US History Comprehensive Test, Unit 1

Jamestown began to thrive after they began to harvest tobacco. Tobacco became a major cash crop for the settlers, providing them with a valuable export commodity. The demand for tobacco in Europe was high, leading to significant profits for the Jamestown colony. The success of the tobacco industry helped to stimulate economic growth and attract more settlers to the area, contributing to the overall prosperity of Jamestown.

The correct answer is "The starving Time." This refers to a period in Jamestown history when most of the colonists died due to lack of food. This term is commonly used to describe the severe famine that occurred in the winter of 1609-1610, during which many colonists resorted to cannibalism in order to survive.

Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion of landless farmers who set Jamestown on fire.

Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion of landless farmers who set Jamestown on fire. This rebellion, known as Bacon's Rebellion, occurred in 1676 in the Virginia Colony. Bacon was a wealthy planter who sympathized with the grievances of the landless farmers against the colonial government. He organized an armed force and attacked Native American tribes, as well as burned down Jamestown in protest against the government's policies. The rebellion was eventually suppressed, but it highlighted the tensions between the wealthy elite and the lower class in the colony.

Pocahontas is credited with saving John Smith's life. Pocahontas was a Native American woman who was a member of the Powhatan tribe. According to historical accounts, she intervened and prevented her father, Chief Powhatan, from executing John Smith, an Englishman who had been captured by the tribe. Pocahontas's actions demonstrated her bravery and compassion, as she risked her own safety to save Smith's life. Her actions also played a significant role in fostering peace and understanding between the Native Americans and the English settlers in Jamestown.

Tenochtitlan was the capital of the Aztec Empire. The Aztec Empire was a powerful and advanced civilization that existed in Central Mexico from the 14th to the 16th century. Tenochtitlan, located on an island in Lake Texcoco, was the center of political, economic, and religious activities for the Aztecs. It was a highly developed city with impressive architecture, intricate canal systems, and bustling markets. The Aztec Empire was known for its military prowess, agricultural innovations, and complex social structure. However, it was eventually conquered by the Spanish conquistadors led by Hernán Cortés in 1521.

Cortes landed in Mexico in 1519. This is historically accurate as Hernan Cortes, a Spanish conquistador, arrived in Mexico in that year. He led an expedition that eventually led to the fall of the Aztec Empire and the colonization of Mexico by the Spanish.

Cuzco was the capital of the Inca Empire. It was the political, administrative, and religious center of the empire. Located in present-day Peru, Cuzco was a highly developed city with impressive architecture and infrastructure. It was considered sacred by the Incas and was the birthplace of their civilization. Cuzco played a crucial role in the governance and expansion of the Inca Empire, making it the correct answer.

The Andes were home to most of the Inca Empire. The Inca civilization thrived in the Andes region, which spans several South American countries including Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Colombia. The mountainous terrain provided natural defenses and resources for the Inca people, allowing them to establish a vast empire that stretched along the western coast of South America. The Andes also played a significant role in the Inca religion and culture, with many sacred sites and temples located in the mountains.

Peru is the correct answer because it is the country that currently encompasses most of the territory where the Inca Empire once existed. The Inca Empire was a vast and powerful civilization that thrived in the Andean region of South America, with its capital located in the city of Cusco, which is in present-day Peru. The empire extended through parts of modern-day Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina, but the majority of its territory is now within the borders of Peru.

The statement is false because the Incas did not use money as a form of payment. Instead, they had an economic system based on a barter system and labor obligations. They used a system called "mita" where individuals would provide labor or goods in exchange for the goods or services they needed. Money was not used as a medium of exchange in Inca society.

The Inca Empire was one of the wealthiest in gold. This is because the Inca civilization had access to vast reserves of gold in their territories, which they used for various purposes such as religious ceremonies, ornamental objects, and trade. The abundance of gold in their possession contributed to their overall wealth and prosperity, making them one of the richest civilizations in terms of gold resources.

Quipus were a system of multi-colored strings with knots used by the Incas to keep records and send messages. They were not coins, letters of the Inca alphabet, or an instrument for writing letters. The knots on the strings represented different numbers or information, allowing the Incas to keep track of things like taxes, census data, and historical events. The quipus were a sophisticated and effective method of communication and record-keeping in the Inca civilization.

