The Reformation (World History II) Part 1 Test

In 1517, Martin Luther, a German monk and theologian, wrote the 95 Theses to challenge the Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences. He nailed them to the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church, sparking the Protestant Reformation.

Of all of Henry VIII's heirs, Elizabeth I ruled for the longest. She reigned for 44 years from 1558 to 1603. Her rule, known as the Elizabethan Era, was marked by the flourishing of English drama, the defeat of the Spanish Armada, and relative internal stability. Compared to her siblings — Edward VI (ruled 6 years) and Mary I (ruled 5 years) — Elizabeth’s reign was significantly longer and more influential.

Henry VII’s heir Mary I, also known as “Bloody Mary,” was a devout Catholic. After the Protestant reforms initiated by her father Henry VIII and later her half-brother Edward VI, Mary attempted to restore Catholicism in England. During her reign, she persecuted Protestants, leading to the execution of many, which earned her the infamous nickname.

Charles V was indeed the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He ruled from 1519 until his abdication in 1556. Charles V was a powerful monarch who controlled vast territories, including Spain, the Netherlands, and parts of Italy and Germany. He played a significant role in European politics and was involved in conflicts such as the Protestant Reformation and the struggle for supremacy against France. Charles V's reign marked a period of great political and religious turmoil in Europe.

The correct answer is Leo X because he was the pope who sent a decree threatening Luther with excommunication. Leo X was the pope from 1513 to 1521 and was known for his opposition to Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation. He issued the decree in response to Luther's criticisms of the Catholic Church, particularly his Ninety-Five Theses. This decree ultimately led to Luther's excommunication from the Catholic Church in 1521.

The correct answer is "parliament." Parliament is the legislative body in England that has the power to pass laws and make important decisions. In this context, it is being mentioned that parliament legalized Henry's divorce, indicating that they passed a law or made a decision that allowed Henry to legally end his marriage.

The correct answer is "Wycliffe" because he was an English reformer who advocated for church reform in the early 1400s.

Henry VIII's first wife was Catherine of Aragon. This is historically accurate as Catherine of Aragon was the first wife of Henry VIII. They were married in 1509 and their marriage lasted for 24 years until Henry divorced her in 1533. Catherine was the daughter of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, and she was originally married to Henry's older brother, Arthur, until his death.

The Peace of Augsburg agreed that the rulers of a region would have the authority to determine the religion of that region. This meant that the ruler's religion would be the official religion of the territory, and the people living there would be expected to follow that religion. This agreement was a significant development in the religious conflicts of the time, as it allowed for a degree of religious tolerance and recognition of different faiths within the Holy Roman Empire.

The correct answer is "All of the Above" because the statement "A problem with lower clergy is that they: married, were illiterate, gambled" suggests that all of these issues were present among the lower clergy. This implies that the lower clergy faced multiple problems including being married, illiterate, and having gambling habits.

Luther was stirred up by multiple factors. Firstly, he was disturbed by the treatment of a priest towards commoners, which likely involved unfair or unjust behavior. Additionally, Luther discovered indulgences, which were a corrupt practice in which people could buy forgiveness for their sins. Lastly, Luther witnessed a priest cheating people out of their money, further fueling his discontent. Therefore, all of the above reasons contributed to Luther's agitation.

As a consequence of Henry making himself head of the Church of England, he closed all monasteries, took the church's land in England, and increased the wealth of England. This is because by making himself the head of the Church, Henry was able to dissolve the monasteries and confiscate their lands, which not only increased his own wealth but also the wealth of England as a whole. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the Above."

The teachings of early English and Bohemian reformers emphasized several key beliefs. Firstly, they argued that the pope should not have the right to wield worldly power. They also believed that the Bible held more authority than church leaders, emphasizing the importance of scripture in guiding religious practices. Lastly, they asserted that Jesus, not the pope, was the true head of the church. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the Above."

During the war between Spain and England, England emerged as the winner.

