Sociology 1301 Final Exam Review

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1. Which discipline describes itself as "the sstematic study of society"?

Explanation

Sociology is the discipline that describes itself as "the systematic study of society." It focuses on understanding social behavior, social relationships, and social institutions. Sociology examines various aspects of society, such as culture, social class, race, gender, and social change. It uses scientific methods to gather and analyze data, aiming to provide insights into how societies function and how individuals are influenced by their social environment. Sociology helps us understand the complexities of human interactions and societal structures, making it the correct answer to the question.

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Sociology Quizzes & Trivia

This Sociology 1301 Final Exam Review assesses foundational concepts in sociology, exploring key theories, terms, and research findings. It tests understanding of sociological perspectives, social integration, and foundational... see moretheorists, preparing learners for advanced studies in sociology. see less

2. Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population are referred to as:

Explanation

Popular culture refers to cultural patterns that are widely embraced and practiced by a society's population. It encompasses the everyday activities, beliefs, and values that are commonly shared and followed by a large number of people. This can include trends in fashion, music, entertainment, and other aspects of popular media. Popular culture is often influenced by mass media and is constantly evolving and changing. It is distinct from high culture, which refers to more exclusive and elite forms of cultural expression, and established culture, which may refer to long-standing traditions and practices within a society. Virtual culture, on the other hand, typically refers to cultural patterns and practices that occur within online or virtual communities.

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3. Family is important to the socialization process because:

Explanation

Family is important to the socialization process because parents greatly affect a child's self-concept. They play a crucial role in shaping a child's beliefs, values, and behaviors, which contribute to their self-perception and understanding of their place in the world. Additionally, families give children social identity in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion. These aspects of social identity are often learned and reinforced within the family unit. Lastly, family members are often what Mead called "significant others," meaning they are the primary individuals who have a direct and significant influence on a person's socialization. Therefore, all of the above statements are correct in highlighting the importance of family in the socialization process.

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4. A peer group is a social group whose members share common interests, social position, and a similar age.

Explanation

A peer group is a social group that consists of individuals who have similar interests, social status, and are around the same age. These groups are formed based on commonalities and provide a sense of belonging and support for their members. Peer groups play a significant role in shaping individuals' behavior, attitudes, and values as they provide opportunities for social interaction, learning, and identity development. Therefore, the statement "A peer group is a social group whose members share common interests, social position, and a similar age" is true.

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5. The idea of "getting" a joke, according to the text, depends on: 

Explanation

The correct answer is understanding the two realities presented in the joke and appreciating their difference. The text suggests that getting a joke involves understanding the two different perspectives or realities that are being juxtaposed in the joke and appreciating the contrast between them. It implies that humor often arises from the unexpected or incongruous connection between these two realities, and understanding this contrast is key to understanding and appreciating the joke.

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6. The term "bureaucracy" refers to:

Explanation

The term "bureaucracy" refers to an organization model that is rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently. Bureaucracy is characterized by a hierarchical structure, standardized procedures, and clear division of labor. It emphasizes efficiency, rationality, and adherence to rules and regulations. This model is often used in large organizations, such as government agencies and corporations, to ensure smooth functioning and effective task completion.

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7. ______refers to a person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person.

Explanation

Sexual orientation refers to a person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person. It is the enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions that individuals may experience towards people of the same or different genders. It is an essential aspect of a person's identity and can be categorized into various orientations such as heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual. Sexual orientation is different from sexual experience, which refers to the actual sexual activities a person engages in, and sexual identity, which is how an individual perceives and identifies their own sexual orientation. Sex role, on the other hand, refers to societal expectations and norms related to behavior and roles based on an individual's sex.

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8. Sexual attraction to someone of the same sex is called:

Explanation

Homosexuality refers to the sexual attraction and/or romantic feelings towards individuals of the same sex. It is a term used to describe individuals who are attracted to and form relationships with people of their own gender. This attraction can manifest in various ways, including emotional, physical, and sexual desires. Homosexuality is a natural and normal variation of human sexuality, and it is an important aspect of individual identity for many people.

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9. What term refers to a belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another?

Explanation

Racism refers to the belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another. It is a form of prejudice that leads to discrimination and scapegoating based on race. Racism can manifest in various ways, including systemic oppression, hate crimes, and racial bias. It is important to acknowledge and address racism in order to promote equality and social justice.

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10. The holocaust, in which the Nazis murdered million of Jews, is an example of:

Explanation

The Holocaust, in which the Nazis systematically killed millions of Jews, is a clear example of genocide. Genocide refers to the deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, or religious group. The Nazis targeted Jews based on their perceived racial inferiority and sought to eliminate them entirely. The magnitude and intentionality of the killings during the Holocaust make it a textbook case of genocide.

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11. The term "sociology" was coined in 1838 by:

Explanation

Auguste Comte is credited with coining the term "sociology" in 1838. He is considered the founder of sociology and was one of the first thinkers to recognize the need for a scientific study of society. Comte believed that sociology should be based on empirical observations and that it could provide solutions to social problems. His work laid the foundation for the development of sociology as a separate discipline, separate from philosophy and other social sciences.

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12. Which research method asks subjects to respond to a series of items in a questionnaire or an interview?

Explanation

The research method that asks subjects to respond to a series of items in a questionnaire or an interview is called a survey. Surveys are commonly used in social science research to gather data from a large number of participants. This method allows researchers to collect information on various topics or behaviors by asking specific questions and recording the responses. Surveys can be conducted through different mediums such as paper-based questionnaires, online forms, or face-to-face interviews.

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13. The unpleasant and even frightening exprience of encountering a strange way of life is called:

Explanation

Culture shock refers to the unpleasant and even frightening experience of encountering a strange way of life. When individuals are exposed to a different culture, they may feel disoriented, anxious, and overwhelmed due to the unfamiliar customs, beliefs, and behaviors. This can lead to a sense of isolation and frustration as they struggle to adapt to the new cultural environment. Culture shock is a common phenomenon that occurs when people move or travel to a foreign country or interact with a culture that is significantly different from their own.

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14. Cultural transmission refers to process of:

Explanation

Cultural transmission refers to the process of passing cultural patterns from one generation to another. This means that cultural beliefs, values, customs, and traditions are transferred from older individuals to younger individuals within a society. It involves the sharing of knowledge, experiences, and practices that are essential for the preservation and continuation of a particular culture. Through cultural transmission, individuals acquire the necessary skills and understanding to participate and contribute to their cultural heritage, ensuring its survival and evolution over time.

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15. The most widely spoken language in the United States, other than English, is:

Explanation

Spanish is the most widely spoken language in the United States, other than English. This is because of the large population of Spanish-speaking immigrants from Latin American countries, as well as the proximity of the United States to Spanish-speaking countries such as Mexico. Spanish is also widely taught in schools across the country, further contributing to its popularity and prevalence.

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16. The term "subculture" refers to:

Explanation

The term "subculture" refers to cultural patterns that set apart a segment of a society's population. This means that within a larger society, there are smaller groups or communities that have their own distinct beliefs, values, norms, and practices that differentiate them from the mainstream culture. These subcultures can be based on various factors such as age, ethnicity, occupation, or interests, and they often develop as a way for individuals to identify with a particular group and express their unique identities and lifestyles.

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17. Multiculturalism is defined as:

Explanation

This answer is correct because it accurately defines multiculturalism as an educational program that acknowledges the cultural diversity in the United States and promotes equality among all cultural traditions. It emphasizes the importance of recognizing and respecting different cultures, rather than advocating for one dominant culture or promoting efforts to establish English as the official language.

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18. Ethnocentrism refers to:

Explanation

Ethnocentrism refers to judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture. This means that individuals evaluate and interpret other cultures based on their own cultural values, beliefs, and practices. Ethnocentrism often leads to a biased and limited perspective, as it fails to recognize the diversity and complexity of different cultures. It can result in misunderstandings, stereotypes, and a lack of appreciation for cultural differences.

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19. According to Jean Piaget, language and other symbols are first used in the preoperational stage.

Explanation

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that language and other symbols are first used in the preoperational stage. This stage occurs between the ages of 2 and 7, and during this time, children begin to use words, gestures, and other symbols to represent objects and ideas. They also engage in pretend play and use symbols to represent different roles and scenarios. This stage is characterized by the development of symbolic thinking, which allows children to use language and other symbols to represent their thoughts and experiences. Therefore, the statement "According to Jean Piaget, language and other symbols are first used in the preoperational stage" is true.