The Incas paid taxes by providing services such as building roads and digging canals. This means that instead of giving gold or using paper notes and quipus, they contributed to the community by engaging in labor-intensive tasks that benefited the empire as a whole. This system allowed the rulers to maintain and expand their infrastructure while also ensuring that the citizens were actively involved in the development of their society.

The statement "Incas used gold as money" is false. While it is true that the Incas valued gold and considered it precious, they did not use it as a form of currency or money. Instead, they had a barter system in which goods and services were exchanged directly without the need for a standardized medium of exchange like gold coins. The Incas primarily used a system called "quipu," which involved a series of knotted strings to record information and keep track of economic transactions.

Gold and silver played a significant role in the Inca society. They were considered sacred and were used in religious ceremonies and rituals. The Inca emperor and nobility adorned themselves with gold and silver jewelry as a symbol of their power and status. Additionally, gold and silver were used as currency and for trading purposes. The Inca Empire was known for its vast reserves of gold and silver, which were mined and accumulated by the state. Therefore, the statement that gold and silver did not have any role in the Inca society is false.

Francisco Pizarro is the correct answer because he was the Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that conquered the Inca Empire in the early 16th century. Pizarro and his men captured the Inca emperor Atahualpa, leading to the downfall of the Inca civilization. This conquest was a significant event in the history of South America and marked the beginning of Spanish colonization in the region.

Pizarro landed on the west coast of South America in 1531. This is the correct answer because it is the only option that aligns with historical records. Pizarro, a Spanish conquistador, led an expedition to conquer the Inca Empire, and he arrived in South America in 1531. The other options, 1492, 1519, and 1609, are not relevant to Pizarro's expedition and do not match the historical timeline.

The statement is false because at the time of Pizarro's arrival, the Inca Empire was facing various problems. One major issue was the ongoing civil war between two brothers, Atahualpa and Huascar, which had weakened the empire. Additionally, the empire was also dealing with economic instability, social unrest, and the spread of diseases brought by the Spanish conquistadors. Pizarro took advantage of these internal conflicts and successfully conquered the Inca Empire.

Smallpox entered the Inca Empire from Mexico. This is because during the Spanish conquest of the Americas, smallpox was brought to Mexico by the Spanish conquistadors. As they continued their conquest, the disease spread further south, reaching the Inca Empire. The Inca Empire had no previous exposure to the disease, making them highly vulnerable and resulting in devastating consequences for their population.

Atahualpa ruled the Northern part of the Inca. He was the last Sapa Inca (emperor) of the Inca Empire before the Spanish conquest. Atahualpa's reign was marked by a civil war with his half-brother Huascar, which weakened the empire. He eventually emerged victorious and became the ruler of the Northern part of the Inca Empire. However, his reign was short-lived as he was captured by the Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro and executed in 1533.

The correct answer is that there were only 180 soldiers. This suggests that Pizarro's soldiers did not hope to survive because they were heavily outnumbered by the Incas. With such a small force, it would be difficult for them to defend themselves against the larger and more prepared Inca army. The lack of manpower put them at a significant disadvantage, making survival unlikely.

Juan Ponce de Leon is the correct answer because he was the conquistador who first landed in Florida. He was a Spanish explorer who arrived in Florida in 1513 while searching for the Fountain of Youth. Ponce de Leon claimed the land for Spain and named it "La Florida." He is known for being the first European to explore and establish a settlement in what is now the United States. Hernan Cortes, Francisco Pizarro, and Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca were also conquistadors, but they did not land in Florida.

During the middle of the 1500s, various groups of people had formed in the Spanish parts of the Americas. These groups included Native Americans, Africans, and Spanish individuals. This suggests that there was a diverse population consisting of indigenous people, enslaved Africans, and Spanish colonizers in the Spanish parts of the Americas during this time period.

In the mid-1500s, Mexico and most of Central America were referred to as New Spain. This term was used because Spain had colonized and established control over these territories during that time period. The name "New Spain" indicated that these regions were under Spanish rule and were considered part of the Spanish empire.

During the early 1800s, New Spain had control over Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. These territories were part of the vast Spanish colonial empire in North America. Texas was an important region for its strategic location and valuable resources. New Mexico was known for its rich silver mines and trade routes. Arizona was also a valuable territory due to its mineral resources and strategic position. California, with its fertile land and ports, was crucial for trade and colonization. Alaska, however, was not under the control of New Spain during this period.

