Sociology 1301 Final Exam Review

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  • 1/149 Questions

    Which discipline describes itself as "the sstematic study of society"?

    • History
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • Economics
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About This Quiz

This Sociology 1301 Final Exam Review assesses foundational concepts in sociology, exploring key theories, terms, and research findings. It tests understanding of sociological perspectives, social integration, and foundational theorists, preparing learners for advanced studies in sociology.

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  • 2. 

    Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population are referred to as:

    • Established culture

    • High culture

    • Popular culture

    • Virtual culture

    Correct Answer
    A. Popular culture
    Explanation
    Popular culture refers to cultural patterns that are widely embraced and practiced by a society's population. It encompasses the everyday activities, beliefs, and values that are commonly shared and followed by a large number of people. This can include trends in fashion, music, entertainment, and other aspects of popular media. Popular culture is often influenced by mass media and is constantly evolving and changing. It is distinct from high culture, which refers to more exclusive and elite forms of cultural expression, and established culture, which may refer to long-standing traditions and practices within a society. Virtual culture, on the other hand, typically refers to cultural patterns and practices that occur within online or virtual communities.

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  • 3. 

    Family is important to the socialization process because:

    • Parents greatly affect a child's self-concept.

    • Families give children social identity in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion.

    • Family members are often what Mead called "significant others"

    • All of the above are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above are correct
    Explanation
    Family is important to the socialization process because parents greatly affect a child's self-concept. They play a crucial role in shaping a child's beliefs, values, and behaviors, which contribute to their self-perception and understanding of their place in the world. Additionally, families give children social identity in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion. These aspects of social identity are often learned and reinforced within the family unit. Lastly, family members are often what Mead called "significant others," meaning they are the primary individuals who have a direct and significant influence on a person's socialization. Therefore, all of the above statements are correct in highlighting the importance of family in the socialization process.

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  • 4. 

    A peer group is a social group whose members share common interests, social position, and a similar age.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    A peer group is a social group that consists of individuals who have similar interests, social status, and are around the same age. These groups are formed based on commonalities and provide a sense of belonging and support for their members. Peer groups play a significant role in shaping individuals' behavior, attitudes, and values as they provide opportunities for social interaction, learning, and identity development. Therefore, the statement "A peer group is a social group whose members share common interests, social position, and a similar age" is true.

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  • 5. 

    The idea of "getting" a joke, according to the text, depends on: 

    • Having a different social background than the joke teller.

    • Understanding the two realities presented in the joke and appreciating their difference.

    • Understanding why someone is telling a joke.

    • Knowing the joke teller well.

    Correct Answer
    A. Understanding the two realities presented in the joke and appreciating their difference.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is understanding the two realities presented in the joke and appreciating their difference. The text suggests that getting a joke involves understanding the two different perspectives or realities that are being juxtaposed in the joke and appreciating the contrast between them. It implies that humor often arises from the unexpected or incongruous connection between these two realities, and understanding this contrast is key to understanding and appreciating the joke.

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  • 6. 

    The term "bureaucracy" refers to:

    • A large, normative organization

    • An organization model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently

    • An organizational model that operates informally

    • Any source of inefficiency in organizational operation

    Correct Answer
    A. An organization model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently
    Explanation
    The term "bureaucracy" refers to an organization model that is rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently. Bureaucracy is characterized by a hierarchical structure, standardized procedures, and clear division of labor. It emphasizes efficiency, rationality, and adherence to rules and regulations. This model is often used in large organizations, such as government agencies and corporations, to ensure smooth functioning and effective task completion.

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  • 7. 

    ______refers to a person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person.

    • Sexual orientation

    • Sexual experience

    • Sexual identity

    • Sex role

    Correct Answer
    A. Sexual orientation
    Explanation
    Sexual orientation refers to a person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person. It is the enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions that individuals may experience towards people of the same or different genders. It is an essential aspect of a person's identity and can be categorized into various orientations such as heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual. Sexual orientation is different from sexual experience, which refers to the actual sexual activities a person engages in, and sexual identity, which is how an individual perceives and identifies their own sexual orientation. Sex role, on the other hand, refers to societal expectations and norms related to behavior and roles based on an individual's sex.

