Sociology 1301 Final Exam Review

Sociology is the discipline that describes itself as "the systematic study of society." It focuses on understanding social behavior, social relationships, and social institutions. Sociology examines various aspects of society, such as culture, social class, race, gender, and social change. It uses scientific methods to gather and analyze data, aiming to provide insights into how societies function and how individuals are influenced by their social environment. Sociology helps us understand the complexities of human interactions and societal structures, making it the correct answer to the question.

Popular culture refers to cultural patterns that are widely embraced and practiced by a society's population. It encompasses the everyday activities, beliefs, and values that are commonly shared and followed by a large number of people. This can include trends in fashion, music, entertainment, and other aspects of popular media. Popular culture is often influenced by mass media and is constantly evolving and changing. It is distinct from high culture, which refers to more exclusive and elite forms of cultural expression, and established culture, which may refer to long-standing traditions and practices within a society. Virtual culture, on the other hand, typically refers to cultural patterns and practices that occur within online or virtual communities.

Family is important to the socialization process because parents greatly affect a child's self-concept. They play a crucial role in shaping a child's beliefs, values, and behaviors, which contribute to their self-perception and understanding of their place in the world. Additionally, families give children social identity in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion. These aspects of social identity are often learned and reinforced within the family unit. Lastly, family members are often what Mead called "significant others," meaning they are the primary individuals who have a direct and significant influence on a person's socialization. Therefore, all of the above statements are correct in highlighting the importance of family in the socialization process.

A peer group is a social group that consists of individuals who have similar interests, social status, and are around the same age. These groups are formed based on commonalities and provide a sense of belonging and support for their members. Peer groups play a significant role in shaping individuals' behavior, attitudes, and values as they provide opportunities for social interaction, learning, and identity development. Therefore, the statement "A peer group is a social group whose members share common interests, social position, and a similar age" is true.

The correct answer is understanding the two realities presented in the joke and appreciating their difference. The text suggests that getting a joke involves understanding the two different perspectives or realities that are being juxtaposed in the joke and appreciating the contrast between them. It implies that humor often arises from the unexpected or incongruous connection between these two realities, and understanding this contrast is key to understanding and appreciating the joke.

The term "bureaucracy" refers to an organization model that is rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently. Bureaucracy is characterized by a hierarchical structure, standardized procedures, and clear division of labor. It emphasizes efficiency, rationality, and adherence to rules and regulations. This model is often used in large organizations, such as government agencies and corporations, to ensure smooth functioning and effective task completion.

Sexual orientation refers to a person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person. It is the enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions that individuals may experience towards people of the same or different genders. It is an essential aspect of a person's identity and can be categorized into various orientations such as heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual. Sexual orientation is different from sexual experience, which refers to the actual sexual activities a person engages in, and sexual identity, which is how an individual perceives and identifies their own sexual orientation. Sex role, on the other hand, refers to societal expectations and norms related to behavior and roles based on an individual's sex.

Homosexuality refers to the sexual attraction and/or romantic feelings towards individuals of the same sex. It is a term used to describe individuals who are attracted to and form relationships with people of their own gender. This attraction can manifest in various ways, including emotional, physical, and sexual desires. Homosexuality is a natural and normal variation of human sexuality, and it is an important aspect of individual identity for many people.

Racism refers to the belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another. It is a form of prejudice that leads to discrimination and scapegoating based on race. Racism can manifest in various ways, including systemic oppression, hate crimes, and racial bias. It is important to acknowledge and address racism in order to promote equality and social justice.

The Holocaust, in which the Nazis systematically killed millions of Jews, is a clear example of genocide. Genocide refers to the deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, or religious group. The Nazis targeted Jews based on their perceived racial inferiority and sought to eliminate them entirely. The magnitude and intentionality of the killings during the Holocaust make it a textbook case of genocide.

Auguste Comte is credited with coining the term "sociology" in 1838. He is considered the founder of sociology and was one of the first thinkers to recognize the need for a scientific study of society. Comte believed that sociology should be based on empirical observations and that it could provide solutions to social problems. His work laid the foundation for the development of sociology as a separate discipline, separate from philosophy and other social sciences.

The research method that asks subjects to respond to a series of items in a questionnaire or an interview is called a survey. Surveys are commonly used in social science research to gather data from a large number of participants. This method allows researchers to collect information on various topics or behaviors by asking specific questions and recording the responses. Surveys can be conducted through different mediums such as paper-based questionnaires, online forms, or face-to-face interviews.