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20. Assimilation refers to the pattern by which:

Explanation

Assimilation refers to the process in which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant category. This means that individuals from minority groups start adopting the customs, behaviors, and values of the majority group, often leading to a loss of their own cultural heritage. Assimilation can occur in various aspects of life, such as language, clothing, and social norms. It is a way for individuals to fit into the dominant society and become more similar to the majority group.

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21. Little or no sexual attraction to people of either sex is called:

Explanation

Asexuality refers to the lack of sexual attraction towards both males and females. Asexual individuals may experience little or no interest in engaging in sexual relationships. This term is used to describe individuals who do not experience sexual desires or attractions towards others, regardless of their gender. Asexuality is a sexual orientation that differs from heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality, as it represents a lack of sexual attraction rather than a specific attraction to a particular gender.

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22. Elite prostitutes--young, attractive, and well eduated--are referred to as _______; while ______are at the bottom of the sex-worker hierarchy.

Explanation

The term "call girls" refers to elite prostitutes who are typically young, attractive, and well-educated. They are often hired by clients who call and make appointments with them. On the other hand, "streetwalkers" are at the bottom of the sex-worker hierarchy and are typically found soliciting clients on the streets. They do not have the same level of prestige or exclusivity as call girls.

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23. According to Piaget, in what stage of human development do individuals eperience the world only through sensory contact?

Explanation

According to Piaget, individuals in the sensorimotor stage of human development experience the world only through sensory contact. This stage typically occurs from birth to around 2 years of age, during which infants learn about their environment by using their senses and motor skills. They develop object permanence, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight. This stage is characterized by the gradual development of intentional actions and the ability to mentally represent objects and events.

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24. George Herbert Mead considered the self to be:

Explanation

George Herbert Mead believed that the self is composed of self-awareness and self-image, which means it is the part of an individual's personality that involves how they perceive themselves and how they think others perceive them. Mead argued that the self develops through social interactions and is influenced by the individual's understanding of the attitudes and expectations of others. This perspective suggests that the self is not present at birth but rather emerges and evolves over time as a result of socialization and cultural influences.

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25. Ageism refers to:

Explanation

The correct answer is prejudice and discrimination against the elderly. Ageism refers to the negative attitudes, stereotypes, and discrimination towards individuals based on their age, particularly targeting older people. It involves treating older adults differently and unfairly, denying them opportunities, and devaluing their contributions to society. Ageism can manifest in various forms, such as age-based jokes, exclusion from employment or healthcare opportunities, and marginalization in social settings.

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26. The term "presentation of self" refers to:

Explanation

The term "presentation of self" refers to the efforts made by individuals to create specific impressions in the minds of others. This can include managing one's appearance, behavior, and communication style in order to shape how others perceive them. It involves consciously portraying oneself in a certain way to influence the opinions and judgments of others.

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27. The term "McDonaldization of society" refers to:

Explanation

The term "McDonaldization of society" refers to McDonald's organizational principles coming to dominate much of society. This means that the efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control that are characteristic of McDonald's fast food restaurants are increasingly being applied to various aspects of society, such as education, healthcare, and business. This can be seen in the standardization of processes, emphasis on speed and efficiency, and the use of technology to replace human labor. The term does not specifically refer to the spread of McDonald's restaurants or the presence of inefficient "red tape" in society.

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28. What is the term for the formal system that responds to the alleged violations of the law using police, courts, and prison officials?

Explanation

The correct answer is the criminal justice system. This term refers to the formal system that is responsible for responding to alleged violations of the law. It involves the use of police, courts, and prison officials to enforce and administer justice. The criminal justice system plays a crucial role in maintaining law and order within a society by investigating crimes, prosecuting offenders, and imposing appropriate punishments.

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29. The likelihood a person will be arrested for a street crime rises sharply:

Explanation

During the late teenage years, the likelihood of a person being arrested for a street crime rises sharply. This can be attributed to various factors such as increased peer influence, experimentation, impulsivity, and a lack of maturity and judgment. Teenagers may also be more susceptible to engaging in risky behaviors and succumbing to peer pressure, which can lead to involvement in criminal activities. Additionally, this age group may have limited understanding of the consequences of their actions, making them more prone to engaging in illegal behaviors.

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30. One norm found everywhere is the incest taboo, which refers to:

Explanation

The correct answer is norms forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives. The incest taboo is a cultural norm that prohibits sexual relationships or marriage between individuals who are closely related by blood. This norm exists in almost every society and serves to prevent genetic disorders that can occur when close relatives reproduce. It also helps maintain social order and prevent the breakdown of family structures.

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31. Durkheim documented that catergories of people with weaker social ties have lower suicide rates

Explanation

Durkheim documented that categories of people with stronger social ties have lower suicide rates. This is because individuals with stronger social bonds tend to have a greater sense of belonging, support, and connection, which can act as a protective factor against suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Durkheim's research highlighted the importance of social integration and community in reducing the risk of suicide.

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32. What is the term for the beliefs, vaules, behavior, and material objects that, together, constitutes a people's way of life?

Explanation

Culture refers to the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that define and shape a particular group of people's way of life. It encompasses the shared knowledge, customs, traditions, language, arts, and social institutions that are passed down from generation to generation. Culture influences individuals' thoughts, actions, and interactions within a society, and it plays a crucial role in shaping their identities and shaping the overall functioning of a community.

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33. Counterculture refers to:

Explanation

Counterculture refers to cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held. It represents a subculture or a group of people who reject or challenge the dominant cultural norms, values, and beliefs. Countercultural movements often emerge as a response to social, political, or cultural issues, aiming to bring about social change and challenge the status quo. These movements can encompass various aspects of society, such as music, fashion, lifestyle, and political ideologies, and they often seek to create alternative ways of living and thinking that are different from mainstream culture.

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34. Socialization takes place entirely in childhood.

Explanation

Socialization does not solely occur in childhood. While childhood is a critical period for socialization, it continues throughout our lives. Socialization is a lifelong process that involves learning and acquiring social norms, values, and behaviors from various social interactions and experiences. It occurs within families, schools, workplaces, communities, and through media and technology. Therefore, it is incorrect to state that socialization takes place entirely in childhood.

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35. What is the term for attitudes and activities that a society links to people of each sex?

Explanation

Gender roles refer to the attitudes, behaviors, and activities that a particular society deems appropriate for individuals based on their sex. These roles are often socially constructed and can vary across different cultures and time periods. Gender roles dictate expectations for how individuals should behave, dress, and interact based on their perceived gender. They encompass a wide range of activities, from household chores and career choices to emotional expression and social roles. Gender roles are deeply ingrained in society and can have a significant impact on individuals' lives and opportunities.

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36. What term refers to an invisible, yet real, barrier that prevents many women from rising beyond middle-management positions?

Explanation

The term "glass ceiling" refers to an invisible, yet real, barrier that prevents many women from rising beyond middle-management positions. It represents the societal and structural obstacles that hinder women's progress in their careers, often due to gender bias and discrimination. The glass ceiling concept highlights the disparities in opportunities and advancement between men and women in the workplace, highlighting the need for gender equality and breaking down these barriers.

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37. Which of the following terms refers to cultural heritage?

Explanation

Ethnicity refers to cultural heritage because it is a term used to describe a person's cultural background, traditions, customs, and identity. It encompasses factors such as language, religion, nationality, and shared history. Ethnicity is often used to categorize and understand different cultural groups within a society. Unlike race, which is based on physical characteristics, ethnicity is primarily focused on the cultural aspects of a person's identity. Stereotype, race, and minority do not specifically pertain to cultural heritage, making ethnicity the correct answer.

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38. What is the term for a rigid and irrational generalization about an entire category of people?

Explanation

Prejudice refers to a rigid and irrational generalization about an entire category of people. It involves forming negative opinions or attitudes towards individuals based on their membership in a particular group, without considering their individual characteristics or experiences. Prejudice can be based on various factors such as race, gender, religion, or social class, and it often leads to discrimination and unfair treatment of individuals who belong to the targeted group.

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39. ___________are characteristics of personality.

Explanation

All of the above options (ID, EGO, SUPER EGO) are characteristics of personality. The ID represents the instinctual and impulsive part of personality, the EGO represents the rational and decision-making part, and the SUPER EGO represents the moral and ethical part. Each of these components contributes to shaping an individual's personality and behavior.

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40. What is the term for a social position that is recieved at birth or involuntary taken on later in life?

Explanation

An ascribed status refers to a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily taken on later in life. This means that individuals do not have control over this position and it is determined by factors such as gender, race, or family background. It is different from an achieved status, which is earned through personal efforts and accomplishments. A master status, on the other hand, is a status that holds special significance and often influences how an individual is perceived in society. The term "passive role" does not accurately describe the concept of an ascribed status.