The navigation techniques of the compass, sextant, and astrolabe allowed Europeans to explore farther than before. The compass provided a reliable way to determine direction, while the sextant and astrolabe helped sailors navigate by measuring the angles between celestial bodies and the horizon. These tools improved accuracy in determining a ship's position at sea, enabling sailors to venture into unknown territories with more confidence.

Columbus is the correct answer because he sailed for Spain in 1492 with the intention of reaching Asia by sailing west. However, during his voyage, he accidentally discovered a whole new continent, which is now known as America. This discovery had a significant impact on world history, as it opened up new trade routes and led to the colonization of the Americas by European powers.

DaGama is the correct answer because he was the first European to sail around Africa to India. In 1497, he embarked on a voyage for Portugal and successfully reached India by sailing around the Cape of Good Hope. This journey opened up a direct sea route from Europe to India, bypassing the overland Silk Road trade route. Diaz, Columbus, and Magellan were also famous explorers, but they did not achieve this specific feat. Diaz was the first European to sail around the southern tip of Africa, Columbus discovered the Americas, and Magellan completed the first circumnavigation of the world.

Circumnavigation refers to the act of sailing around the globe. It involves traveling across all the meridians, completing a full circle around the Earth's surface. This term is commonly used in the context of maritime navigation and exploration, where sailors embark on voyages to explore the world by sailing across different oceans and continents. The correct answer accurately defines circumnavigation as the act of sailing around the globe, aligning with its commonly accepted meaning.

Magellan and his crew were the first to sail around the world from 1519-1522, which proved that the world was round. Unfortunately, Magellan died during the journey. This accomplishment solidified Magellan's place in history as a renowned explorer. Diaz, Columbus, and Ponce de Leon were also notable explorers, but they did not complete a circumnavigation of the globe like Magellan did.

The Papal Line of Demarcation refers to a line set by the pope that divided the New World into east and west, with lands in the east given to Portugal and lands in the west given to Spain. This division was made in order to resolve conflicts between these two powerful European nations over newly discovered lands. By establishing this line, the pope aimed to maintain peace and prevent disputes between Portugal and Spain regarding their territorial claims in the New World.

The Treaty of Tordesillas established the Papal Line of Demarcation. This line was drawn by the Pope to divide the newly discovered lands outside of Europe between Spain and Portugal. It granted Portugal control over the eastern territories, including Brazil and Africa, while Spain gained control over the western territories, including most of the Americas. The treaty aimed to prevent conflicts between the two nations over their respective claims and ensured that each country had its own designated areas for exploration and colonization.

Asians did not feel the need to trade with Europeans because they believed that the European goods had no value compared to their own superior Chinese culture.

Spain is the correct answer because during the Age of Exploration, Spain was one of the major European powers that colonized and conquered large parts of South America. Spanish explorers like Christopher Columbus, Hernán Cortés, and Francisco Pizarro played significant roles in the conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires. Spain established colonies and exerted control over vast territories, leaving a lasting impact on the culture, language, and society of South America. Portugal also had colonies in South America, but Spain had a larger presence and influence in the region. Britain and Mexico did not conquer large parts of South America.

The correct answer is that Spain had superior weapons, Aztec mythology, native allies, and disease. This combination of factors contributed to Spain's ability to conquer the Aztecs. The superior weapons gave Spain a military advantage, while the Aztec mythology and beliefs were exploited by the Spanish to weaken the Aztec empire. The native allies that Spain recruited also played a significant role in the conquest. Additionally, the introduction of diseases, such as smallpox, to which the Aztecs had no immunity, caused widespread devastation and weakened the Aztec population.

The Spanish missionaries in the New World aimed to convert the Natives to Christianity and civilize them. This was a common objective of many European missionaries during the colonial period. They believed that by converting the Natives to Christianity, they would save their souls and bring them into the fold of the Catholic Church. Additionally, the missionaries sought to "civilize" the Natives by introducing European customs, education, and social norms. This was seen as a way to assimilate the Natives into the Spanish colonial society and establish control over them.