Culture shock refers to the unpleasant and even frightening experience of encountering a strange way of life. When individuals are exposed to a different culture, they may feel disoriented, anxious, and overwhelmed due to the unfamiliar customs, beliefs, and behaviors. This can lead to a sense of isolation and frustration as they struggle to adapt to the new cultural environment. Culture shock is a common phenomenon that occurs when people move or travel to a foreign country or interact with a culture that is significantly different from their own.

Cultural transmission refers to the process of passing cultural patterns from one generation to another. This means that cultural beliefs, values, customs, and traditions are transferred from older individuals to younger individuals within a society. It involves the sharing of knowledge, experiences, and practices that are essential for the preservation and continuation of a particular culture. Through cultural transmission, individuals acquire the necessary skills and understanding to participate and contribute to their cultural heritage, ensuring its survival and evolution over time.

Spanish is the most widely spoken language in the United States, other than English. This is because of the large population of Spanish-speaking immigrants from Latin American countries, as well as the proximity of the United States to Spanish-speaking countries such as Mexico. Spanish is also widely taught in schools across the country, further contributing to its popularity and prevalence.

The term "subculture" refers to cultural patterns that set apart a segment of a society's population. This means that within a larger society, there are smaller groups or communities that have their own distinct beliefs, values, norms, and practices that differentiate them from the mainstream culture. These subcultures can be based on various factors such as age, ethnicity, occupation, or interests, and they often develop as a way for individuals to identify with a particular group and express their unique identities and lifestyles.

This answer is correct because it accurately defines multiculturalism as an educational program that acknowledges the cultural diversity in the United States and promotes equality among all cultural traditions. It emphasizes the importance of recognizing and respecting different cultures, rather than advocating for one dominant culture or promoting efforts to establish English as the official language.

Ethnocentrism refers to judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture. This means that individuals evaluate and interpret other cultures based on their own cultural values, beliefs, and practices. Ethnocentrism often leads to a biased and limited perspective, as it fails to recognize the diversity and complexity of different cultures. It can result in misunderstandings, stereotypes, and a lack of appreciation for cultural differences.

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that language and other symbols are first used in the preoperational stage. This stage occurs between the ages of 2 and 7, and during this time, children begin to use words, gestures, and other symbols to represent objects and ideas. They also engage in pretend play and use symbols to represent different roles and scenarios. This stage is characterized by the development of symbolic thinking, which allows children to use language and other symbols to represent their thoughts and experiences. Therefore, the statement "According to Jean Piaget, language and other symbols are first used in the preoperational stage" is true.

Assimilation refers to the process in which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant category. This means that individuals from minority groups start adopting the customs, behaviors, and values of the majority group, often leading to a loss of their own cultural heritage. Assimilation can occur in various aspects of life, such as language, clothing, and social norms. It is a way for individuals to fit into the dominant society and become more similar to the majority group.

Asexuality refers to the lack of sexual attraction towards both males and females. Asexual individuals may experience little or no interest in engaging in sexual relationships. This term is used to describe individuals who do not experience sexual desires or attractions towards others, regardless of their gender. Asexuality is a sexual orientation that differs from heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality, as it represents a lack of sexual attraction rather than a specific attraction to a particular gender.

The term "call girls" refers to elite prostitutes who are typically young, attractive, and well-educated. They are often hired by clients who call and make appointments with them. On the other hand, "streetwalkers" are at the bottom of the sex-worker hierarchy and are typically found soliciting clients on the streets. They do not have the same level of prestige or exclusivity as call girls.

According to Piaget, individuals in the sensorimotor stage of human development experience the world only through sensory contact. This stage typically occurs from birth to around 2 years of age, during which infants learn about their environment by using their senses and motor skills. They develop object permanence, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight. This stage is characterized by the gradual development of intentional actions and the ability to mentally represent objects and events.

George Herbert Mead believed that the self is composed of self-awareness and self-image, which means it is the part of an individual's personality that involves how they perceive themselves and how they think others perceive them. Mead argued that the self develops through social interactions and is influenced by the individual's understanding of the attitudes and expectations of others. This perspective suggests that the self is not present at birth but rather emerges and evolves over time as a result of socialization and cultural influences.