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41. A secondary group is a social group that:

Explanation

A secondary group is characterized by being impersonal and having a specific goal to accomplish. Unlike primary groups, which are typically smaller and involve close and personal relationships, secondary groups are formed for a specific purpose or task. These groups may include professional organizations, work teams, or clubs where individuals come together to achieve a common objective rather than forming deep personal connections.

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42. Which type of leadership style focuses on instrumental concerns, making decisions, and ensuring group members obey orders?

Explanation

Authoritarian leadership style focuses on instrumental concerns, making decisions, and ensuring group members obey orders. In this style, the leader has complete control and authority over the group, and decisions are made without consulting the group members. The leader sets strict rules and expects strict obedience from the group. This style is characterized by a top-down approach, where the leader has all the power and makes all the decisions, while the group members are expected to follow instructions without question.

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43. Which type of group leader supports collective decision-making on an egalitarian basis?

Explanation

A democratic group leader supports collective decision-making on an egalitarian basis. This means that they encourage the participation of all group members and value their input equally. They believe in giving everyone a voice and considering different perspectives before making decisions. This leadership style promotes fairness, inclusivity, and collaboration within the group.

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44. Which type of leaders tend to downplay their position and power, allowing the group to function more or less on its own?

Explanation

Laissez-faire leaders tend to downplay their position and power, allowing the group to function more or less on its own. They adopt a hands-off approach, giving their subordinates a high degree of freedom and autonomy to make decisions and carry out tasks. This leadership style is characterized by minimal interference and minimal direction from the leader, as they believe in trusting their team members to take responsibility and achieve goals independently.

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45. Which type of formal orgnization do people typically join to make money?

Explanation

A utilitarian organization is a type of formal organization that people typically join to make money. This type of organization is focused on achieving specific goals and providing material rewards to its members. Members join these organizations with the expectation of receiving financial compensation for their work or services. Therefore, the answer "utilitarian organization" is correct as it accurately identifies the type of organization that individuals typically join to make money.

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46. From the point of view of a patient who is involuntarily committed, what type of formal organization is a mental hospital?

Explanation

A mental hospital can be considered a coercive organization because it exercises control and authority over involuntary patients. These patients are often admitted against their will and are subjected to various restrictions and treatments without their consent. The hospital's power is based on legal and institutional authority, allowing them to enforce rules and regulations upon the patients. The patients' lack of choice and autonomy in their treatment and stay further supports the classification of a mental hospital as a coercive organization.

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47. Which of the following terms refers to the rule of many by few?

Explanation

Oligarchy refers to the rule of many by few. In an oligarchy, a small group of individuals hold the power and make decisions on behalf of the larger population. This form of government or organization is characterized by a concentration of power in the hands of a select few, often based on wealth, social status, or political influence. The term "oligarchy" is derived from the Greek words "oligos" meaning "few" and "archein" meaning "to rule".

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48. Which of the following sociological terms refers to "the recognized violation of cultural norms"?

Explanation

Deviance refers to the recognized violation of cultural norms. It encompasses behaviors, actions, or characteristics that deviate from what is considered acceptable or normal within a society. It can range from minor infractions to serious crimes. Deviance is a sociological term that helps to understand and analyze how societies define and respond to behaviors that go against their norms and values.

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49. "Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime:

Explanation

Crime differs from deviance in that crime is a violation of norms that have been officially established as laws. Deviance, on the other hand, refers to any behavior that goes against societal norms, whether or not it is illegal. This means that while all crimes are considered deviant, not all deviant behaviors are classified as crimes. Therefore, the correct answer is that crime is a violation of norms enacted into laws.

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50. A hate crime is defined as:

Explanation

The correct answer is "a criminal act motivated by racial or other bias". This definition accurately captures the essence of a hate crime, which is a criminal act committed against someone based on their race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, or other protected characteristics. The motivation behind the crime is crucial in distinguishing it as a hate crime rather than a general criminal act. Hate crimes are intended to intimidate and target specific individuals or groups, perpetuating discrimination and prejudice.

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51. "Crimes against persons" includes ALL BUT WHICH of the following?

Explanation

"Crimes against persons" refers to offenses that involve direct harm or threat to an individual. Burglary, on the other hand, is a crime against property, involving unlawful entry into a building with the intent to commit a crime. Therefore, burglary is not included in the category of "crimes against persons."

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52. What is the term for the biological distinction between males and females?

Explanation

The term for the biological distinction between males and females is "sex." Sex refers to the biological differences, such as reproductive organs and chromosomes, that determine whether an individual is male or female. Gender, on the other hand, refers to the social and cultural roles, behaviors, and expectations associated with being male or female. Gender roles are the societal expectations and norms regarding how individuals should behave based on their perceived gender. Sexual chromosomes are the specific chromosomes that determine an individual's sex, such as XX for females and XY for males.

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53. Sexual attraction to people of both sexes is called:

Explanation

Bisexuality refers to the sexual attraction or romantic feelings towards individuals of both sexes. Unlike heterosexuality or homosexuality, which involve attraction to only one gender, bisexuality encompasses a spectrum of attraction to both males and females. This term acknowledges and validates the existence of individuals who are attracted to both sexes and recognizes their sexual orientation as a valid and legitimate identity.

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54. Social stratification refers to:

Explanation

Social stratification refers to the process of categorizing individuals or groups in a society based on their social standing or position. This ranking is done in a hierarchical manner, where individuals or groups are placed in different levels or classes based on factors such as wealth, occupation, education, or social status. This system of social ranking helps to create and maintain social inequality within a society, as it determines access to resources, power, and opportunities. Therefore, the correct answer is that social stratification refers to society ranking categories of people in a hierarchy.

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55. Because of social stratification:

Explanation

Social stratification refers to the division of society into different social classes or groups based on factors such as wealth, power, and status. This division leads to unequal distribution of privileges and opportunities among individuals. Some people, due to their social position or background, have more advantages and resources available to them compared to others. This creates an uneven playing field where certain individuals have a head start in life, making it harder for others to attain the same level of success and wealth.

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56. Which of the following factors affect social class standing in the United States?

Explanation

The factors that affect social class standing in the United States include our gender, our race, and the family we are born into. These factors play a significant role in determining an individual's social class and the opportunities and privileges they may have access to. Gender and race often lead to systemic inequalities and discrimination, while the family we are born into can influence our access to resources, education, and social networks. Therefore, all of the above factors are correct in determining social class standing in the United States.

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57. Which of the following people had an important influence on development of the social-conflict?

Explanation

Karl Marx had an important influence on the development of social conflict. Marx was a philosopher, economist, and sociologist who is best known for his theories on capitalism and class struggle. He argued that society is divided into two main classes, the bourgeoisie (capitalist class) and the proletariat (working class), and that conflict between these classes is the driving force behind social change. Marx's ideas laid the foundation for the development of the social-conflict perspective in sociology, which focuses on how power and inequality shape society.

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58. Until about 10,000 years ago, most poeple in world lived in______societies.

Explanation

Until about 10,000 years ago, most people in the world lived in hunting and gathering societies. This means that they relied on hunting animals and gathering wild plants for their survival. These societies were characterized by small groups of people who moved frequently in search of food and resources. They had a nomadic lifestyle and did not engage in agriculture or have permanent settlements. This way of life was common during the Paleolithic era and gradually transitioned to more settled agrarian societies with the advent of agriculture.

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59. By saying that the sociological perspective shows us "the strange in the familiar," the text argues that sociologists:

Explanation

The sociological perspective shows us "the strange in the familiar" by emphasizing the need to examine society and human behavior objectively and critically. Through systematic and scientific analysis, sociologists aim to challenge and debunk our preconceived notions and common sense beliefs about society. They believe that many of our assumptions are inaccurate and that what may seem familiar and normal to us is often based on flawed understanding and societal constructs. By exploring the hidden and unconventional aspects of society, sociologists aim to uncover the underlying social forces and structures that shape human behavior.

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60. The process by which people act react in relation to others is called:

Explanation

Social interaction refers to the process by which individuals engage with one another, communicate, and influence each other's behavior. It involves various forms of communication, such as verbal and non-verbal cues, and can occur in different settings, such as in-person interactions or through technology. Social interaction is a fundamental aspect of human behavior and plays a crucial role in shaping our relationships, social norms, and overall well-being.

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61. What is the sociological term for a social group with two members?

