Special Ed Midterm

The teacher providing Bill with large-type notes at the beginning of each lecture is an example of accommodation. Accommodation refers to the modifications or adjustments made to support individuals with disabilities so that they can participate fully and effectively in an activity or environment. In this case, the teacher is accommodating Bill's low vision by providing him with notes that are easier for him to read and access.

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is the federal provision that requires children with disabilities to be provided with a free, appropriate public education. This act ensures that children with disabilities have access to educational services and supports that meet their individual needs. It mandates that schools develop an Individualized Education Program (IEP) for each eligible student, outlining specific goals and accommodations. IDEA also guarantees the rights of parents to be involved in the educational decision-making process for their child.

When special education works as it should, the outcome for students is improved achievement and behavior. This means that students who receive special education support are able to make progress in their academic performance and show positive changes in their behavior. The goal of special education is not to hide or eradicate disabilities, but rather to provide appropriate instruction and support to help students with disabilities reach their full potential.

The correct answer is integration into society, inclusion in schools, and early intervention. These three trends in the field of special education focus on creating a more inclusive and supportive environment for individuals with special needs. Integration into society refers to the goal of including individuals with disabilities in all aspects of community life. Inclusion in schools emphasizes the importance of educating students with special needs alongside their typically developing peers. Early intervention recognizes the significance of identifying and addressing developmental delays or disabilities as early as possible to maximize a child's potential. These trends highlight the shift towards promoting equal opportunities and support for individuals with special needs.

Multicultural education aims to provide equal educational opportunities to all students, regardless of their cultural background or ethnicity. It promotes inclusivity, diversity, and respect for different cultures, helping students develop a better understanding and appreciation of other cultures. By incorporating diverse perspectives and experiences into the curriculum, multicultural education fosters a more inclusive and equitable learning environment, preparing students to thrive in a multicultural society.

An exceptional student is eligible for special education when careful assessment indicates he or she is unable to make satisfactory progress in the regular school program. This means that the decision to provide special education is based on a thorough evaluation of the student's abilities and progress in the regular classroom setting. If the assessment shows that the student is not able to keep up with the regular curriculum, they may require additional support and services through special education.

Intellectual disabilities that occur before the birth of the child are categorized as prenatal. Prenatal refers to the period of time before birth, during which the baby is developing in the womb. Factors such as genetic disorders, infections, exposure to toxins, or maternal health conditions can all contribute to intellectual disabilities that are present at birth. Therefore, the correct answer is prenatal.

The correct answer is academic problems. This is because learning disabilities refer to difficulties in acquiring and processing information, which can manifest specifically in academic areas such as reading, writing, and math. While some students with learning disabilities may also have other challenges such as hyperactivity, deficits in all academic areas, or brain damage, these are not inherent characteristics of learning disabilities and may not be present in all individuals with learning disabilities.

The given question asks the test-taker to select the options they like. The correct answer is Option1, indicating that the test-taker likes Option1.

Multicultural education aims to promote pride in one's own cultural heritage, foster positive attitudes toward cultural diversity, and ensure equal educational opportunities for all students. However, satisfying a large, tax-paying constituency is not a general purpose of multicultural education. Multicultural education focuses on promoting cultural understanding and inclusivity, rather than catering to specific groups based on their financial contributions.

In functional academics, the focus is on teaching academic skills that are directly applicable to daily living. This means that students learn subjects such as math, reading, and writing in the context of real-life situations and tasks they may encounter in their everyday lives. This approach helps students develop practical skills that they can use to navigate and participate in their communities and daily routines effectively. It also promotes independence and functional abilities that are essential for their overall well-being and success in daily life.

Fetal alcohol syndrome is caused by the exposure of a developing fetus to alcohol during pregnancy. This exposure is considered an environmental hazard because it is caused by external factors, such as the mother's consumption of alcohol, rather than genetic or chromosomal abnormalities. The consumption of alcohol during pregnancy can lead to a range of physical, cognitive, and behavioral impairments in the child, making it an environmental hazard that can have lifelong effects.

Research using CAT scans, MRIs, and PET scans suggests that some cases of learning disabilities are caused by structural and functional differences in the brain. These imaging techniques allow researchers to observe the physical structure and activity of the brain, and they have found that individuals with learning disabilities often have abnormalities or differences in certain areas of the brain. This suggests that these differences in brain structure and function may contribute to the development of learning disabilities. Poor nutrition, brain damage, and allergies to food additives may also have an impact on learning disabilities, but the given research suggests that structural and functional differences in the brain are a significant factor.

According to national prevalence estimates, it is expected that there would be 10 exceptional students in a school of 100 students. This suggests that approximately 10% of the student population would fall into the category of exceptional students.

The question asks for the practice that does not promote integration. Normalization, full inclusion, and mainstreaming are all practices that aim to integrate individuals with disabilities into mainstream society. However, institutionalization refers to the practice of confining individuals with disabilities to institutions, which goes against the goal of integration.

The answer "have both similarities and differences" is the most accurate because exceptional students can share some similarities with typical students, such as having similar instructional needs or being in the same age group. However, they also have distinct differences, such as their ability level or specific learning needs. Therefore, it is important to recognize and address both the similarities and differences when working with exceptional students.