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  • 8. 

    Sexual attraction to someone of the same sex is called:

    • Homosexuality

    • Heterosexuality

    • Asexuality

    • Bisexuality

    Correct Answer
    A. Homosexuality
    Explanation
    Homosexuality refers to the sexual attraction and/or romantic feelings towards individuals of the same sex. It is a term used to describe individuals who are attracted to and form relationships with people of their own gender. This attraction can manifest in various ways, including emotional, physical, and sexual desires. Homosexuality is a natural and normal variation of human sexuality, and it is an important aspect of individual identity for many people.

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  • 9. 

    What term refers to a belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another?

    • Racism

    • Prejudice

    • Scapegoating

    • Discrimination

    Correct Answer
    A. Racism
    Explanation
    Racism refers to the belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another. It is a form of prejudice that leads to discrimination and scapegoating based on race. Racism can manifest in various ways, including systemic oppression, hate crimes, and racial bias. It is important to acknowledge and address racism in order to promote equality and social justice.

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  • 10. 

    The holocaust, in which the Nazis murdered million of Jews, is an example of:

    • Genocide

    • Miscegenation

    • Assimilation

    • Hypersegregation

    Correct Answer
    A. Genocide
    Explanation
    The Holocaust, in which the Nazis systematically killed millions of Jews, is a clear example of genocide. Genocide refers to the deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, or religious group. The Nazis targeted Jews based on their perceived racial inferiority and sought to eliminate them entirely. The magnitude and intentionality of the killings during the Holocaust make it a textbook case of genocide.

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  • 11. 

    The term "sociology" was coined in 1838 by:

    • Auguste Comte

    • Adam Smith

    • Karl Marx

    • Herbert Spencer

    Correct Answer
    A. Auguste Comte
    Explanation
    Auguste Comte is credited with coining the term "sociology" in 1838. He is considered the founder of sociology and was one of the first thinkers to recognize the need for a scientific study of society. Comte believed that sociology should be based on empirical observations and that it could provide solutions to social problems. His work laid the foundation for the development of sociology as a separate discipline, separate from philosophy and other social sciences.

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  • 12. 

    Which research method asks subjects to respond to a series of items in a questionnaire or an interview?

    • Participant observation

    • Survey

    • Secondary research

    • Experiment

    Correct Answer
    A. Survey
    Explanation
    The research method that asks subjects to respond to a series of items in a questionnaire or an interview is called a survey. Surveys are commonly used in social science research to gather data from a large number of participants. This method allows researchers to collect information on various topics or behaviors by asking specific questions and recording the responses. Surveys can be conducted through different mediums such as paper-based questionnaires, online forms, or face-to-face interviews.

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  • 13. 

    The unpleasant and even frightening exprience of encountering a strange way of life is called:

    • Value conflict

    • Cultural diffusion

    • Acculturation

    • Culture shock

    Correct Answer
    A. Culture shock
    Explanation
    Culture shock refers to the unpleasant and even frightening experience of encountering a strange way of life. When individuals are exposed to a different culture, they may feel disoriented, anxious, and overwhelmed due to the unfamiliar customs, beliefs, and behaviors. This can lead to a sense of isolation and frustration as they struggle to adapt to the new cultural environment. Culture shock is a common phenomenon that occurs when people move or travel to a foreign country or interact with a culture that is significantly different from their own.

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  • 14. 

    Cultural transmission refers to process of:

    • Passing cultural patterns from one generation to another

    • Learning culture

    • Using writing to record cultural patterns

    • Using the oral tradition

    Correct Answer
    A. Passing cultural patterns from one generation to another
    Explanation
    Cultural transmission refers to the process of passing cultural patterns from one generation to another. This means that cultural beliefs, values, customs, and traditions are transferred from older individuals to younger individuals within a society. It involves the sharing of knowledge, experiences, and practices that are essential for the preservation and continuation of a particular culture. Through cultural transmission, individuals acquire the necessary skills and understanding to participate and contribute to their cultural heritage, ensuring its survival and evolution over time.

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  • 15. 