Explanation

A dyad is the correct answer because it refers to a social group consisting of two members. In sociology, a dyad is considered the smallest and most intimate social group, as it involves direct and intense interaction between the two individuals. The term "dyad" emphasizes the unique dynamics and characteristics that arise when there are only two members in a social group, such as increased interdependence and the potential for more intense emotional connections.

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62. What is the sociological term for a social group toward which we feel competition or opposition?

Explanation

The term "out-group" refers to a social group that is perceived as different or opposed to one's own group. It represents a sense of competition or opposition, as individuals may feel a sense of loyalty and belonging to their in-group while viewing the out-group as a potential threat or rival. This concept is commonly used in sociology to understand group dynamics, intergroup relations, and the formation of social identities.

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63. What is the sociological term coined by Irving Janis for a limited understanding of some issue caused by group conformity?

Explanation

Groupthink is a sociological term coined by Irving Janis that refers to a limited understanding of some issue caused by group conformity. It occurs when a group of individuals prioritize consensus and harmony over critical thinking and independent decision-making. In this phenomenon, group members tend to suppress dissenting opinions and conform to the dominant views of the group, leading to flawed decision-making and a failure to consider alternative perspectives. Groupthink can result in tunnel vision, where individuals become narrow-minded and fail to consider all available information and potential alternatives.

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64. What is the term for social organization in which males dominate females?

Explanation

Patriarchy is the correct answer because it refers to a social organization where males hold the majority of power and dominate females. In such a system, men typically have more authority and control over decision-making processes, resources, and societal structures. This term is commonly used to describe societies where gender inequality and male privilege are prevalent.

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65. While race refers to_______considered important by society, ethinicity refers to_____.

Explanation

Race refers to biological traits that are considered important by society, such as physical characteristics like skin color, hair texture, and facial features. On the other hand, ethnicity refers to cultural traits, including language, customs, traditions, and shared history, that a group of people have in common.

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66. Which of the following terms refers to the physical and social separation of categories of people?

Explanation

Segregation refers to the physical and social separation of categories of people. It involves the enforced separation of different racial, ethnic, or social groups, often resulting in unequal access to resources, opportunities, and rights. This can occur through various means such as laws, policies, or social norms that restrict the interactions and integration of different groups within a society. Segregation has been historically used to maintain power dynamics and reinforce inequality, and it has significant social, economic, and political consequences for marginalized groups.

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67. All but one of the following statements are correct. Which one is NOT correct?

Explanation

The statement "all people in a minority category are disadvantaged" is not correct. While it is true that some minority groups may face disadvantages, it is not true that all individuals within a minority category are automatically disadvantaged. There can be variations in the experiences and circumstances of individuals within a minority group, and some may not face the same level of disadvantages as others.

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68. The term "homophobia" refers to:

Explanation

The term "homophobia" refers to a fear or aversion towards individuals who are perceived to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual. It is characterized by a discomfort or avoidance of close personal interaction with such individuals. Homophobia can manifest in various forms, including discrimination, prejudice, and even violence towards the LGBTQ+ community. This fear or prejudice is often rooted in ignorance, stereotypes, and societal norms that perpetuate discrimination based on sexual orientation.

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69. The social-conflict approach draws attention to:

Explanation

The social-conflict approach focuses on patterns of social inequality. It examines how power, resources, and opportunities are distributed unequally in society, leading to social divisions and conflicts between different groups. This perspective emphasizes the role of social structures and institutions in perpetuating these inequalities and highlights the importance of social change to address them. By studying patterns of social inequality, this approach aims to understand and challenge the systemic factors that contribute to social divisions and injustices.

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70. By "taking the role of other," or the "ME" part of self, Mead had in mind:

Explanation

Mead's concept of "taking the role of other" refers to the ability to imagine a situation from another person's point of view. This means putting oneself in someone else's shoes and understanding their thoughts, feelings, and perspectives. By doing so, individuals can gain a deeper understanding of others and develop empathy and social awareness. It involves stepping outside of one's own self-centeredness and considering the perspectives and experiences of others. This concept is essential for effective communication, social interaction, and building relationships with others.

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71. What is the term for the tension among roles connected to a single status?

Explanation

Role strain refers to the tension or stress experienced by an individual when they have difficulty fulfilling the various roles associated with a single status. It occurs when the demands and expectations of different roles within a particular status become overwhelming or conflicting. This can lead to feelings of frustration, dissatisfaction, and difficulty in meeting the expectations of others.

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72. The study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance is referred to as:

Explanation

Dramaturgical analysis is the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance. It suggests that individuals present themselves as actors on a stage, strategically managing their behavior and impression to create a desired image. This approach views social interactions as a scripted performance where individuals play different roles and use various techniques to shape their identity and influence others. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the social context, roles, and scripts that guide human behavior in social situations.

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73. What do sociologists call two or more people who identify and interact with one another?

Explanation

A social group is a term used by sociologists to describe two or more people who identify and interact with one another. It refers to a collection of individuals who share common interests, values, and goals, and who have regular social interactions. This term encompasses a wide range of groups, such as families, friends, classmates, and colleagues. It highlights the importance of social connections and the influence they have on individuals' behavior and socialization.

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74. In his strain theory, Robert Merton would use which of the following terms to describe people, including alcoholics and drug addicts, who "drop out."

Explanation

In his strain theory, Robert Merton would use the term "retreatist" to describe people who "drop out," including alcoholics and drug addicts. Retreatists are individuals who reject both the goals and means of society. They withdraw from societal norms and expectations, often isolating themselves from mainstream society. This term is applicable to individuals who have given up on achieving success through conventional means and have disengaged from societal pursuits altogether.

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75. Which is the term for crime committed by person of high scoial position in the course of their career?

Explanation

White-collar crime refers to crimes committed by individuals in positions of power or high social status in the course of their professional careers. These crimes are typically non-violent and involve deception, fraud, or embezzlement for personal or financial gain. Unlike street crime, which occurs in public spaces and often involves physical violence, white-collar crimes are typically committed in corporate or professional settings. Organized crime refers to criminal activities carried out by organized groups, while victimless crimes are offenses that do not have a direct or identifiable victim.

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76. _______refers to the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf.

Explanation

Corporate crime refers to the illegal actions of a corporation or individuals acting on its behalf. This type of crime involves offenses committed by corporations, such as fraud, bribery, insider trading, environmental pollution, and false advertising. It includes actions that prioritize profit over ethical and legal responsibilities, often resulting in harm to consumers, employees, and the environment. Corporate crime can have significant social and economic impacts, undermining trust in businesses and the legal system.

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77. Prostitution is widely regarded as what kind of crime?

Explanation

Prostitution is widely regarded as a victimless crime because it involves consensual transactions between adults who willingly exchange sexual services for money. Unlike other crimes, there is no direct harm or victim involved in this activity. However, it is important to note that the debate surrounding prostitution is complex, as it often involves issues of exploitation, human trafficking, and the overall well-being of those involved.

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78. A child's sex is  determined shortly before birth by chromosomes contributed by the mother. 

Explanation

The statement is false because a child's sex is determined by the chromosomes contributed by both the mother and the father. The mother always contributes an X chromosome, while the father can contribute either an X or a Y chromosome. If the father contributes an X chromosome, the child will be female (XX), and if the father contributes a Y chromosome, the child will be male (XY). Therefore, the sex of the child is determined by both parents, not just the mother.

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79. In a caste system:

Explanation

In a caste system, there is little or no social mobility. This means that individuals are born into a specific social position or caste and are unable to move up or down the social ladder. Their social status is determined solely by their birth and is usually inherited from their parents. This lack of social mobility restricts opportunities for individuals to improve their social standing through their efforts or achievements.

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80. The term "meritocracy" refers to social stratification:

Explanation

The term "meritocracy" refers to social stratification based entirely on merit. This means that individuals are placed in social positions or hierarchies based solely on their abilities, skills, and achievements, rather than factors such as wealth, social status, or family background. In a meritocracy, individuals are rewarded and recognized for their hard work and talent, and there is equal opportunity for everyone to succeed and move up the social ladder based on their own abilities. This concept of meritocracy emphasizes the importance of individual effort and achievement in determining one's social position.

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81. Ideology refers to:

Explanation

The correct answer is "cultural beliefs that justify social stratification." Ideology refers to the cultural beliefs and values that support and justify the existence of social stratification, or the division of society into different social classes or groups. These beliefs often serve to maintain the status quo and legitimize the unequal distribution of power, wealth, and resources in a society.

