Sociology Quiz 2 Xxhuntercookxx

Symbols are objects, gestures, words, or images that represent something else and have a shared meaning among a group of people. They are a form of communication and can convey complex ideas, emotions, or concepts. Symbols are an essential part of human culture and society, as they allow for the transmission of knowledge, values, and beliefs across generations. They enable people to understand and interpret the world around them, fostering social cohesion and shared understanding. Therefore, symbols fit the given definition of anything to which people assign a name and a meaning.

Mores refer to the norms that are considered essential for the well-being and functioning of a group. These norms are deeply ingrained in society and violations of mores are met with severe punishment, such as ostracization, institutionalization, or even death. Mores are distinct from other types of norms like folkways or symbols, as they carry a higher level of importance and are closely tied to moral and ethical principles.

Culture shock refers to the feelings of disorientation, confusion, and anxiety that individuals may experience when they are exposed to a new culture. This can occur when people encounter different customs, values, and social norms that are unfamiliar to them. As newcomers adjust to a foreign setting, they may realize that the behaviors and responses they learned in their home culture do not apply, leading to mental and physical strain. Culture shock is a common experience for individuals who move to a new country or immerse themselves in a different cultural environment.

Non-material culture refers to intangible human creations such as beliefs, values, norms, and symbols. These elements are not physical objects but rather the ideas, customs, and social practices that shape a society. Non-material culture plays a crucial role in shaping individuals' behavior, social interactions, and overall worldview. It encompasses aspects like language, religion, customs, rituals, and social norms, which are transmitted from one generation to another through socialization. This cultural knowledge and understanding influence how individuals perceive the world and interact with others, contributing to the uniqueness and diversity of different societies.

A subculture refers to a group of people who share some aspects of the mainstream culture but also have their own unique values, norms, beliefs, symbols, language, and/or material culture that differentiate them from the larger society. This group may have their own subcultural practices and identities that set them apart in some way, while still being a part of the broader culture.

Ethnocentrism refers to a perspective in which individuals evaluate and judge the practices and values of other cultures based on their own home culture. It involves believing that one's own culture is superior and using it as the standard to assess the worth of other cultures. Ethnocentrism can lead to a lack of understanding and appreciation for cultural diversity, as well as the promotion of stereotypes and prejudice.

Cultural lag refers to a situation where adaptive culture fails to adjust in necessary ways to a material innovation and its disruptive consequences. This means that when a new material innovation is introduced into a society, the cultural norms and practices may not adapt quickly enough to keep up with the changes brought about by the innovation. This can lead to a lag or delay in the cultural response to the innovation, causing difficulties in adjusting to its impact.

Cultural particulars refer to the specific practices that distinguish one culture from another. These practices can include language, customs, traditions, rituals, and social norms that are unique to a particular culture. While cultural universals refer to common features that are found in all cultures, cultural particulars highlight the specific aspects that make each culture distinct and unique. Ethnocentrism, on the other hand, refers to the belief that one's own culture is superior to others, while cultural relativism emphasizes the understanding and acceptance of different cultural practices without judgment.

Cultural diffusion refers to the process of borrowing an idea, invention, or way of behaving from a foreign source and then adapting it to the culture of the following people. This can happen through various means such as trade, migration, or communication. It allows for the spread and exchange of cultural elements between different societies, leading to cultural diversity and the enrichment of societies through the adoption of new practices and beliefs.

Counter Culture refers to a group or movement that challenges, contradicts, or outright rejects the values and norms of the mainstream culture they are a part of. These individuals or groups often have their own set of beliefs, practices, and ideologies that are in opposition to the dominant culture. They may engage in alternative lifestyles, political activism, or cultural expressions that challenge the status quo. Counter cultures often emerge as a response to social, political, or cultural issues and seek to create a new and different way of life that is separate from the mainstream culture.

Cultural relativism is the correct answer because it refers to the point of view that a foreign culture should not be judged by the standards of one's own culture. It suggests that behaviors and ways of thinking should be examined within their cultural context, taking into consideration the values, norms, beliefs, environmental challenges, and history of that culture. This perspective recognizes that different cultures have their own unique perspectives and should be understood and respected on their own terms.

Material culture refers to all the physical objects that have been invented or borrowed from each culture. This includes items such as tools, clothing, buildings, and artwork. These physical objects are important because they reflect the values, beliefs, and practices of a particular culture. They can also provide insight into the technological advancements and social structures of a society. Material culture is an essential aspect of studying and understanding different cultures and their historical development.

Reentry shock refers to the reverse culture shock that individuals experience when they return home after living in another culture. It is the feeling of disorientation and discomfort that arises from readjusting to one's own culture and familiar surroundings. This can include feeling out of place, struggling to fit back into old routines, and experiencing a sense of alienation from one's own culture. Reentry shock is a common phenomenon that occurs due to the stark differences between the culture one has become accustomed to and their home culture.

Values refer to general, shared conceptions of what is good, right, desirable, or important. They are the guiding principles and beliefs that individuals or societies hold dear and use to make decisions and judgments. Values can vary across cultures and individuals, but they serve as a moral compass and influence behavior and attitudes. They shape how individuals perceive the world and interact with others, and they play a crucial role in shaping societal norms and expectations.

Cultural universals refer to the common features or practices that can be found in all cultures around the world. These are the fundamental aspects of human societies that are shared by all people, regardless of their specific cultural backgrounds. Examples of cultural universals include language, family structures, social norms, art, music, and basic needs such as food, shelter, and clothing. The concept of cultural universals highlights the underlying similarities and commonalities that exist among diverse cultures, emphasizing the fundamental human experiences and needs that transcend cultural differences.

Norms refer to the written and unwritten rules that dictate the expected behaviors in a specific social situation. These rules outline what is considered appropriate and inappropriate within a particular culture or society. Norms can vary widely across different groups and can encompass various aspects of behavior, such as manners, dress code, and social interactions. They provide a framework for individuals to understand and navigate social situations, ensuring social cohesion and harmony within a community.

Beliefs refer to the conceptions that people accept as true concerning how the world operates and the place of the individual in relationship to others. Beliefs are deeply rooted in an individual's thoughts and can shape their attitudes, behaviors, and decisions. They are often influenced by cultural, religious, and social factors, and can vary greatly from person to person. Beliefs play a significant role in shaping one's worldview and can have a profound impact on their interactions and relationships with others.

Folkways are social norms that dictate the customary behaviors, manners, and etiquette of a particular society. They are the unwritten rules that govern the mundane aspects and details of daily life, such as how to dress, how to greet others, or how to behave in public spaces. Unlike mores or beliefs, which are more deeply ingrained and carry a stronger moral or ethical significance, folkways are relatively less significant and are more focused on maintaining social harmony and cohesion.

They all make it a challenge.