    The most widely spoken language in the United States, other than English, is:

    • Spanish

    • Italian

    • German

    • French

    Correct Answer
    A. Spanish
    Explanation
    Spanish is the most widely spoken language in the United States, other than English. This is because of the large population of Spanish-speaking immigrants from Latin American countries, as well as the proximity of the United States to Spanish-speaking countries such as Mexico. Spanish is also widely taught in schools across the country, further contributing to its popularity and prevalence.

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  • 16. 

    The term "subculture" refers to:

    • Popular culture.

    • Culture of the past.

    • Cultural patterns that set apart a segment of a society's population.

    • High culture.

    Correct Answer
    A. Cultural patterns that set apart a segment of a society's population.
    Explanation
    The term "subculture" refers to cultural patterns that set apart a segment of a society's population. This means that within a larger society, there are smaller groups or communities that have their own distinct beliefs, values, norms, and practices that differentiate them from the mainstream culture. These subcultures can be based on various factors such as age, ethnicity, occupation, or interests, and they often develop as a way for individuals to identify with a particular group and express their unique identities and lifestyles.

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  • 17. 

    Multiculturalism is defined as:

    • The idea that the United States should have only one dominant culture.

    • Efforts to establish English as the official language of the United States.

    • Efforts to encourage immigration to the United States.

    • An educational program recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equality of all cultural traditions.

    Correct Answer
    A. An educational program recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equality of all cultural traditions.
    Explanation
    This answer is correct because it accurately defines multiculturalism as an educational program that acknowledges the cultural diversity in the United States and promotes equality among all cultural traditions. It emphasizes the importance of recognizing and respecting different cultures, rather than advocating for one dominant culture or promoting efforts to establish English as the official language.

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  • 18. 

    Ethnocentrism refers to:

    • Taking pride in one's ethnicity.

    • Judging another culture as better than one's own.

    • Judging another culture by its own standards.

    • Judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture.

    Correct Answer
    A. Judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture.
    Explanation
    Ethnocentrism refers to judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture. This means that individuals evaluate and interpret other cultures based on their own cultural values, beliefs, and practices. Ethnocentrism often leads to a biased and limited perspective, as it fails to recognize the diversity and complexity of different cultures. It can result in misunderstandings, stereotypes, and a lack of appreciation for cultural differences.

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  • 19. 

    According to Jean Piaget, language and other symbols are first used in the preoperational stage.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that language and other symbols are first used in the preoperational stage. This stage occurs between the ages of 2 and 7, and during this time, children begin to use words, gestures, and other symbols to represent objects and ideas. They also engage in pretend play and use symbols to represent different roles and scenarios. This stage is characterized by the development of symbolic thinking, which allows children to use language and other symbols to represent their thoughts and experiences. Therefore, the statement "According to Jean Piaget, language and other symbols are first used in the preoperational stage" is true.

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  • 20. 

    Assimilation refers to the pattern by which:

    • People regain a lost cultural heritage

    • Minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant category

    • People come to accept minorities

    • Minority categories become more equal in social standing

    Correct Answer
    A. Minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant category
    Explanation
    Assimilation refers to the process in which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant category. This means that individuals from minority groups start adopting the customs, behaviors, and values of the majority group, often leading to a loss of their own cultural heritage. Assimilation can occur in various aspects of life, such as language, clothing, and social norms. It is a way for individuals to fit into the dominant society and become more similar to the majority group.

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  • 21. 

    Little or no sexual attraction to people of either sex is called:

    • Asexuality

    • Homosexuality

    • Bisexuality

    • Heterosexuality

    Correct Answer
    A. Asexuality
    Explanation
    Asexuality refers to the lack of sexual attraction towards both males and females. Asexual individuals may experience little or no interest in engaging in sexual relationships. This term is used to describe individuals who do not experience sexual desires or attractions towards others, regardless of their gender. Asexuality is a sexual orientation that differs from heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality, as it represents a lack of sexual attraction rather than a specific attraction to a particular gender.

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  • 22. 

    Elite prostitutes--young, attractive, and well eduated--are referred to as _______; while ______are at the bottom of the sex-worker hierarchy.