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82. Gender refers to:

Explanation

Gender refers to the personal traits and social positions that members of society attach to being female and male. It encompasses the roles, behaviors, activities, and expectations that society deems appropriate for individuals based on their perceived sex. Gender is a social construct that goes beyond biological differences and influences how individuals are perceived, treated, and expected to behave in society. It is a complex and multifaceted concept that varies across cultures and can change over time.

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83. According to Emile Durkheim, a category of people with a higher suicide rates typically has:

Explanation

According to Emile Durkheim, a category of people with a higher suicide rate typically has lower social integration. This means that individuals who are not well integrated into social groups or communities are more likely to experience feelings of isolation, loneliness, and a lack of support. Durkheim believed that social integration plays a crucial role in preventing suicide, as it provides individuals with a sense of belonging, social support, and purpose in life. Therefore, lower social integration is associated with higher suicide rates.

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84. Which theoretical apporoach is closest to that taken by early sociologists Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim?

Explanation

The structural-functional approach is the theoretical approach that is closest to the one taken by early sociologists Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim. This approach focuses on how different parts of society work together to maintain social order and stability. It emphasizes the functions and purposes of various social institutions and how they contribute to the overall functioning of society. Comte and Durkheim both believed in the importance of social order and the role that social institutions play in maintaining it, making the structural-functional approach the most suitable choice.

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85. The language spoken by poeple in more nations of world than any other is:

Explanation

English is the correct answer because it is spoken in more countries around the world than any other language. English is not only the official language of many countries, but it is also widely spoken as a second language in many nations. It is the language of international communication, business, and education, making it the most widely spoken language globally.

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86. Hitler's aryan race was derived from ideas of U.S. race scientists.

Explanation

The statement is true because Hitler's concept of the Aryan race was influenced by ideas from U.S. race scientists. During the early 20th century, race science was prevalent in the United States, and many scientists promoted theories of racial superiority and eugenics. Hitler admired these ideas and incorporated them into his ideology, believing in the superiority of the Aryan race and the need for racial purity. He drew inspiration from U.S. race scientists' works and used them to justify his policies of racial discrimination and genocide.

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87. The spread of technomedia means that culture is now less likely to be:

Explanation

The spread of technomedia, which refers to the widespread use of technology and media, has led to a shift in the way culture is transmitted. In the past, culture was often passed down from one generation to the next through oral traditions, storytelling, and other forms of direct communication. However, with the advent of technomedia, cultural information is now easily accessible through screens and digital platforms. This has resulted in a decrease in the traditional method of passing down culture from one generation to another.

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88. Intersection theory focuses on:

Explanation

Intersection theory focuses on the interplay of race, class, and gender often leading to multiple disadvantages. This theory recognizes that individuals experience various forms of oppression and discrimination based on their intersecting identities. It highlights how these intersecting social categories interact and shape individuals' experiences, highlighting the complex and interconnected nature of oppression. This theory provides a framework for understanding and addressing the unique challenges faced by individuals who belong to multiple marginalized groups.

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89. What is the term for a category of people, distinguished by physical or cultural traits, who are socially disadvantaged?

Explanation

The term "minority" refers to a category of people who are socially disadvantaged and distinguished by physical or cultural traits. This term is commonly used to describe groups that have less power, privilege, and representation in society compared to the dominant group. Minorities often face discrimination and unequal treatment based on their characteristics, which can include race, ethnicity, religion, gender, or sexual orientation.

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90. In the documentary, Race: The power of illusion, it was stated that we all have 35,000 or so genes for skin color, genes which control the color of melanin in our skin. Geneticist Mary Claire King said "different mutations occurred so that many with light skin lost the capacity to make dark melanin." Dark melanin blocks out UV light and is found where sunlight isless intense. Light melanin is found where sunlight is more intense.

Explanation

The explanation for the given correct answer (False) is that the statement in the documentary is incorrect. It is not true that we all have 35,000 or so genes for skin color. In fact, the number of genes that control the color of melanin in our skin is much smaller. Additionally, the statement that different mutations occurred so that many with light skin lost the capacity to make dark melanin is also incorrect. The variation in skin color is a complex trait influenced by multiple genes and is not solely determined by mutations.

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91. At a given time, you occupy a number of statuses. These are you:

Explanation

The given answer, "status set," refers to the various positions or roles that an individual occupies at a particular time. It encompasses the different social and occupational statuses that a person may have, reflecting the diverse roles they play in society. This term highlights the dynamic nature of statuses and acknowledges that individuals can have multiple statuses simultaneously.

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92. What is the term for a status that has very great importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life?

Explanation

A master status refers to a social position that holds significant importance in shaping a person's entire life and social identity. It often overrides other statuses and becomes the primary lens through which an individual is perceived and treated by others. This status can be based on various factors such as occupation, race, gender, or disability, and has a profound impact on an individual's opportunities, relationships, and societal roles.

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93. Assume a surgeon chooses not to operate on her own son because the personal involvement of motherhood could impair her professional objectivity as a physician. Which of the following is involved?

Explanation

The situation described in the question involves role conflict. The surgeon is facing a conflict between her roles as a mother and as a physician. By choosing not to operate on her own son, she is prioritizing her role as a physician and maintaining professional objectivity, even though it goes against her role as a mother. This conflict arises when there are incompatible expectations or demands from different roles an individual occupies.

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94. Which of the following is NOT one of the principles of McDonaldization?

Explanation

Creativity is not one of the principles of McDonaldization because McDonaldization is a concept that emphasizes standardization, predictability, and efficiency in the fast-food industry. It is characterized by uniformity in products and services, the use of automation and technology to control processes, and the focus on maximizing efficiency. Creativity, on the other hand, implies uniqueness, innovation, and the ability to think outside the box, which goes against the standardized and predictable nature of McDonaldization.

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95. Which of the following is a legal term meaning "guilty mind" that refers to criminal intent?

Explanation

Mens rea is a legal term meaning "guilty mind" that refers to criminal intent. It is the mental state or intention of a person when committing a crime. It is an important element in determining the degree of culpability and punishment for a crime. Habeas corpus, homo sapien, and mea culpa are not legal terms related to criminal intent.

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96. A college professor who has advanced degrees, moderate salary, and little power can be described as having:

Explanation

A college professor who has advanced degrees, moderate salary, and little power can be described as having a low status consistency. This means that the professor's various indicators of status, such as education level, income, and power, do not align or are not consistent with each other. In this case, the advanced degrees suggest a higher status, but the moderate salary and little power indicate a lower status. Therefore, the professor's status consistency is low.

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97. _______is way of understanding the world based on science.

Explanation

Positivism is a way of understanding the world based on science. It emphasizes the use of empirical evidence and scientific methods to study and explain phenomena. Positivists believe that knowledge should be derived from observable facts and that theories should be based on objective data. This approach rejects subjective interpretations and metaphysical explanations, instead focusing on measurable and verifiable evidence. Positivism has been influential in various fields, including sociology, psychology, and natural sciences.

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98. Cultural relativism means evaluating another culture according to the standards of your own

Explanation

Cultural relativism means understanding and evaluating another culture based on its own standards and values, rather than imposing one's own cultural beliefs and norms. It emphasizes the importance of respecting and appreciating cultural diversity. Therefore, the given statement is incorrect as it incorrectly defines cultural relativism.

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99. Jean Piaget's focus was on:

Explanation

Jean Piaget's focus was on cognition: how people think and understand. Piaget was a Swiss psychologist who is best known for his theory of cognitive development in children. He believed that children actively construct their understanding of the world through their interactions with it. He proposed that children progress through four stages of cognitive development, from sensorimotor to formal operational, and that their thinking becomes more complex and abstract as they grow. Piaget's research and theories have had a significant impact on the field of developmental psychology and our understanding of how individuals acquire knowledge and understanding.

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100. Jean Piaget called the level of development do individuals first use language and other cultural symbols the _______stage.

Explanation

Jean Piaget called the level of development where individuals first use language and other cultural symbols the preoperational stage. This stage occurs between the ages of 2 and 7, during which children begin to develop symbolic thinking and language skills. They are able to use words and symbols to represent objects and events, but their thinking is still egocentric and lacks logical reasoning. This stage is characterized by imaginative play, symbolic thinking, and the ability to understand and use symbols.

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101. _________refers to efforts to radically change someone's personality through carefully controlling the environment.

Explanation

Resocialization refers to efforts to radically change someone's personality through carefully controlling the environment. This process involves breaking down an individual's existing beliefs, values, and behaviors, and replacing them with new ones that are deemed more desirable or appropriate. Resocialization typically occurs in institutional settings such as prisons, military boot camps, or rehabilitation centers, where individuals are subjected to intense socialization techniques in order to reshape their personality and conform to societal norms and expectations.