The correct answer is prejudice and discrimination against the elderly. Ageism refers to the negative attitudes, stereotypes, and discrimination towards individuals based on their age, particularly targeting older people. It involves treating older adults differently and unfairly, denying them opportunities, and devaluing their contributions to society. Ageism can manifest in various forms, such as age-based jokes, exclusion from employment or healthcare opportunities, and marginalization in social settings.

The term "presentation of self" refers to the efforts made by individuals to create specific impressions in the minds of others. This can include managing one's appearance, behavior, and communication style in order to shape how others perceive them. It involves consciously portraying oneself in a certain way to influence the opinions and judgments of others.

The term "McDonaldization of society" refers to McDonald's organizational principles coming to dominate much of society. This means that the efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control that are characteristic of McDonald's fast food restaurants are increasingly being applied to various aspects of society, such as education, healthcare, and business. This can be seen in the standardization of processes, emphasis on speed and efficiency, and the use of technology to replace human labor. The term does not specifically refer to the spread of McDonald's restaurants or the presence of inefficient "red tape" in society.

The correct answer is the criminal justice system. This term refers to the formal system that is responsible for responding to alleged violations of the law. It involves the use of police, courts, and prison officials to enforce and administer justice. The criminal justice system plays a crucial role in maintaining law and order within a society by investigating crimes, prosecuting offenders, and imposing appropriate punishments.

During the late teenage years, the likelihood of a person being arrested for a street crime rises sharply. This can be attributed to various factors such as increased peer influence, experimentation, impulsivity, and a lack of maturity and judgment. Teenagers may also be more susceptible to engaging in risky behaviors and succumbing to peer pressure, which can lead to involvement in criminal activities. Additionally, this age group may have limited understanding of the consequences of their actions, making them more prone to engaging in illegal behaviors.

The correct answer is norms forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives. The incest taboo is a cultural norm that prohibits sexual relationships or marriage between individuals who are closely related by blood. This norm exists in almost every society and serves to prevent genetic disorders that can occur when close relatives reproduce. It also helps maintain social order and prevent the breakdown of family structures.

Durkheim documented that categories of people with stronger social ties have lower suicide rates. This is because individuals with stronger social bonds tend to have a greater sense of belonging, support, and connection, which can act as a protective factor against suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Durkheim's research highlighted the importance of social integration and community in reducing the risk of suicide.

Culture refers to the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that define and shape a particular group of people's way of life. It encompasses the shared knowledge, customs, traditions, language, arts, and social institutions that are passed down from generation to generation. Culture influences individuals' thoughts, actions, and interactions within a society, and it plays a crucial role in shaping their identities and shaping the overall functioning of a community.

Counterculture refers to cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held. It represents a subculture or a group of people who reject or challenge the dominant cultural norms, values, and beliefs. Countercultural movements often emerge as a response to social, political, or cultural issues, aiming to bring about social change and challenge the status quo. These movements can encompass various aspects of society, such as music, fashion, lifestyle, and political ideologies, and they often seek to create alternative ways of living and thinking that are different from mainstream culture.

Socialization does not solely occur in childhood. While childhood is a critical period for socialization, it continues throughout our lives. Socialization is a lifelong process that involves learning and acquiring social norms, values, and behaviors from various social interactions and experiences. It occurs within families, schools, workplaces, communities, and through media and technology. Therefore, it is incorrect to state that socialization takes place entirely in childhood.

Gender roles refer to the attitudes, behaviors, and activities that a particular society deems appropriate for individuals based on their sex. These roles are often socially constructed and can vary across different cultures and time periods. Gender roles dictate expectations for how individuals should behave, dress, and interact based on their perceived gender. They encompass a wide range of activities, from household chores and career choices to emotional expression and social roles. Gender roles are deeply ingrained in society and can have a significant impact on individuals' lives and opportunities.

The term "glass ceiling" refers to an invisible, yet real, barrier that prevents many women from rising beyond middle-management positions. It represents the societal and structural obstacles that hinder women's progress in their careers, often due to gender bias and discrimination. The glass ceiling concept highlights the disparities in opportunities and advancement between men and women in the workplace, highlighting the need for gender equality and breaking down these barriers.