    • Call girls; brothel workers

    • Brothel workers; streetwalkers

    • Streetwalkers; call girls

    • Call girls; streetwalkers

    Correct Answer
    A. Call girls; streetwalkers
    Explanation
    The term "call girls" refers to elite prostitutes who are typically young, attractive, and well-educated. They are often hired by clients who call and make appointments with them. On the other hand, "streetwalkers" are at the bottom of the sex-worker hierarchy and are typically found soliciting clients on the streets. They do not have the same level of prestige or exclusivity as call girls.

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  • 23. 

    According to Piaget, in what stage of human development do individuals eperience the world only through sensory contact?

    • Sensorimotor stage

    • Preoperational stage

    • Formal operational stage

    • Concrete operational stage

    Correct Answer
    A. Sensorimotor stage
    Explanation
    According to Piaget, individuals in the sensorimotor stage of human development experience the world only through sensory contact. This stage typically occurs from birth to around 2 years of age, during which infants learn about their environment by using their senses and motor skills. They develop object permanence, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight. This stage is characterized by the gradual development of intentional actions and the ability to mentally represent objects and events.

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  • 24. 

    George Herbert Mead considered the self to be:

    • The presence of culture within the individual.

    • Present in infants at the time of their birth.

    • The part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image.

    • The presence of culture within the individual.

    Correct Answer
    A. The part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image.
    Explanation
    George Herbert Mead believed that the self is composed of self-awareness and self-image, which means it is the part of an individual's personality that involves how they perceive themselves and how they think others perceive them. Mead argued that the self develops through social interactions and is influenced by the individual's understanding of the attitudes and expectations of others. This perspective suggests that the self is not present at birth but rather emerges and evolves over time as a result of socialization and cultural influences.

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  • 25. 

    Ageism refers to:

    • The fact that young people know little of the experiences of growing old.

    • The rising share of elderly people in U.S. society.

    • Prejudice and discrimination against the elderly.

    • All of the above are correct.

    Correct Answer
    A. Prejudice and discrimination against the elderly.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is prejudice and discrimination against the elderly. Ageism refers to the negative attitudes, stereotypes, and discrimination towards individuals based on their age, particularly targeting older people. It involves treating older adults differently and unfairly, denying them opportunities, and devaluing their contributions to society. Ageism can manifest in various forms, such as age-based jokes, exclusion from employment or healthcare opportunities, and marginalization in social settings.

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  • 26. 

    The term "presentation of self" refers to:

    • Helping another "save face"

    • Interaction that is highly formal

    • Trying to take attention away from others

    • Efforts to create impressions in the minds of others

    Correct Answer
    A. Efforts to create impressions in the minds of others
    Explanation
    The term "presentation of self" refers to the efforts made by individuals to create specific impressions in the minds of others. This can include managing one's appearance, behavior, and communication style in order to shape how others perceive them. It involves consciously portraying oneself in a certain way to influence the opinions and judgments of others.

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  • 27. 

    Which type of leaders tend to downplay their position and power, allowing the group to function more or less on its own?

    • Democratic leaders

    • Authoritarian leaders

    • Bureaucratic leaders

    • Laissez-faire leaders

    Correct Answer
    A. Laissez-faire leaders
    Explanation
    Laissez-faire leaders tend to downplay their position and power, allowing the group to function more or less on its own. They adopt a hands-off approach, giving their subordinates a high degree of freedom and autonomy to make decisions and carry out tasks. This leadership style is characterized by minimal interference and minimal direction from the leader, as they believe in trusting their team members to take responsibility and achieve goals independently.

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  • 28. 

    From the point of view of a patient who is involuntarily committed, what type of formal organization is a mental hospital?

    • A normative organization

    • A utilitarian organization

    • A coercive organization

    • All of the above are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. A coercive organization
    Explanation
    A mental hospital can be considered a coercive organization because it exercises control and authority over involuntary patients. These patients are often admitted against their will and are subjected to various restrictions and treatments without their consent. The hospital's power is based on legal and institutional authority, allowing them to enforce rules and regulations upon the patients. The patients' lack of choice and autonomy in their treatment and stay further supports the classification of a mental hospital as a coercive organization.