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102. What is the term for the conflict among roles corresponding to two or more statuses?

Explanation

Role conflict refers to the conflict that arises when an individual experiences competing demands or expectations from different roles they occupy. This conflict occurs when the expectations of one role are incompatible with the expectations of another role, leading to stress and difficulty in fulfilling both roles effectively. For example, a person who is both a parent and an employee may experience role conflict when work responsibilities clash with family responsibilities.

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103. Here are four assertions about the social foundation of deviance; select the one that is FALSE.

Explanation

This statement is false because deviance is not universally defined and varies across different cultures and societies. What may be considered deviant in one place may not be deviant in another. Deviance is socially constructed and dependent on cultural norms and values.

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104. At birth, males and females are distinguished by_________, which are the genitals: organs used for reproduction.

Explanation

At birth, males and females are distinguished by primary sex characteristics, which are the genitals: organs used for reproduction. Primary sex characteristics refer to the physical features that are directly involved in reproduction, such as the presence of male or female reproductive organs. These characteristics are determined by biological factors and are typically present from birth. In contrast, secondary sex characteristics develop during puberty and are not directly involved in reproduction, such as breast development in females and facial hair growth in males. Gender refers to the social and cultural roles, behaviors, and expectations associated with being male or female. Sexual chromosomes, on the other hand, determine an individual's genetic sex.

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105. The weight of evidence indicated that sexual orientation is caused mostly by:

Explanation

The correct answer is human biology, although society plays some role. This explanation suggests that sexual orientation is primarily influenced by biological factors, such as genetics or hormones. However, it also acknowledges that societal factors can have some influence on sexual orientation. This implies that while biology plays a significant role, societal constructs and influences can also contribute to the development of sexual orientation.

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106. Critics of easily available pornography agrue that:

Explanation

The critics of easily available pornography argue that it unfairly depicts women as the playthings of men, as it often portrays women as objects of sexual gratification rather than as equals. They also believe that pornography encourages violence against women, as it can normalize and desensitize viewers to harmful and non-consensual sexual acts. Additionally, they argue that it encourages a breakdown in morals, as it may promote a distorted view of relationships and sexuality. Therefore, all of the above reasons are valid concerns raised by critics of easily available pornography.

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107. A caste system is defined as:

Explanation

The correct answer is "social stratification based on ascription or birth." This means that in a caste system, individuals are assigned to a particular social position or caste based on their birth or family background. This social stratification is not based on individual achievement or merit, but rather on inherited characteristics.

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108. The practice of persons from one culture judging any other culture by its own standards is called:

Explanation

Cultural relativism refers to the practice of individuals from one culture judging another culture based on their own cultural standards. It involves understanding and appreciating different cultures without imposing one's own beliefs or values. This concept recognizes that each culture has its own unique norms, values, and practices, and that they should be understood within their own cultural context rather than being judged by external standards.

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109. Institutional prejudice and discrimination refers to the fact that:

Explanation

The correct answer is "bias is built into the operation of today's institutions". This means that prejudice and discrimination are not just individual attitudes held by some people, but are actually embedded within the functioning of institutions in society. This suggests that bias and discrimination are systemic and can be perpetuated by the policies, practices, and norms of institutions, leading to unequal treatment and opportunities for certain groups of people.

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110. Which of the following is at the heart of the controvery over women's participation in the military?

Explanation

The controversy over women's participation in the military is centered around the perception that women are traditionally seen as nurturers rather than individuals who engage in killing or combat. This perception creates a barrier for women to be fully accepted and integrated into military roles that involve direct combat. The controversy stems from societal expectations and stereotypes that limit women's opportunities and roles in the military based on traditional gender roles and biases.

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111. Peter Berger described using the sociological perspective as seeing the_______in the_______.

Explanation

Using the sociological perspective, Peter Berger argued that individuals should view the general patterns and structures of society (general) in order to understand the specific behaviors and actions of individuals within society (particular). This perspective allows for a broader understanding of social phenomena by examining the larger social context in which they occur. By focusing on the general and particular aspects of society, individuals can gain a deeper insight into the complexities and dynamics of social life.

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112. According to Comte, societies in which stage of development begin to see society as a natural--rather than a suppernatural--phenomenon?

Explanation

In the metaphysical stage of development, societies begin to view society as a natural phenomenon rather than a supernatural one. This stage is characterized by a shift in thinking from religious and mythical explanations to more abstract and philosophical concepts. It is during this stage that people start to question traditional beliefs and seek rational explanations for social phenomena. Comte believed that this stage was an important stepping stone towards the scientific stage, where society would be understood through empirical observation and experimentation.

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113. If you were to attend a New York Ballet performance, you would be experiencing:

Explanation

Attending a New York Ballet performance would be considered a high cultural experience. High culture refers to activities, events, or art forms that are associated with intellectual and artistic pursuits, often enjoyed by a more educated or elite audience. The New York Ballet is known for its refined and sophisticated performances, showcasing the highest level of skill and artistry. It is distinct from popular culture, which encompasses more mainstream and accessible forms of entertainment, and virtual culture, which refers to online or digital cultural experiences. Cultural transmission refers to the passing down of cultural knowledge and practices from one generation to another, which may occur within high cultural contexts like the New York Ballet.

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114. Afrocentrism refers to the dominnce of European cultural patterns.

Explanation

The statement is incorrect. Afrocentrism actually refers to the dominance of African cultural patterns, not European cultural patterns. It is a perspective that emphasizes the contributions and achievements of African civilizations and promotes the idea of African cultural superiority.

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115. In all societies:

Explanation

In all societies, parents pass their social position on to their children. This means that the social standing of children is largely determined by the social standing of their parents. This can include factors such as wealth, education, occupation, and social connections. The social position of children is often influenced by the opportunities and resources that their parents provide for them, as well as the networks and privileges that come with their parents' social position. This pattern of social inheritance contributes to the perpetuation of social inequalities and the formation of social classes in societies.

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116. Multiculturalists oppose assimilation because:

Explanation

Multiculturalists oppose assimilation because it suggests that minorities are the ones who need to do all the changing. This goes against the principles of multiculturalism, which emphasize the importance of respecting and valuing diverse cultures and identities. Multiculturalists believe that society should adapt and accommodate the needs and differences of all individuals, rather than expecting minorities to conform to a dominant culture.

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117. The "beauty myth" refers to the idea that:

Explanation

The "beauty myth" refers to the idea that women learn to measure their personal importance in terms of physical appearance. This suggests that society places a significant emphasis on a woman's beauty and that women are socialized to believe that their worth is tied to their appearance. This can lead to negative consequences such as low self-esteem, body image issues, and the perpetuation of unrealistic beauty standards.

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118. How many states according to the film passed laws forbidding interracial marriage to safeguard racial purification?

Explanation

28 states passed laws forbidding interracial marriage to safeguard racial purification.

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119. W.E.B. Du Bois' Africana theory was pert of the social-conflict approach.

Explanation

W.E.B. Du Bois' Africana theory aligns with the social-conflict approach. This approach focuses on the unequal distribution of power and resources in society, particularly along racial, ethnic, and social class lines. Du Bois' theory, which emphasized the experiences and struggles of African Americans and advocated for social and political equality, clearly fits within this framework.

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120. Comte described the earliest human societies as being within which level of societal development?

Explanation

Comte described the earliest human societies as being within the theological stage of societal development. In this stage, people attributed natural events and phenomena to supernatural beings or deities. They relied on religious explanations to understand the world around them. This stage is characterized by a lack of scientific understanding and a heavy reliance on faith and religious beliefs.

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121. Are discussed in class, which of the following statements is true?

Explanation

Advanced technology improves life in some ways, but also threatens it in other ways. This statement acknowledges that while advanced technology can bring about positive changes and advancements in various aspects of life, it also poses risks and challenges. It recognizes that technology can have both beneficial and detrimental effects, highlighting the need for careful consideration and responsible use of technology to ensure its positive impact outweighs the negative consequences.

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122. What is term  for person's fairly consistent patttern of acting, thinking, and feeling?

Explanation

Personality refers to a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling. It encompasses the unique set of characteristics, traits, and behaviors that distinguish individuals from one another. Personality is influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, and social factors, and it plays a significant role in shaping an individual's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors across different situations and contexts.

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123. Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of:

Explanation

Freud's concept of the id refers to our primitive and instinctual drives or needs as humans. It operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification without any consideration for social norms or consequences. The id is driven by our unconscious desires and seeks to satisfy our basic needs such as hunger, thirst, and sexual urges. It is the most fundamental and impulsive part of our personality.