The encomienda system was a social and racial system that formed the foundation for the economic and political order in the Spanish areas of the Americas. Under this system, Spanish colonizers were granted control over indigenous communities and their labor. In exchange for their labor, the indigenous people were supposed to receive protection and religious instruction. However, in reality, the encomienda system often led to the exploitation and mistreatment of the indigenous population, as they were forced to work under harsh conditions for the benefit of the Spanish colonizers. This system played a crucial role in shaping the social and economic dynamics of the Spanish colonies in the Americas.

The Europeans got slaves from Africa because the harsh treatment of Natives and diseases caused a significant decrease in their population, leaving the Spanish without an adequate workforce.

A peninsulare refers to a person born in Spain who resided in New Spain and held a position of authority or owned land. This term was used in the New World caste system to distinguish individuals of Spanish origin from other social groups, such as criollos (people of Spanish descent born in the New World), mestizos (people of mixed Spanish and indigenous heritage), and mulattos (people of mixed Spanish and African heritage). The term "peninsulare" highlights the social hierarchy and privileges enjoyed by those from the Iberian Peninsula in the colonial society of the New World.

In the New World caste system, a person who was full-blooded Spanish born in the New World and thus had less privilege was referred to as a criollo or creole. This term was used to distinguish them from peninsulares, who were Spanish-born individuals living in the New World with higher social status. The term mestizo referred to individuals of mixed Spanish and indigenous heritage, while mulatto referred to individuals of mixed Spanish and African heritage.

The term "Mestizo" refers to a person of mixed Spanish and Native ancestry. This individual has both Spanish and Indigenous American heritage. The term is commonly used in Latin America to describe people who have a combination of European and Indigenous American ancestry. It is important to note that "Mestizo" is not exclusive to any specific country or region, but rather a broader term used to describe individuals with mixed heritage.

A person of mixed African and Spanish ancestry is commonly referred to as a mulatto. This term specifically denotes someone who has one African parent and one Spanish parent. The word "mulatto" originated from the Spanish and Portuguese word "mulato," which means "young mule." This term was historically used to classify individuals who were of mixed race during the colonial era.

The correct answer is the forced immigration of Africans across the Atlantic to the New World. The Middle Passage refers to the horrific journey that enslaved Africans were forced to endure during the transatlantic slave trade. They were captured in Africa, packed into overcrowded and unsanitary ships, and transported across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas. Many Africans died during the voyage due to harsh conditions, disease, and mistreatment. This answer accurately describes the historical significance of the Middle Passage as a brutal and inhumane practice of forced migration.

Mercantilism is an economic theory and practice that was prevalent in Europe during the 16th to 18th centuries. It emphasized the accumulation of wealth and the establishment of a favorable balance of trade for a nation. This was achieved by selling more goods and services to other countries than what was bought from them, thereby ensuring a surplus and an inflow of precious metals. The goal was to increase a nation's wealth and power through trade, colonization, and protectionist policies.

The Columbian Exchange refers to the exchange of plants, animals, and ideas between the New World (the Americas) and the Old World (Europe, Africa, and Asia) following Christopher Columbus' voyages in the late 15th century. This exchange had a significant impact on both sides, as it introduced new crops, animals, and cultural practices to each region. It also led to the spread of diseases, such as smallpox, which had devastating effects on indigenous populations in the Americas. Overall, the Columbian Exchange played a crucial role in shaping the modern world by connecting previously isolated continents and facilitating the exchange of goods and knowledge.

The Triangle Trade refers to the trade route that involved the transportation of slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods between Western Africa, the Caribbean or American colonies, and Europe. This trade route played a significant role in the transatlantic slave trade, with African slaves being brought to the Americas to work on plantations producing cash crops such as sugar, tobacco, and cotton. These cash crops were then transported to Europe for trade, along with manufactured goods. This triangular trade system was a key component of the global economy during the colonial period.

Jamestown is located in Virginia. Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607. It is located along the James River in Virginia.

Roanoke is the correct answer because it was an English colony that mysteriously disappeared. In 1587, a group of colonists settled in Roanoke Island, but when supplies ran low, their leader John White left to get more from England. However, due to the war with Spain, he was unable to return until 1590. When he finally came back, the colony had vanished, with no trace of the settlers. This event, known as "The Lost Colony," remains a mystery to this day.

Jamestown is located in Virginia. Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607. It is situated on the banks of the James River in Virginia. The settlement played a significant role in the early history of the United States, and it is often referred to as the birthplace of America.