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  • 29. 

    The term "McDonaldization of society" refers to:

    • The spread of McDonald's restaurants around the world.

    • Society becoming more filled with inefficient "red tape".

    • McDonald's organizational principles coming to dominate much of society.

    • The less and less predictable nature of today's society.

    Correct Answer
    A. McDonald's organizational principles coming to dominate much of society.
    Explanation
    The term "McDonaldization of society" refers to McDonald's organizational principles coming to dominate much of society. This means that the efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control that are characteristic of McDonald's fast food restaurants are increasingly being applied to various aspects of society, such as education, healthcare, and business. This can be seen in the standardization of processes, emphasis on speed and efficiency, and the use of technology to replace human labor. The term does not specifically refer to the spread of McDonald's restaurants or the presence of inefficient "red tape" in society.

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  • 30. 

    "Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime:

    • Is a violation of norms enacted into laws

    • Is always less serious

    • Is always more serious

    • Involves a larger share of the population

    Correct Answer
    A. Is a violation of norms enacted into laws
    Explanation
    Crime differs from deviance in that crime is a violation of norms that have been officially established as laws. Deviance, on the other hand, refers to any behavior that goes against societal norms, whether or not it is illegal. This means that while all crimes are considered deviant, not all deviant behaviors are classified as crimes. Therefore, the correct answer is that crime is a violation of norms enacted into laws.

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  • 31. 

    What is the term for the formal system that responds to the alleged violations of the law using police, courts, and prison officials?

    • Civil law

    • The criminal justice system

    • Socialization

    • The normative system

    Correct Answer
    A. The criminal justice system
    Explanation
    The correct answer is the criminal justice system. This term refers to the formal system that is responsible for responding to alleged violations of the law. It involves the use of police, courts, and prison officials to enforce and administer justice. The criminal justice system plays a crucial role in maintaining law and order within a society by investigating crimes, prosecuting offenders, and imposing appropriate punishments.

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  • 32. 

    The likelihood a person will be arrested for a street crime rises sharply:

    • During the late teenage years

    • During the middle thirties

    • In the late twenties

    • At about age forty

    Correct Answer
    A. During the late teenage years
    Explanation
    During the late teenage years, the likelihood of a person being arrested for a street crime rises sharply. This can be attributed to various factors such as increased peer influence, experimentation, impulsivity, and a lack of maturity and judgment. Teenagers may also be more susceptible to engaging in risky behaviors and succumbing to peer pressure, which can lead to involvement in criminal activities. Additionally, this age group may have limited understanding of the consequences of their actions, making them more prone to engaging in illegal behaviors.

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  • 33. 

    One norm found everywhere is the incest taboo, which refers to:

    • Norms forbidding old people from engaging in sex

    • Norms forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives

    • Norms forbidding young children from engaging in sex

    • Norms forbidding women from becoming sexually active before marriage

    Correct Answer
    A. Norms forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives
    Explanation
    The correct answer is norms forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives. The incest taboo is a cultural norm that prohibits sexual relationships or marriage between individuals who are closely related by blood. This norm exists in almost every society and serves to prevent genetic disorders that can occur when close relatives reproduce. It also helps maintain social order and prevent the breakdown of family structures.

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  • 34. 

    Because of social stratification:

    • Some people have more privileges and opportunities than others do.

    • Working hard is the only way people can become wealthy.

    • All people begin life on a level playing field.

    • What people get out of life is pretty much what they put into it.

    Correct Answer
    A. Some people have more privileges and opportunities than others do.
    Explanation
    Social stratification refers to the division of society into different social classes or groups based on factors such as wealth, power, and status. This division leads to unequal distribution of privileges and opportunities among individuals. Some people, due to their social position or background, have more advantages and resources available to them compared to others. This creates an uneven playing field where certain individuals have a head start in life, making it harder for others to attain the same level of success and wealth.

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  • 35. 

    Which of the following factors affect social class standing in the United States?

