Renal And Urinary Tract Disorders: Trivia Quiz

Benign prostatic hypertrophy refers to the enlargement of the prostate gland, which can lead to urinary retention. This condition commonly presents with difficulty in starting and maintaining urine flow. The other options, such as valsalva maneuver (a breathing technique), neurogenic bladder (a dysfunction of the bladder due to nerve damage), and hydronephrosis (the swelling of a kidney due to a build-up of urine), are not directly related to the symptoms described in the question.

Stress urinary incontinence is characterized by the loss of small amounts of urine when intra-abdominal pressure increases. This can occur during activities such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, or exercising. It is caused by weakened pelvic floor muscles and the inability to properly support the bladder.

Urge incontinence is a type of urinary incontinence characterized by a sudden and intense urge to urinate, followed by involuntary leakage of urine. The contributing factors mentioned in the question, such as decreased bladder capacity, bladder irritation, and CNS (central nervous system) disorders, are known to be associated with urge incontinence. Decreased bladder capacity can result from conditions like bladder muscle overactivity or bladder obstruction. Bladder irritation can be caused by urinary tract infections or bladder stones. CNS disorders, such as Parkinson's disease or stroke, can disrupt the normal signaling between the brain and the bladder, leading to urge incontinence.

A cystocele is the protrusion of the bladder wall into the vagina, while a urethrocele is the protrusion of the urethral wall into the vagina. Both conditions involve the weakening of the pelvic floor muscles and connective tissues, leading to the displacement of these organs. This can result in symptoms such as urinary incontinence, frequent urinary tract infections, and a bulge or pressure in the vaginal area. Treatment options may include pelvic floor exercises, pessaries, or surgery to repair the weakened tissues and provide support to the organs.

Urinary retention with bladder overdistention and frequent loss of small amounts of urine (25-50 mL) is characteristic of overflow incontinence. This type of incontinence occurs when the bladder is unable to empty completely, leading to the overflow of urine. It is often caused by an obstruction or blockage in the urinary tract, such as an enlarged prostate or a urinary stone. The bladder becomes overfilled and the excess urine leaks out, resulting in frequent loss of small amounts of urine.

Reflex urinary incontinence is characterized by the involuntary loss of a moderate amount of urine occurring without warning. This type of incontinence is caused by a neurological condition that affects the bladder's ability to store and empty urine properly. The nerves controlling the bladder may be damaged or impaired, leading to unexpected urine leakage. Unlike other types of incontinence, reflex incontinence does not involve a feeling of urgency or the need to urinate.

Bladder neck suspension is the correct answer because it is a surgical procedure that is used to treat urethrocele. Urethrocele is a condition where the urethra bulges into the vagina, causing discomfort and urinary symptoms. Bladder neck suspension involves repositioning and securing the bladder neck and urethra to the surrounding pelvic structures, providing support and preventing the prolapse of the urethra. This procedure helps to alleviate the symptoms of urethrocele and improve urinary function. Prostatectomy, lithotripsy, and nephrectomy are not relevant surgical procedures for treating urethrocele.

The Crede method, which involves applying pressure over the symphysis pubis with the fingers of one or both hands, may promote complete bladder emptying. This technique is commonly used in individuals with neurogenic bladder, where there is a lack of nerve control over the bladder muscles. By applying pressure, the individual can manually assist in emptying the bladder. This method is often preferred over urinary catheterization, which involves inserting a catheter into the bladder, as it is less invasive and carries a lower risk of complications. The Valsalva maneuver, on the other hand, involves forceful exhalation against a closed airway and is not directly related to bladder emptying.

Anticholinergic drugs have the potential to cause urinary retention. These drugs block the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that plays a role in muscle contractions, including those involved in urination. By inhibiting the effects of acetylcholine, anticholinergic drugs can lead to the relaxation of the muscles that control the flow of urine, resulting in urinary retention. This can cause difficulty in emptying the bladder completely and may lead to various urinary problems.

The best treatment for a patient with Overflow Incontinence is a Foley Catheter. Overflow incontinence occurs when the bladder is unable to empty properly, leading to frequent leakage or dribbling of urine. A Foley Catheter is a thin tube inserted into the bladder to drain urine continuously, effectively relieving the symptoms of overflow incontinence. Anticholinergic drugs may be used to treat other types of incontinence, but they are not effective for overflow incontinence. Intravenous antibiotics are used to treat urinary tract infections, which can be a cause of overflow incontinence. Diuretic therapy is used to increase urine output and is not the appropriate treatment for overflow incontinence.

Cystometography is a diagnostic test used to evaluate bladder pressures. It involves measuring the pressure inside the bladder as it is filled with fluid. This test helps to assess bladder function and diagnose conditions such as bladder dysfunction or urinary incontinence. Cystometography provides valuable information about the bladder's capacity, compliance, and ability to hold and expel urine. It is commonly used in urology clinics and hospitals to aid in the diagnosis and management of various bladder-related problems.

If the nurse finds that the postvoid residual urine measurement is 100 mL or more, it indicates that further tests are needed. This is because a high amount of residual urine suggests that the patient is not effectively emptying their bladder, which can be indicative of a urinary tract obstruction, bladder dysfunction, or other underlying medical conditions. Further tests would be necessary to determine the cause of the high residual urine and to develop an appropriate treatment plan.