Ethnicity refers to cultural heritage because it is a term used to describe a person's cultural background, traditions, customs, and identity. It encompasses factors such as language, religion, nationality, and shared history. Ethnicity is often used to categorize and understand different cultural groups within a society. Unlike race, which is based on physical characteristics, ethnicity is primarily focused on the cultural aspects of a person's identity. Stereotype, race, and minority do not specifically pertain to cultural heritage, making ethnicity the correct answer.

Prejudice refers to a rigid and irrational generalization about an entire category of people. It involves forming negative opinions or attitudes towards individuals based on their membership in a particular group, without considering their individual characteristics or experiences. Prejudice can be based on various factors such as race, gender, religion, or social class, and it often leads to discrimination and unfair treatment of individuals who belong to the targeted group.

All of the above options (ID, EGO, SUPER EGO) are characteristics of personality. The ID represents the instinctual and impulsive part of personality, the EGO represents the rational and decision-making part, and the SUPER EGO represents the moral and ethical part. Each of these components contributes to shaping an individual's personality and behavior.

An ascribed status refers to a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily taken on later in life. This means that individuals do not have control over this position and it is determined by factors such as gender, race, or family background. It is different from an achieved status, which is earned through personal efforts and accomplishments. A master status, on the other hand, is a status that holds special significance and often influences how an individual is perceived in society. The term "passive role" does not accurately describe the concept of an ascribed status.

A secondary group is characterized by being impersonal and having a specific goal to accomplish. Unlike primary groups, which are typically smaller and involve close and personal relationships, secondary groups are formed for a specific purpose or task. These groups may include professional organizations, work teams, or clubs where individuals come together to achieve a common objective rather than forming deep personal connections.

Authoritarian leadership style focuses on instrumental concerns, making decisions, and ensuring group members obey orders. In this style, the leader has complete control and authority over the group, and decisions are made without consulting the group members. The leader sets strict rules and expects strict obedience from the group. This style is characterized by a top-down approach, where the leader has all the power and makes all the decisions, while the group members are expected to follow instructions without question.

A democratic group leader supports collective decision-making on an egalitarian basis. This means that they encourage the participation of all group members and value their input equally. They believe in giving everyone a voice and considering different perspectives before making decisions. This leadership style promotes fairness, inclusivity, and collaboration within the group.

Laissez-faire leaders tend to downplay their position and power, allowing the group to function more or less on its own. They adopt a hands-off approach, giving their subordinates a high degree of freedom and autonomy to make decisions and carry out tasks. This leadership style is characterized by minimal interference and minimal direction from the leader, as they believe in trusting their team members to take responsibility and achieve goals independently.

A utilitarian organization is a type of formal organization that people typically join to make money. This type of organization is focused on achieving specific goals and providing material rewards to its members. Members join these organizations with the expectation of receiving financial compensation for their work or services. Therefore, the answer "utilitarian organization" is correct as it accurately identifies the type of organization that individuals typically join to make money.

A mental hospital can be considered a coercive organization because it exercises control and authority over involuntary patients. These patients are often admitted against their will and are subjected to various restrictions and treatments without their consent. The hospital's power is based on legal and institutional authority, allowing them to enforce rules and regulations upon the patients. The patients' lack of choice and autonomy in their treatment and stay further supports the classification of a mental hospital as a coercive organization.

Oligarchy refers to the rule of many by few. In an oligarchy, a small group of individuals hold the power and make decisions on behalf of the larger population. This form of government or organization is characterized by a concentration of power in the hands of a select few, often based on wealth, social status, or political influence. The term "oligarchy" is derived from the Greek words "oligos" meaning "few" and "archein" meaning "to rule".

Deviance refers to the recognized violation of cultural norms. It encompasses behaviors, actions, or characteristics that deviate from what is considered acceptable or normal within a society. It can range from minor infractions to serious crimes. Deviance is a sociological term that helps to understand and analyze how societies define and respond to behaviors that go against their norms and values.

Crime differs from deviance in that crime is a violation of norms that have been officially established as laws. Deviance, on the other hand, refers to any behavior that goes against societal norms, whether or not it is illegal. This means that while all crimes are considered deviant, not all deviant behaviors are classified as crimes. Therefore, the correct answer is that crime is a violation of norms enacted into laws.

The correct answer is "a criminal act motivated by racial or other bias". This definition accurately captures the essence of a hate crime, which is a criminal act committed against someone based on their race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, or other protected characteristics. The motivation behind the crime is crucial in distinguishing it as a hate crime rather than a general criminal act. Hate crimes are intended to intimidate and target specific individuals or groups, perpetuating discrimination and prejudice.