    • Our gender

    • Our race

    • The family we are born into

    • All of the above are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above are correct
    Explanation
    The factors that affect social class standing in the United States include our gender, our race, and the family we are born into. These factors play a significant role in determining an individual's social class and the opportunities and privileges they may have access to. Gender and race often lead to systemic inequalities and discrimination, while the family we are born into can influence our access to resources, education, and social networks. Therefore, all of the above factors are correct in determining social class standing in the United States.

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  • 36. 

    Durkheim documented that catergories of people with weaker social ties have lower suicide rates

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    Durkheim documented that categories of people with stronger social ties have lower suicide rates. This is because individuals with stronger social bonds tend to have a greater sense of belonging, support, and connection, which can act as a protective factor against suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Durkheim's research highlighted the importance of social integration and community in reducing the risk of suicide.

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  • 37. 

    What is the term for the beliefs, vaules, behavior, and material objects that, together, constitutes a people's way of life?

    • Culture

    • Social system

    • Society

    • Social structure

    Correct Answer
    A. Culture
    Explanation
    Culture refers to the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that define and shape a particular group of people's way of life. It encompasses the shared knowledge, customs, traditions, language, arts, and social institutions that are passed down from generation to generation. Culture influences individuals' thoughts, actions, and interactions within a society, and it plays a crucial role in shaping their identities and shaping the overall functioning of a community.

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  • 38. 

    ___________are characteristics of personality.

    • ID

    • EGO

    • SUPER EGO

    • ALL OF THE ABOVE

    Correct Answer
    A. ALL OF THE ABOVE
    Explanation
    All of the above options (ID, EGO, SUPER EGO) are characteristics of personality. The ID represents the instinctual and impulsive part of personality, the EGO represents the rational and decision-making part, and the SUPER EGO represents the moral and ethical part. Each of these components contributes to shaping an individual's personality and behavior.

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  • 39. 

    Counterculture refers to:

    • High culture

    • Popular culture

    • People who were born in another country

    • Cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held

    Correct Answer
    A. Cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held
    Explanation
    Counterculture refers to cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held. It represents a subculture or a group of people who reject or challenge the dominant cultural norms, values, and beliefs. Countercultural movements often emerge as a response to social, political, or cultural issues, aiming to bring about social change and challenge the status quo. These movements can encompass various aspects of society, such as music, fashion, lifestyle, and political ideologies, and they often seek to create alternative ways of living and thinking that are different from mainstream culture.

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  • 40. 

    Socialization takes place entirely in childhood.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    Socialization does not solely occur in childhood. While childhood is a critical period for socialization, it continues throughout our lives. Socialization is a lifelong process that involves learning and acquiring social norms, values, and behaviors from various social interactions and experiences. It occurs within families, schools, workplaces, communities, and through media and technology. Therefore, it is incorrect to state that socialization takes place entirely in childhood.

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  • 41. 

    What is the sociological term for a social group with two members?

    • A triad

    • A pair

    • A bond

    • A dyad

    Correct Answer
    A. A dyad
    Explanation
    A dyad is the correct answer because it refers to a social group consisting of two members. In sociology, a dyad is considered the smallest and most intimate social group, as it involves direct and intense interaction between the two individuals. The term "dyad" emphasizes the unique dynamics and characteristics that arise when there are only two members in a social group, such as increased interdependence and the potential for more intense emotional connections.

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  • 42. 

    What is the sociological term for a social group toward which we feel competition or opposition?

    • In-group

    • Network

    • Out-group

    • Reference group

    Correct Answer
    A. Out-group
    Explanation
    The term "out-group" refers to a social group that is perceived as different or opposed to one's own group. It represents a sense of competition or opposition, as individuals may feel a sense of loyalty and belonging to their in-group while viewing the out-group as a potential threat or rival. This concept is commonly used in sociology to understand group dynamics, intergroup relations, and the formation of social identities.

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  • 43. 

    What is the sociological term coined by Irving Janis for a limited understanding of some issue caused by group conformity?