Skin color is not a major component or element of culture because it is a physical characteristic that varies among individuals within a culture, rather than being a cultural characteristic itself. Culture refers to the shared beliefs, values, behaviors, and customs that are learned and passed down within a society, and skin color does not fit into this definition.

Adaptive behavior is typically assessed by gathering information from multiple sources such as parents, teachers, and professionals who answer questions related to the student's behavior on a rating form. This method allows for a comprehensive understanding of the student's behavior in different settings and perspectives. Observing the student in the classroom and asking them to perform tasks can provide additional insights, but the rating form filled out by parents, teachers, and professionals is a more common and effective method for assessing adaptive behavior.

The special education intervention that requires the least specialized environment is instruction by a regular classroom teacher. This means that the student with special needs is included in the general education classroom and receives support from the regular classroom teacher. This allows the student to be included in the same learning environment as their peers and promotes social interaction and inclusion. The regular classroom teacher may provide accommodations and modifications to meet the student's individual needs, but the overall environment is not specialized solely for special education.

The historical roots of special education are primarily found in the early 1800s. During this time, various pioneers and educators started to advocate for the education of individuals with disabilities. One notable figure is Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard, who worked with a boy named Victor, known as the "Wild Boy of Aveyron." Itard's efforts to educate Victor and develop teaching methods laid the foundation for special education. Additionally, Samuel Gridley Howe established the first American school for individuals with visual impairments in 1832, further contributing to the development of special education in the early 1800s.

Early authorities in the field of learning disabilities believed that children with learning disabilities have deficits in critical thinking. This assumption was based on the observation that these children struggled with problem-solving, reasoning, and decision-making tasks. However, further research and understanding of learning disabilities have shown that the primary issue lies in the psychological processing of information. Children with learning disabilities often have difficulties with processing and integrating sensory information, which affects their ability to learn and perform academically. Therefore, the correct answer is psychological processing problems.

Cultural diversity presents challenges for special educators in the areas of assessment, instruction, and socialization. Assessment can be challenging because standardized tests may not accurately measure the abilities of students from diverse cultural backgrounds. Instruction can be challenging because educators need to adapt their teaching methods to meet the diverse needs and learning styles of students from different cultures. Socialization can be challenging because students from different cultures may have different social norms and expectations, requiring educators to create inclusive and culturally responsive environments.

According to the American Psychological Association's classification system, people with 'mild intellectual disabilities' have an IQ range of 50-70. This means that individuals with this level of intellectual functioning have below average intelligence, but are still able to learn and function independently to some extent.

The correct answer is IQ-achievement discrepancy. This factor is used in the traditional definitions to determine eligibility and classification decisions related to learning disabilities. It refers to a significant difference between a student's intellectual ability (as measured by IQ tests) and their academic achievement. This discrepancy suggests that the student is not performing at the level expected based on their intelligence, indicating the presence of a learning disability.

Before making a referral for special education, a general education classroom teacher should do all of the following except administer diagnostic tests. This is because diagnostic tests are typically conducted by specialists, such as school psychologists or special education teachers, who have the expertise to assess a student's specific needs and determine if they require special education services. The general education classroom teacher's role is to observe and document the student's behavior and performance, communicate concerns to parents, and examine the student's school record to gather information that may support the referral for special education.

The first special educators contributed to the development of many ideas that are still used in special education today. These ideas include individualized instruction, a structured arrangement of the learning environment, and an emphasis on functional, life skills. However, they did not specifically focus on placement in the least restrictive environment.

Multicultural education is criticized for undermining the central purpose of school, which is to ensure academic competence. Critics argue that instead of focusing on academic subjects and preparing students for future success, multicultural education places too much emphasis on promoting acceptance and respect for different cultures. They believe that this diverts attention and resources away from academic learning, potentially compromising students' academic competence.

General education teachers are expected to participate in writing individualized education plans (IEPs) for students with special needs. This is because IEPs outline the specific goals, accommodations, and services that students with disabilities require in order to succeed in the general education setting. By participating in the development of these plans, general education teachers can contribute their insights and expertise to ensure that the student's educational needs are met effectively.

Self-determination refers to the ability to make personal choices and regulate one's own life. It involves having autonomy and control over one's actions and decisions. Self-concept refers to an individual's understanding of themselves, self-awareness is the knowledge and understanding of one's own thoughts and feelings, and self-control refers to the ability to regulate and control one's behavior. However, self-determination encompasses all of these aspects and emphasizes the importance of personal agency and freedom in decision-making.

According to the given answer, states must not require the use of severe discrepancy between intellectual ability and achievement. This means that states cannot solely rely on the discrepancy between a student's intellectual ability and their achievement to determine eligibility for special education services. Additionally, the answer states that states must permit the use of RtI (Response to Intervention), which is a process that allows schools to provide targeted support and interventions to students who are struggling academically.

In most full inclusion models, general education, not special education, assumes primary responsibility for students with disabilities. This means that students with disabilities are included in regular education classrooms and receive support and accommodations from general education teachers. This approach promotes the idea that students with disabilities should be educated alongside their non-disabled peers to the maximum extent possible. By placing the responsibility on general education, it encourages collaboration and support among all teachers to meet the diverse needs of students with disabilities.