"Crimes against persons" refers to offenses that involve direct harm or threat to an individual. Burglary, on the other hand, is a crime against property, involving unlawful entry into a building with the intent to commit a crime. Therefore, burglary is not included in the category of "crimes against persons."

The term for the biological distinction between males and females is "sex." Sex refers to the biological differences, such as reproductive organs and chromosomes, that determine whether an individual is male or female. Gender, on the other hand, refers to the social and cultural roles, behaviors, and expectations associated with being male or female. Gender roles are the societal expectations and norms regarding how individuals should behave based on their perceived gender. Sexual chromosomes are the specific chromosomes that determine an individual's sex, such as XX for females and XY for males.

Bisexuality refers to the sexual attraction or romantic feelings towards individuals of both sexes. Unlike heterosexuality or homosexuality, which involve attraction to only one gender, bisexuality encompasses a spectrum of attraction to both males and females. This term acknowledges and validates the existence of individuals who are attracted to both sexes and recognizes their sexual orientation as a valid and legitimate identity.

Social stratification refers to the process of categorizing individuals or groups in a society based on their social standing or position. This ranking is done in a hierarchical manner, where individuals or groups are placed in different levels or classes based on factors such as wealth, occupation, education, or social status. This system of social ranking helps to create and maintain social inequality within a society, as it determines access to resources, power, and opportunities. Therefore, the correct answer is that social stratification refers to society ranking categories of people in a hierarchy.

Social stratification refers to the division of society into different social classes or groups based on factors such as wealth, power, and status. This division leads to unequal distribution of privileges and opportunities among individuals. Some people, due to their social position or background, have more advantages and resources available to them compared to others. This creates an uneven playing field where certain individuals have a head start in life, making it harder for others to attain the same level of success and wealth.

The factors that affect social class standing in the United States include our gender, our race, and the family we are born into. These factors play a significant role in determining an individual's social class and the opportunities and privileges they may have access to. Gender and race often lead to systemic inequalities and discrimination, while the family we are born into can influence our access to resources, education, and social networks. Therefore, all of the above factors are correct in determining social class standing in the United States.

Karl Marx had an important influence on the development of social conflict. Marx was a philosopher, economist, and sociologist who is best known for his theories on capitalism and class struggle. He argued that society is divided into two main classes, the bourgeoisie (capitalist class) and the proletariat (working class), and that conflict between these classes is the driving force behind social change. Marx's ideas laid the foundation for the development of the social-conflict perspective in sociology, which focuses on how power and inequality shape society.

Until about 10,000 years ago, most people in the world lived in hunting and gathering societies. This means that they relied on hunting animals and gathering wild plants for their survival. These societies were characterized by small groups of people who moved frequently in search of food and resources. They had a nomadic lifestyle and did not engage in agriculture or have permanent settlements. This way of life was common during the Paleolithic era and gradually transitioned to more settled agrarian societies with the advent of agriculture.

The sociological perspective shows us "the strange in the familiar" by emphasizing the need to examine society and human behavior objectively and critically. Through systematic and scientific analysis, sociologists aim to challenge and debunk our preconceived notions and common sense beliefs about society. They believe that many of our assumptions are inaccurate and that what may seem familiar and normal to us is often based on flawed understanding and societal constructs. By exploring the hidden and unconventional aspects of society, sociologists aim to uncover the underlying social forces and structures that shape human behavior.

Social interaction refers to the process by which individuals engage with one another, communicate, and influence each other's behavior. It involves various forms of communication, such as verbal and non-verbal cues, and can occur in different settings, such as in-person interactions or through technology. Social interaction is a fundamental aspect of human behavior and plays a crucial role in shaping our relationships, social norms, and overall well-being.

A dyad is the correct answer because it refers to a social group consisting of two members. In sociology, a dyad is considered the smallest and most intimate social group, as it involves direct and intense interaction between the two individuals. The term "dyad" emphasizes the unique dynamics and characteristics that arise when there are only two members in a social group, such as increased interdependence and the potential for more intense emotional connections.

The term "out-group" refers to a social group that is perceived as different or opposed to one's own group. It represents a sense of competition or opposition, as individuals may feel a sense of loyalty and belonging to their in-group while viewing the out-group as a potential threat or rival. This concept is commonly used in sociology to understand group dynamics, intergroup relations, and the formation of social identities.