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124. _________defines who and what we are in relation to others.

Explanation

Status defines who and what we are in relation to others. It refers to the position or rank that an individual holds in a social hierarchy. Status can be determined by various factors such as occupation, education, wealth, or social connections. It plays a significant role in shaping our identity and influences the way we interact with others. Status can affect the opportunities and privileges we have, as well as the expectations and responsibilities placed upon us in society.

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125. Sociologists use what term to refer to the behavior people expect of someone who holds a particular status?

Explanation

Sociologists use the term "role" to refer to the behavior people expect of someone who holds a particular status. Roles are the expected patterns of behavior and responsibilities associated with a specific position or social status in society. They provide guidelines for how individuals should act and interact in different social contexts, helping to maintain social order and stability.

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126. What is the correct sociological term for all people with a common status, such as "college students"?

Explanation

The correct sociological term for all people with a common status, such as "college students," is a category. In sociology, a category refers to a group of people who share a similar characteristic or status but may not interact with each other or have any sense of collective identity. In this case, "college students" is a category because it encompasses all individuals who are currently enrolled in college, regardless of their personal connections or interactions with each other.

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127. Formal organizations are:

Explanation

Formal organizations are large secondary groups organized to achieve goals efficiently. This means that they are structured entities with a clear purpose and a systematic approach to achieving their objectives. These organizations typically have a hierarchical structure, with defined roles and responsibilities for its members. They often have clear boundaries, both in terms of membership and scope of activities. By being organized and efficient, these organizations are able to effectively coordinate and allocate resources to accomplish their goals.

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128. In the United States, men account for______of all arrests for violent crime.

Explanation

In the United States, about 80 percent of all arrests for violent crime are accounted for by men. This suggests that a significant majority of individuals involved in violent criminal activities are male. This statistic could be attributed to various factors such as societal expectations, cultural influences, and biological differences between genders.

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129. The development of breats and deeper voices in males are examples of:

Explanation

Secondary sex characteristics refer to the physical changes that occur during puberty but are not directly related to reproduction. The development of breasts and deeper voices in males are examples of secondary sex characteristics. These changes are influenced by hormones and are distinct from primary sex characteristics, which include the reproductive organs. Gender norms, on the other hand, refer to societal expectations and behaviors associated with being male or female. While gender norms may influence the development of secondary sex characteristics, they are not directly related to them. Therefore, the correct answer is secondary sex characteristics.

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130. The common ideology of a class system treats______as a sign of personal talent and effort and poverty as a reslut of______.

Explanation

The correct answer suggests that in a class system, wealth is seen as a sign of personal talent and effort, while poverty is viewed as a result of personal inadequacy. This implies that individuals who are wealthy are believed to have worked hard and possess the necessary skills and abilities to accumulate wealth, while those who are poor are considered to be lacking in some way and responsible for their own financial struggles. This ideology places the blame on the individual rather than acknowledging systemic factors that contribute to wealth inequality.

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131. Patterns of socialization vary by class; in child-rearing, lower-class parents stress_________, while well-to-do parents stress___________.

Explanation

Lower-class parents tend to stress obedience in child-rearing, while well-to-do parents emphasize socializing their children at their own class level. This means that lower-class parents prioritize teaching their children to follow rules and authority, while upper-class parents focus on teaching their children how to navigate and fit into their social class.

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132. Three states currently have a "minority-majority". Which of the following is NOT one of them?

Explanation

Florida is not one of the three states that currently have a "minority-majority" population. This term refers to states where the combined population of minority groups exceeds the population of the majority group. In Florida, the majority group population is still larger than the combined population of minority groups, unlike in New Mexico, California, and Hawaii.

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133. Also, from the documentary Race: The power of illusion, it was stated "found in the blue hills of virginia, mixed races, able to pass for white, unclassifiable...were called the WIN tribe..." what was the racial make-up of these people known as the WIN tribe?

Explanation

The racial make-up of the people known as the WIN tribe was both black and white and Indian. This means that the tribe consisted of individuals who had mixed African American and Caucasian ancestry, as well as individuals who had Native American ancestry.

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134. Based on the documentary, it was said that sickle cell disease is a disease attacking only those of African decent.

Explanation

The statement in the question is not accurate. Sickle cell disease is not exclusive to individuals of African descent. While it is true that sickle cell disease is more commonly found in people of African, Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and Indian descent, it can also affect individuals from other ethnic backgrounds. It is caused by a genetic mutation that can be inherited from both parents, regardless of their ethnicity. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

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135. What is the term for a social position that is recieved at birth or involuntary taken on later in life?

Explanation

Achieved status refers to a social position that is acquired or earned through individual effort or achievement, rather than being assigned at birth or involuntarily taken on later in life. This term highlights the idea that individuals have some control over their social position and can attain higher status through their actions and accomplishments. It is opposite to ascribed status, which is a social position that is assigned at birth or based on characteristics that are beyond an individual's control.

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136. Which of following statements linking nature and nurture is correct?

Explanation

The correct answer is "Nature via nurture." This statement suggests that both nature (genetics) and nurture (environmental factors) play a role in shaping an individual's traits and characteristics. It implies that while genetics provide the foundation, environmental influences and experiences also contribute significantly to human development and behavior.

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137. Which of the following is most likely to be a master status?

Explanation

A master status refers to a social identity that is so significant that it overrides all other aspects of a person's identity and becomes the primary way in which they are perceived by others. In this case, having a serious physical or mental disability is most likely to be a master status because it can significantly impact a person's life, relationships, and opportunities, and may shape how others perceive and interact with them. Being white in the United States and having a job as a carpenter are important aspects of a person's identity, but they may not have the same level of impact and significance as a serious disability.

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138. Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance uses the term_______to refer to the process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting conventional means to get there.

Explanation

Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance suggests that individuals may experience strain or frustration when they are unable to achieve socially accepted goals through conventional means. In response to this strain, some individuals may engage in innovation, which involves seeking unconventional or alternative means to achieve these goals. This can include engaging in criminal or deviant behavior as a way to attain success or wealth. Therefore, innovation is the term used to describe the process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting conventional means to get there.

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139. Organized crime refers to:

Explanation

The correct answer is any business that supplies illegal goods or services. Organized crime refers to criminal activities that are planned, coordinated, and carried out by a group or organization. These criminal enterprises often operate like businesses, supplying illegal goods or services such as drugs, weapons, human trafficking, or extortion. This definition encompasses a wide range of criminal activities conducted by organized crime syndicates.

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140. Stealing a bicycle from a front yard is one example of which criminal offense?

Explanation

Stealing a bicycle from a front yard would be considered larceny-theft. Larceny-theft refers to the act of unlawfully taking someone else's property without the use of force or threat. In this case, the offender is taking the bicycle without the owner's permission, making it an example of larceny-theft rather than auto-theft, robbery, or burglary, which involve different circumstances or elements.

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141. Suicide rates are generally higher among:

Explanation

The correct answer is "single people compared with married people." This is because research has consistently shown that individuals who are unmarried or not in a committed relationship have higher suicide rates compared to those who are married. Being in a stable and supportive relationship can provide emotional and social support, which may act as a protective factor against suicide.

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142. In Freud's model of personality, what represents the presence of culture within the individual?

Explanation

The superego in Freud's model of personality represents the presence of culture within the individual. It is the moral component of the personality that incorporates societal norms and values, as well as the individual's internalized sense of right and wrong. The superego acts as a conscience and strives for perfection by imposing guilt and shame when the individual's behavior deviates from societal expectations. It is influenced by cultural and societal factors, shaping the individual's thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors.

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143. Which of the following terms refers to biological reproduction by people of different racial categories?

Explanation

Miscegenation refers to biological reproduction by people of different racial categories. It is the interbreeding or mixing of different racial groups, often used to describe relationships or marriages between individuals of different races. This term specifically focuses on the biological aspect of reproduction and highlights the crossing of racial boundaries. Pluralism refers to the coexistence of different racial or ethnic groups in society, racial typology refers to the classification of races based on physical characteristics, and assimilation refers to the process of adopting the culture and customs of the dominant group.

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144. Sexual harassment became an issue in the united states in:

Explanation

Sexual harassment became a prominent issue in the United States in the 1990s. This was largely due to high-profile cases and public awareness that brought attention to the problem. One such case was the confirmation hearings of Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas in 1991, where Anita Hill accused him of sexual harassment. This highly publicized event sparked a national conversation about sexual harassment and led to increased efforts to address and prevent it. The 1990s marked a turning point in the recognition and understanding of sexual harassment as a serious social issue.