    • Tunnel vision

    • Groupthink

    • Doublethink

    • Bureaucratic ritualism

    Correct Answer
    A. Groupthink
    Explanation
    Groupthink is a sociological term coined by Irving Janis that refers to a limited understanding of some issue caused by group conformity. It occurs when a group of individuals prioritize consensus and harmony over critical thinking and independent decision-making. In this phenomenon, group members tend to suppress dissenting opinions and conform to the dominant views of the group, leading to flawed decision-making and a failure to consider alternative perspectives. Groupthink can result in tunnel vision, where individuals become narrow-minded and fail to consider all available information and potential alternatives.

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  • 44. 

    What is the term for attitudes and activities that a society links to people of each sex?

    • Secondary sex characteristics

    • Gender roles

    • Primary sex characteristics

    • Sexual orientation

    Correct Answer
    A. Gender roles
    Explanation
    Gender roles refer to the attitudes, behaviors, and activities that a particular society deems appropriate for individuals based on their sex. These roles are often socially constructed and can vary across different cultures and time periods. Gender roles dictate expectations for how individuals should behave, dress, and interact based on their perceived gender. They encompass a wide range of activities, from household chores and career choices to emotional expression and social roles. Gender roles are deeply ingrained in society and can have a significant impact on individuals' lives and opportunities.

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  • 45. 

    What term refers to an invisible, yet real, barrier that prevents many women from rising beyond middle-management positions?

    • "comparable worth"

    • "pink-collar ghetto"

    • "glass ceiling"

    • "hidden sexism"

    Correct Answer
    A. "glass ceiling"
    Explanation
    The term "glass ceiling" refers to an invisible, yet real, barrier that prevents many women from rising beyond middle-management positions. It represents the societal and structural obstacles that hinder women's progress in their careers, often due to gender bias and discrimination. The glass ceiling concept highlights the disparities in opportunities and advancement between men and women in the workplace, highlighting the need for gender equality and breaking down these barriers.

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  • 46. 

    While race refers to_______considered important by society, ethinicity refers to_____.

    • Biological traits; cultural traits

    • Differences; what we have in common

    • Cultural traits; biological traits

    • None of the above are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. Biological traits; cultural traits
    Explanation
    Race refers to biological traits that are considered important by society, such as physical characteristics like skin color, hair texture, and facial features. On the other hand, ethnicity refers to cultural traits, including language, customs, traditions, and shared history, that a group of people have in common.

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  • 47. 

    Which of the following terms refers to cultural heritage?

    • Race

    • Stereotype

    • Ethnicity

    • Minority

    Correct Answer
    A. Ethnicity
    Explanation
    Ethnicity refers to cultural heritage because it is a term used to describe a person's cultural background, traditions, customs, and identity. It encompasses factors such as language, religion, nationality, and shared history. Ethnicity is often used to categorize and understand different cultural groups within a society. Unlike race, which is based on physical characteristics, ethnicity is primarily focused on the cultural aspects of a person's identity. Stereotype, race, and minority do not specifically pertain to cultural heritage, making ethnicity the correct answer.

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  • 48. 

    What is the term for a rigid and irrational generalization about an entire category of people?

    • Scapegoating

    • Discrimination

    • Prejudice

    • Racism

    Correct Answer
    A. Prejudice
    Explanation
    Prejudice refers to a rigid and irrational generalization about an entire category of people. It involves forming negative opinions or attitudes towards individuals based on their membership in a particular group, without considering their individual characteristics or experiences. Prejudice can be based on various factors such as race, gender, religion, or social class, and it often leads to discrimination and unfair treatment of individuals who belong to the targeted group.

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  • 49. 

    Which of the following terms refers to the physical and social separation of categories of people?

    • Assimilation

    • Pluralism

    • Segregation

    • Miscegentation

    Correct Answer
    A. Segregation
    Explanation
    Segregation refers to the physical and social separation of categories of people. It involves the enforced separation of different racial, ethnic, or social groups, often resulting in unequal access to resources, opportunities, and rights. This can occur through various means such as laws, policies, or social norms that restrict the interactions and integration of different groups within a society. Segregation has been historically used to maintain power dynamics and reinforce inequality, and it has significant social, economic, and political consequences for marginalized groups.

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  • Current Version
  • Mar 21, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
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  • Aug 09, 2012
    Quiz Created by
    Kmr72

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