Groupthink is a sociological term coined by Irving Janis that refers to a limited understanding of some issue caused by group conformity. It occurs when a group of individuals prioritize consensus and harmony over critical thinking and independent decision-making. In this phenomenon, group members tend to suppress dissenting opinions and conform to the dominant views of the group, leading to flawed decision-making and a failure to consider alternative perspectives. Groupthink can result in tunnel vision, where individuals become narrow-minded and fail to consider all available information and potential alternatives.

Patriarchy is the correct answer because it refers to a social organization where males hold the majority of power and dominate females. In such a system, men typically have more authority and control over decision-making processes, resources, and societal structures. This term is commonly used to describe societies where gender inequality and male privilege are prevalent.

Race refers to biological traits that are considered important by society, such as physical characteristics like skin color, hair texture, and facial features. On the other hand, ethnicity refers to cultural traits, including language, customs, traditions, and shared history, that a group of people have in common.

Segregation refers to the physical and social separation of categories of people. It involves the enforced separation of different racial, ethnic, or social groups, often resulting in unequal access to resources, opportunities, and rights. This can occur through various means such as laws, policies, or social norms that restrict the interactions and integration of different groups within a society. Segregation has been historically used to maintain power dynamics and reinforce inequality, and it has significant social, economic, and political consequences for marginalized groups.

The statement "all people in a minority category are disadvantaged" is not correct. While it is true that some minority groups may face disadvantages, it is not true that all individuals within a minority category are automatically disadvantaged. There can be variations in the experiences and circumstances of individuals within a minority group, and some may not face the same level of disadvantages as others.

The term "homophobia" refers to a fear or aversion towards individuals who are perceived to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual. It is characterized by a discomfort or avoidance of close personal interaction with such individuals. Homophobia can manifest in various forms, including discrimination, prejudice, and even violence towards the LGBTQ+ community. This fear or prejudice is often rooted in ignorance, stereotypes, and societal norms that perpetuate discrimination based on sexual orientation.

The social-conflict approach focuses on patterns of social inequality. It examines how power, resources, and opportunities are distributed unequally in society, leading to social divisions and conflicts between different groups. This perspective emphasizes the role of social structures and institutions in perpetuating these inequalities and highlights the importance of social change to address them. By studying patterns of social inequality, this approach aims to understand and challenge the systemic factors that contribute to social divisions and injustices.

Mead's concept of "taking the role of other" refers to the ability to imagine a situation from another person's point of view. This means putting oneself in someone else's shoes and understanding their thoughts, feelings, and perspectives. By doing so, individuals can gain a deeper understanding of others and develop empathy and social awareness. It involves stepping outside of one's own self-centeredness and considering the perspectives and experiences of others. This concept is essential for effective communication, social interaction, and building relationships with others.

Role strain refers to the tension or stress experienced by an individual when they have difficulty fulfilling the various roles associated with a single status. It occurs when the demands and expectations of different roles within a particular status become overwhelming or conflicting. This can lead to feelings of frustration, dissatisfaction, and difficulty in meeting the expectations of others.

Dramaturgical analysis is the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance. It suggests that individuals present themselves as actors on a stage, strategically managing their behavior and impression to create a desired image. This approach views social interactions as a scripted performance where individuals play different roles and use various techniques to shape their identity and influence others. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the social context, roles, and scripts that guide human behavior in social situations.

A social group is a term used by sociologists to describe two or more people who identify and interact with one another. It refers to a collection of individuals who share common interests, values, and goals, and who have regular social interactions. This term encompasses a wide range of groups, such as families, friends, classmates, and colleagues. It highlights the importance of social connections and the influence they have on individuals' behavior and socialization.

In his strain theory, Robert Merton would use the term "retreatist" to describe people who "drop out," including alcoholics and drug addicts. Retreatists are individuals who reject both the goals and means of society. They withdraw from societal norms and expectations, often isolating themselves from mainstream society. This term is applicable to individuals who have given up on achieving success through conventional means and have disengaged from societal pursuits altogether.

White-collar crime refers to crimes committed by individuals in positions of power or high social status in the course of their professional careers. These crimes are typically non-violent and involve deception, fraud, or embezzlement for personal or financial gain. Unlike street crime, which occurs in public spaces and often involves physical violence, white-collar crimes are typically committed in corporate or professional settings. Organized crime refers to criminal activities carried out by organized groups, while victimless crimes are offenses that do not have a direct or identifiable victim.

