurately.

An attribute is a qualitative characteristic because it describes the quality or nature of something rather than its quantity or measurability.

Statistics is defined in terms of numerical data in the plural sense because it involves the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of a large set of data. It deals with the study of data from a population or sample, and aims to provide insights and make inferences about the characteristics and patterns within the data. Therefore, statistics is concerned with multiple data points rather than just a single data point, hence the need for the plural sense.

Tabulation is a useful tool in statistical analysis as it helps organize and summarize data. It allows for easy comparison between different categories or variables, both horizontally (rows) and vertically (columns). Therefore, the statement "It facilitates comparison between rows and not columns" is untrue. Tabulation enables comparison between both rows and columns, providing a comprehensive view of the data.

The distribution of profits of a blue-chip company is considered a continuous variable because it can take on any value within a certain range. Profits can vary greatly and can be measured in decimals or fractions, making it a continuous variable rather than a discrete variable which only takes on distinct values.

The most attractive method of data presentation is diagrammatic. Diagrams are visually appealing and can effectively convey information in a concise and understandable manner. They allow for the representation of complex data sets and relationships, making it easier for the audience to interpret and analyze the information being presented. Additionally, diagrams can be customized and visually enhanced to make the data more engaging and visually appealing to the viewers.

The annual income of a person can be considered a discrete variable because it can only take on specific, distinct values. It cannot be measured or divided into smaller units. For example, someone's annual income can be $50,000, $60,000, or $70,000, but it cannot be $55,000. Therefore, it falls into the category of a discrete variable.

The LCB, or Lower Control Limit, is a statistical measure used in process control to determine the lower limit at which a process is considered out of control. It is used in conjunction with the Upper Control Limit (UCL) to create a control chart. The LCB represents the lower boundary below which the process is not expected to perform consistently. Therefore, the correct answer is "A lower limit to LCL."

The percentage of female non-coffee drinkers can be calculated by subtracting the percentage of female coffee drinkers from the total percentage of women. The percentage of female coffee drinkers is given as 45% and the total number of women is given as 40%. Subtracting 45% from 40% gives us 15%, which represents the percentage of female non-coffee drinkers.

The left part of a table typically contains the row headings or labels, which provide a description or name for each individual row in the table. This allows the reader to easily identify and understand the data presented in each row. The right part of the table, on the other hand, usually contains the column headings or labels, which describe the data categories or variables being measured or observed. Therefore, the correct answer is that the left part of the table describes the rows.

The caption in a table is the upper part that describes the column and sub-column. It provides a brief explanation or title for the table, helping the reader understand the content and context of the data presented in the table. The caption typically includes information such as the table's title, the units of measurement, and any relevant notes or explanations.

Age of a person is considered a continuous variable because it can take on any value within a certain range. Age is measured on a continuous scale, meaning it can have decimal values and can be infinitely divided into smaller units. For example, a person can be 25.5 years old or 25.75 years old. There is no distinct separation between different age values, making it a continuous variable.

A pie diagram is used to compare different components and their relation to the total. It visually represents the proportions of each component within a whole by dividing a circle into sectors. Each sector represents a different component, and the size of the sector corresponds to the proportion of that component in relation to the total. This allows for a quick and easy comparison of the different components and their contribution to the whole.

A frequency distribution is a representation of how often different values of a variable occur in a dataset. When the variable is continuous, it means it can take on any value within a certain range. In order to create a frequency distribution for a continuous variable, the data is grouped into intervals or bins. Each interval represents a range of values, and the frequency is the number of observations that fall within that range. Therefore, the correct answer is "Grouped frequency distribution" as it refers to the frequency distribution of a continuous variable.

The mode of a distribution can be obtained from a histogram because a histogram displays the frequency of each data value or range of values. The mode is the value or values that occur most frequently, and this can be easily identified by finding the highest bar or bars in the histogram. On the other hand, less than type ogives, more than type ogives, and frequency polygons are graphical representations of cumulative frequencies, which do not directly provide information about the mode.

The correct answer is "Bell-shaped" because it is commonly used to represent normal distributions or symmetric data. In a bell-shaped curve, the majority of the data is concentrated around the mean, with fewer data points towards the extremes. This type of frequency curve is often observed in natural phenomena and is characterized by its symmetric shape.

Tabular presentation of data is considered the best method because it organizes information in a systematic and structured manner. It allows for easy comparison and analysis of data, making it easier to identify patterns and trends. Tabular presentation also provides clarity and precision, as it presents data in rows and columns, making it easier to read and understand. Diagrammatic presentation, on the other hand, uses visual representations such as graphs and charts, which may not be suitable for all types of data. Therefore, the combination of tabular and diagrammatic presentation may not always be the best method.

Personal interviews would be the best method to collect data in the case of a natural calamity because it allows for direct interaction with the affected individuals. This method would provide a deeper understanding of their experiences, emotions, and needs, which can be crucial in planning and implementing effective relief efforts. Additionally, personal interviews can also help gather more detailed and specific information compared to other methods like questionnaires or indirect interviews.

The correct answer is "Less than type ogives" because a less than type ogive is a graph that represents the cumulative frequency distribution of a dataset. The median is the middle value of a dataset, and it can be obtained from a less than type ogive by finding the point where the cumulative frequency is equal to half of the total frequency.

The data provided shows the number of students who scored marks below a certain range. In this case, 65 students scored marks below 30. Therefore, the number of students who scored more than 30 is 35.

Scrutiny refers to the careful examination or inspection of data to ensure its accuracy and consistency. It involves both internal checking, which involves verifying data within the organization, and external checking, which involves verifying data with external sources. By conducting a thorough scrutiny, organizations can verify the accuracy and consistency of their data, ensuring its reliability for decision-making and other purposes.

A divided bar chart is used to compare different components of a variable, as well as show the relationship of these components to the overall total. It allows for a visual representation of how each component contributes to the whole, making it easier to analyze and understand the data. Therefore, the correct answer is (a) and (b), as both statements accurately describe the purpose of a divided bar chart.

The percentage of persons earning more than Rs. 1500 can be calculated by adding the number of persons earning in the income range of Rs. 1500-1999 and Rs. 2000-2499, which is 36 + 7 = 43. Then, divide this number by the total number of persons (86) and multiply by 100 to get the percentage. Therefore, (43/86) x 100 = 50%.

The question asks for the difference between the central angles for the largest and smallest components of the cost of sugar. The largest component is under the head of direct production, which is 35 units. The smallest component is under the head of raw materials, which is 12 units. To calculate the central angle, we can use the formula: (component value / total value) * 360°.

For the largest component: (35 / 90) * 360° = 140°
For the smallest component: (12 / 90) * 360° = 48°

Therefore, the difference between the central angles for the largest and smallest components is 140° - 48° = 92°.

The data collected on the height of a group of students after recording their heights with a measuring tape is considered primary data. This is because the data is collected firsthand by directly measuring the heights of the students. Primary data is original and collected for the specific purpose of the study, making it more reliable and accurate compared to secondary data, which is data collected by someone else for another purpose. Discrete and continuous data refer to the nature of the data itself, and are not applicable in this context.