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145. Which statement reflects Simmel's understanding of the dyad?

Explanation

Simmel's understanding of the dyad is that it is less stable than groups with many members. This means that dyads, which consist of only two individuals, are more likely to dissolve or break apart compared to larger groups. Simmel believed that the presence of additional members in a group provides stability and balance, making it less susceptible to dissolution. Therefore, the correct answer reflects Simmel's perspective on the stability of dyads.

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146. Most people arrested for a violent crime are:

Explanation

The given answer suggests that the majority of people arrested for a violent crime are white. This is based on statistical data or research that shows a higher number of arrests for violent crimes among white individuals compared to other racial or ethnic groups. However, without additional context or specific data, it is important to note that this answer may not be universally applicable and can vary depending on the region or country being referred to.

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147. In terms of dramaturgical analysis, helping another person to "save face" or avoid embarrassment, is called:

Explanation

In dramaturgical analysis, helping another person to "save face" or avoid embarrassment is referred to as tact. Tact involves using careful and considerate communication strategies to maintain the dignity and self-esteem of others in social interactions. It is a way of managing impressions and ensuring smooth interactions by being sensitive to the feelings and needs of others. By practicing tact, individuals can navigate social situations without causing embarrassment or discomfort for others.

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148. Women often take the family name of men upon marriage. In sociological terms, this  is an example of how language can be used to convey.

Explanation

This is an example of how language can be used to convey power over others. By taking the family name of men upon marriage, women are symbolically indicating their submission to the authority and dominance of men within the family structure. This practice reinforces traditional gender roles and the societal power dynamics that favor men.

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149. When people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join, they are engaging in:

Explanation

Anticipatory socialization refers to the process of individuals adopting the behaviors, attitudes, and values of a group they aspire to join in the future. When people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join, they are engaging in anticipatory socialization. This behavior allows individuals to prepare themselves for the anticipated roles and expectations of the desired group, increasing their chances of acceptance and integration.

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Which discipline describes itself as "the sstematic study of...
Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population...
Family is important to the socialization process because:
A peer group is a social group whose members share common interests,...
The idea of "getting" a joke, according to the text, depends...
The term "bureaucracy" refers to:
______refers to a person's romantic and emotional attraction to...
Sexual attraction to someone of the same sex is called:
What term refers to a belief that one racial category is innately...
The holocaust, in which the Nazis murdered million of Jews, is an...
The term "sociology" was coined in 1838 by:
Which research method asks subjects to respond to a series of items in...
The unpleasant and even frightening exprience of encountering a...
Cultural transmission refers to process of:
The most widely spoken language in the United States, other than...
The term "subculture" refers to:
Multiculturalism is defined as:
Ethnocentrism refers to:
According to Jean Piaget, language and other symbols are first used in...
Assimilation refers to the pattern by which:
Little or no sexual attraction to people of either sex is called:
Elite prostitutes--young, attractive, and well eduated--are referred...
According to Piaget, in what stage of human development do individuals...
George Herbert Mead considered the self to be:
Ageism refers to:
The term "presentation of self" refers to:
The term "McDonaldization of society" refers to:
What is the term for the formal system that responds to the alleged...
The likelihood a person will be arrested for a street crime rises...
One norm found everywhere is the incest taboo, which refers to:
Durkheim documented that catergories of people with weaker social ties...
What is the term for the beliefs, vaules, behavior, and material...
Counterculture refers to:
Socialization takes place entirely in childhood.
What is the term for attitudes and activities that a society links to...
What term refers to an invisible, yet real, barrier that prevents many...
Which of the following terms refers to cultural heritage?
What is the term for a rigid and irrational generalization about an...
___________are characteristics of personality.
What is the term for a social position that is recieved at birth or...
A secondary group is a social group that:
Which type of leadership style focuses on instrumental concerns,...
Which type of group leader supports collective decision-making on an...
Which type of leaders tend to downplay their position and power,...
Which type of formal orgnization do people typically join to make...
From the point of view of a patient who is involuntarily committed,...
Which of the following terms refers to the rule of many by few?
Which of the following sociological terms refers to "the...
"Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime:
A hate crime is defined as:
"Crimes against persons" includes ALL BUT WHICH of the...
What is the term for the biological distinction between males and...
Sexual attraction to people of both sexes is called:
Social stratification refers to:
Because of social stratification:
Which of the following factors affect social class standing in the...
Which of the following people had an important influence on...
Until about 10,000 years ago, most poeple in world lived...
By saying that the sociological perspective shows us "the strange...
The process by which people act react in relation to others is called:
What is the sociological term for a social group with two members?
What is the sociological term for a social group toward which we feel...
What is the sociological term coined by Irving Janis for a limited...
What is the term for social organization in which males dominate...
While race refers to_______considered important by society, ethinicity...
Which of the following terms refers to the physical and social...
All but one of the following statements are correct. Which one is NOT...
The term "homophobia" refers to:
The social-conflict approach draws attention to:
By "taking the role of other," or the "ME" part of...
What is the term for the tension among roles connected to a single...
The study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance is...
What do sociologists call two or more people who identify and interact...
In his strain theory, Robert Merton would use which of the following...
Which is the term for crime committed by person of high scoial...
_______refers to the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting...
Prostitution is widely regarded as what kind of crime?
A child's sex is  determined shortly before birth by...
In a caste system:
The term "meritocracy" refers to social stratification:
Ideology refers to:
Gender refers to:
According to Emile Durkheim, a category of people with a higher...
Which theoretical apporoach is closest to that taken by early...
The language spoken by poeple in more nations of world than any other...
Hitler's aryan race was derived from ideas of U.S. race...
The spread of technomedia means that culture is now less likely to be:
Intersection theory focuses on:
What is the term for a category of people, distinguished by physical...
In the documentary, Race: The power of illusion, it was stated that we...
At a given time, you occupy a number of statuses. These are you:
What is the term for a status that has very great importance for...
Assume a surgeon chooses not to operate on her own son because the...
Which of the following is NOT one of the principles of...
Which of the following is a legal term meaning "guilty mind"...
A college professor who has advanced degrees, moderate salary, and...
_______is way of understanding the world based on science.
Cultural relativism means evaluating another culture according to the...
Jean Piaget's focus was on:
Jean Piaget called the level of development do individuals first use...
_________refers to efforts to radically change someone's...
What is the term for the conflict among roles corresponding to two or...
Here are four assertions about the social foundation of deviance;...
At birth, males and females are distinguished by_________, which are...
The weight of evidence indicated that sexual orientation is caused...
Critics of easily available pornography agrue that:
A caste system is defined as:
The practice of persons from one culture judging any other culture by...
Institutional prejudice and discrimination refers to the fact that:
Which of the following is at the heart of the controvery over...
Peter Berger described using the sociological perspective as seeing...
According to Comte, societies in which stage of development begin to...
If you were to attend a New York Ballet performance, you would be...
Afrocentrism refers to the dominnce of European cultural patterns.
In all societies:
Multiculturalists oppose assimilation because:
The "beauty myth" refers to the idea that:
How many states according to the film passed laws forbidding...
W.E.B. Du Bois' Africana theory was pert of the social-conflict...
Comte described the earliest human societies as being within which...
Are discussed in class, which of the following statements is true?
What is term  for person's fairly consistent patttern of...
Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud's...
_________defines who and what we are in relation to others.
Sociologists use what term to refer to the behavior people expect of...
What is the correct sociological term for all people with a common...
Formal organizations are:
In the United States, men account for______of all arrests for violent...
The development of breats and deeper voices in males are examples of:
The common ideology of a class system treats______as a sign of...
Patterns of socialization vary by class; in child-rearing, lower-class...
Three states currently have a "minority-majority". Which of...
Also, from the documentary Race: The power of illusion, it was stated...
Based on the documentary, it was said that sickle cell disease is a...
What is the term for a social position that is recieved at birth or...
Which of following statements linking nature and nurture is correct?
Which of the following is most likely to be a master status?
Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance uses the term_______to...
Organized crime refers to:
Stealing a bicycle from a front yard is one example of which criminal...
Suicide rates are generally higher among:
In Freud's model of personality, what represents the presence of...
Which of the following terms refers to biological reproduction by...
Sexual harassment became an issue in the united states in:
Which statement reflects Simmel's understanding of the dyad?
Most people arrested for a violent crime are:
In terms of dramaturgical analysis, helping another person to...
Women often take the family name of men upon marriage. In sociological...
When people model themselves after the members of peer groups they...
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