Corporate crime refers to the illegal actions of a corporation or individuals acting on its behalf. This type of crime involves offenses committed by corporations, such as fraud, bribery, insider trading, environmental pollution, and false advertising. It includes actions that prioritize profit over ethical and legal responsibilities, often resulting in harm to consumers, employees, and the environment. Corporate crime can have significant social and economic impacts, undermining trust in businesses and the legal system.

Prostitution is widely regarded as a victimless crime because it involves consensual transactions between adults who willingly exchange sexual services for money. Unlike other crimes, there is no direct harm or victim involved in this activity. However, it is important to note that the debate surrounding prostitution is complex, as it often involves issues of exploitation, human trafficking, and the overall well-being of those involved.

The statement is false because a child's sex is determined by the chromosomes contributed by both the mother and the father. The mother always contributes an X chromosome, while the father can contribute either an X or a Y chromosome. If the father contributes an X chromosome, the child will be female (XX), and if the father contributes a Y chromosome, the child will be male (XY). Therefore, the sex of the child is determined by both parents, not just the mother.

In a caste system, there is little or no social mobility. This means that individuals are born into a specific social position or caste and are unable to move up or down the social ladder. Their social status is determined solely by their birth and is usually inherited from their parents. This lack of social mobility restricts opportunities for individuals to improve their social standing through their efforts or achievements.

The term "meritocracy" refers to social stratification based entirely on merit. This means that individuals are placed in social positions or hierarchies based solely on their abilities, skills, and achievements, rather than factors such as wealth, social status, or family background. In a meritocracy, individuals are rewarded and recognized for their hard work and talent, and there is equal opportunity for everyone to succeed and move up the social ladder based on their own abilities. This concept of meritocracy emphasizes the importance of individual effort and achievement in determining one's social position.

The correct answer is "cultural beliefs that justify social stratification." Ideology refers to the cultural beliefs and values that support and justify the existence of social stratification, or the division of society into different social classes or groups. These beliefs often serve to maintain the status quo and legitimize the unequal distribution of power, wealth, and resources in a society.

Gender refers to the personal traits and social positions that members of society attach to being female and male. It encompasses the roles, behaviors, activities, and expectations that society deems appropriate for individuals based on their perceived sex. Gender is a social construct that goes beyond biological differences and influences how individuals are perceived, treated, and expected to behave in society. It is a complex and multifaceted concept that varies across cultures and can change over time.

According to Emile Durkheim, a category of people with a higher suicide rate typically has lower social integration. This means that individuals who are not well integrated into social groups or communities are more likely to experience feelings of isolation, loneliness, and a lack of support. Durkheim believed that social integration plays a crucial role in preventing suicide, as it provides individuals with a sense of belonging, social support, and purpose in life. Therefore, lower social integration is associated with higher suicide rates.

The structural-functional approach is the theoretical approach that is closest to the one taken by early sociologists Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim. This approach focuses on how different parts of society work together to maintain social order and stability. It emphasizes the functions and purposes of various social institutions and how they contribute to the overall functioning of society. Comte and Durkheim both believed in the importance of social order and the role that social institutions play in maintaining it, making the structural-functional approach the most suitable choice.

English is the correct answer because it is spoken in more countries around the world than any other language. English is not only the official language of many countries, but it is also widely spoken as a second language in many nations. It is the language of international communication, business, and education, making it the most widely spoken language globally.

The statement is true because Hitler's concept of the Aryan race was influenced by ideas from U.S. race scientists. During the early 20th century, race science was prevalent in the United States, and many scientists promoted theories of racial superiority and eugenics. Hitler admired these ideas and incorporated them into his ideology, believing in the superiority of the Aryan race and the need for racial purity. He drew inspiration from U.S. race scientists' works and used them to justify his policies of racial discrimination and genocide.

The spread of technomedia, which refers to the widespread use of technology and media, has led to a shift in the way culture is transmitted. In the past, culture was often passed down from one generation to the next through oral traditions, storytelling, and other forms of direct communication. However, with the advent of technomedia, cultural information is now easily accessible through screens and digital platforms. This has resulted in a decrease in the traditional method of passing down culture from one generation to another.

