Anatomy Exam About Eyes And Retina

The choroid is immediately adjacent to the retina followed by the sclera.

This is why cones can have so many more synaptic connections compared to rods.

Rod IS and OS are the same size

This is why it's cone shaped!

Muller cells in the retina serve both functions of providing physical support and controlling the extracellular environment. They are glial cells that span the entire thickness of the retina and help maintain its structural integrity. Muller cells also play a role in regulating the extracellular environment by transporting nutrients and ions, removing waste products, and maintaining the balance of neurotransmitters. Therefore, they serve both functions simultaneously.

The statement is true because the long and mid wavelength cones are responsible for detecting a wider range of colors, including red, green, and yellow. These cones are more numerous in the human eye compared to the short wavelength cones, which are responsible for detecting blue and violet colors. Therefore, the long and mid wavelength cones are more common in general.

Rods and cones get LARGER as we move more eccentrically

The muller cells span fron the inner to outer limiting membrane --> they span the entire length of the retina

We don't want them in the retina because they produce myelin and myelin is not transparent and would therefore interfere with light transmission

The correct answer is energy production. The function of the IS (Inner Segment) is to produce energy. The IS is a part of the photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye and is responsible for converting light into electrical signals. This conversion process requires a significant amount of energy, which is produced by the IS. Therefore, energy production is the correct function of the IS.

Outer plexiform layer has synapses of PRs and BPs. Inner plexiform has synapses of BPs and GCs, as well as amacrine cells with GCs.

ELM is an area where the photoreceptor fuse to create a barrier to the flow of ions to the retina. This is important for setting up an electrical charge across the retina.

The ellipsoid is closer to the OS than the myoid

RPE is highly pigmented and will absorb light that is not absorbed by the photopigment. This prevents back scatter of light that would cause a blurry image.
It's also important for the regeneration of photopigment. With retinal detachments, one cannot regenerate the photopigment.

High concentration of Na on inside

There's a different photopigment for each type of cone (3) and rod (1) = 4 total

They help form the BBB

SHORT cones form a matrix and the mid and long wavelength cones are found inbetween the matrix.

The cilium not only acts as a connection or shuttle between the outer segment (OS) and inner segment (IS) of a cell, but it also has the function of regenerating the OS. The outer segment is responsible for capturing light and converting it into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the inner segment for further processing. As the outer segment is constantly exposed to light and undergoes wear and tear, the cilium plays a crucial role in regenerating and maintaining the functionality of the outer segment, ensuring optimal visual function.

AMACRINE --> 25!

Rods and Cones (4)
BP (7)
GC (10)
H (2)
A (25)
Biplexiform (1)
Interplexiform (2)

The common features found in all species in the anatomy of photoreceptors are the outer segment, inner segment, nucleus, and synaptic terminal. The outer segment is responsible for capturing light and converting it into electrical signals. The inner segment contains the organelles and metabolic machinery necessary for the cell's functioning. The nucleus houses the genetic material and controls the cell's activities. The synaptic terminal is where the photoreceptor communicates with other cells in the visual system. These features are essential for the photoreceptor's role in detecting and processing visual information.

The nucleus in cones is closer to the OS than rods

central 2.5 degrees

There are 3 types of astrocytes but they are differentiated based on antaomical differences.

The components of a disc are lipoprotein and visual pigment. Lipoprotein is a combination of lipids (fats) and proteins, and it plays a crucial role in transporting lipids in the bloodstream. Visual pigment, on the other hand, is a light-sensitive molecule found in the retina of the eye, and it is responsible for the detection of light and the initiation of the visual process.

Half the cones are in the fovea, the other half are in the periphery

central 1.2 degrees