Intersection theory focuses on the interplay of race, class, and gender often leading to multiple disadvantages. This theory recognizes that individuals experience various forms of oppression and discrimination based on their intersecting identities. It highlights how these intersecting social categories interact and shape individuals' experiences, highlighting the complex and interconnected nature of oppression. This theory provides a framework for understanding and addressing the unique challenges faced by individuals who belong to multiple marginalized groups.

The term "minority" refers to a category of people who are socially disadvantaged and distinguished by physical or cultural traits. This term is commonly used to describe groups that have less power, privilege, and representation in society compared to the dominant group. Minorities often face discrimination and unequal treatment based on their characteristics, which can include race, ethnicity, religion, gender, or sexual orientation.

The explanation for the given correct answer (False) is that the statement in the documentary is incorrect. It is not true that we all have 35,000 or so genes for skin color. In fact, the number of genes that control the color of melanin in our skin is much smaller. Additionally, the statement that different mutations occurred so that many with light skin lost the capacity to make dark melanin is also incorrect. The variation in skin color is a complex trait influenced by multiple genes and is not solely determined by mutations.

The given answer, "status set," refers to the various positions or roles that an individual occupies at a particular time. It encompasses the different social and occupational statuses that a person may have, reflecting the diverse roles they play in society. This term highlights the dynamic nature of statuses and acknowledges that individuals can have multiple statuses simultaneously.

A master status refers to a social position that holds significant importance in shaping a person's entire life and social identity. It often overrides other statuses and becomes the primary lens through which an individual is perceived and treated by others. This status can be based on various factors such as occupation, race, gender, or disability, and has a profound impact on an individual's opportunities, relationships, and societal roles.

The situation described in the question involves role conflict. The surgeon is facing a conflict between her roles as a mother and as a physician. By choosing not to operate on her own son, she is prioritizing her role as a physician and maintaining professional objectivity, even though it goes against her role as a mother. This conflict arises when there are incompatible expectations or demands from different roles an individual occupies.

Creativity is not one of the principles of McDonaldization because McDonaldization is a concept that emphasizes standardization, predictability, and efficiency in the fast-food industry. It is characterized by uniformity in products and services, the use of automation and technology to control processes, and the focus on maximizing efficiency. Creativity, on the other hand, implies uniqueness, innovation, and the ability to think outside the box, which goes against the standardized and predictable nature of McDonaldization.

Mens rea is a legal term meaning "guilty mind" that refers to criminal intent. It is the mental state or intention of a person when committing a crime. It is an important element in determining the degree of culpability and punishment for a crime. Habeas corpus, homo sapien, and mea culpa are not legal terms related to criminal intent.

A college professor who has advanced degrees, moderate salary, and little power can be described as having a low status consistency. This means that the professor's various indicators of status, such as education level, income, and power, do not align or are not consistent with each other. In this case, the advanced degrees suggest a higher status, but the moderate salary and little power indicate a lower status. Therefore, the professor's status consistency is low.

Positivism is a way of understanding the world based on science. It emphasizes the use of empirical evidence and scientific methods to study and explain phenomena. Positivists believe that knowledge should be derived from observable facts and that theories should be based on objective data. This approach rejects subjective interpretations and metaphysical explanations, instead focusing on measurable and verifiable evidence. Positivism has been influential in various fields, including sociology, psychology, and natural sciences.

Cultural relativism means understanding and evaluating another culture based on its own standards and values, rather than imposing one's own cultural beliefs and norms. It emphasizes the importance of respecting and appreciating cultural diversity. Therefore, the given statement is incorrect as it incorrectly defines cultural relativism.

Jean Piaget's focus was on cognition: how people think and understand. Piaget was a Swiss psychologist who is best known for his theory of cognitive development in children. He believed that children actively construct their understanding of the world through their interactions with it. He proposed that children progress through four stages of cognitive development, from sensorimotor to formal operational, and that their thinking becomes more complex and abstract as they grow. Piaget's research and theories have had a significant impact on the field of developmental psychology and our understanding of how individuals acquire knowledge and understanding.

Jean Piaget called the level of development where individuals first use language and other cultural symbols the preoperational stage. This stage occurs between the ages of 2 and 7, during which children begin to develop symbolic thinking and language skills. They are able to use words and symbols to represent objects and events, but their thinking is still egocentric and lacks logical reasoning. This stage is characterized by imaginative play, symbolic thinking, and the ability to understand and use symbols.