The reformation was at its peak during the 16th century. This was a period of religious and social upheaval in Europe, characterized by the emergence of Protestantism and the challenging of the authority of the Catholic Church. Key figures such as Martin Luther and John Calvin played significant roles in leading this movement, which had far-reaching effects on the religious, political, and cultural landscape of the time. The 16th century saw the establishment of new Protestant denominations and the breaking away from the Catholic Church, making it the century when the reformation reached its height.

The purpose of the Edict of Worms was to try Luther for heresy. This edict was issued by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw and a heretic. It prohibited anyone from providing Luther with food or shelter, and it authorized the seizure of his books. The edict aimed to suppress Luther's teachings and prevent the spread of Protestantism.

Protestants only have two sacraments, which are Baptism and Eucharist. Baptism is a ritual of initiation into the Christian faith, symbolizing the cleansing of sins and the rebirth into a new life in Christ. Eucharist, also known as Communion or the Lord's Supper, is a sacrament in which believers partake in the bread and wine, symbolizing the body and blood of Jesus Christ. These two sacraments hold significant importance in the Protestant tradition and are seen as essential practices for spiritual growth and connection with God.

An indulgence is a pardon that releases a person from their sins. In the context of the Catholic Church, indulgences were historically sold as a means for individuals to obtain forgiveness for their sins and ensure their place in heaven. This practice was controversial and led to the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. The concept of indulgences is based on the belief that the merits of Christ and the saints can be applied to individuals to lessen the punishment for their sins.

During the Renaissance period, popes played a significant role in promoting and supporting the arts. They acted as patrons to various artists, musicians, and architects, providing them with financial support and commissions for their work. This patronage helped to foster the development of the arts during this time, leading to the creation of numerous masterpieces. The popes recognized the cultural and social importance of the arts and used their influence and resources to encourage artistic expression and creativity. By patronizing the arts, they contributed to the flourishing of Renaissance culture and left a lasting legacy in the form of iconic artworks and architectural marvels.

Anne Boleyn gave birth to Elizabeth I. She died by execution.

Philip II is the correct answer because he was the one who assembled the Spanish Armada to attack England. As the King of Spain from 1556 to 1598, Philip II had a strong desire to expand Spanish influence and counter the Protestant Reformation. He saw England, under the rule of Queen Elizabeth I, as a threat to Catholicism and sought to invade and overthrow her. Philip II commissioned the construction and organization of the Spanish Armada, a large fleet of ships, to carry out this mission.

The correct answer is German peasants demanded an end to serfdom. The peasant's revolt refers to a historical event in Germany where the peasants rose up against the feudal system and demanded their freedom from serfdom. This revolt was a significant social and political movement that aimed to improve the rights and conditions of the peasants.

This teaching of Luther emphasizes that salvation is not solely dependent on faith or grace, but also on the good works performed by individuals. According to Luther, people can attain salvation by actively engaging in acts of kindness, charity, and righteousness. This belief challenged the prevailing Catholic doctrine that salvation is obtained through faith alone. Luther's emphasis on good works as a means of salvation played a significant role in the Protestant Reformation and the development of Protestant theology.

During certain periods in history, the Church of England did not have a favorable view of Catholics and considered them heretics. However, instead of executing them or completely ignoring their presence, the Church of England imposed a financial penalty on Catholics. This allowed the Church to exert control over the Catholic population and also served as a means of generating revenue. By imposing a hefty fine, the Church of England could maintain a level of tolerance towards Catholics while still asserting its authority and discouraging Catholic practices.

The correct answer is Mary because she was Henry VIII's first child to rule as monarch. Henry VIII had three children who became monarchs: Edward VI, Mary, and Elizabeth I. Edward VI ruled after Henry's death, followed by Mary, and then Elizabeth I. Therefore, Mary was the first heir to rule.

Elizabeth I began colonization in America as a result of being in huge debt. This was due to the fact that colonization provided an opportunity to establish new trade routes, acquire valuable resources, and generate wealth, which could help alleviate her financial burdens. Additionally, colonization allowed for the expansion of English influence and power, which was important for maintaining political stability and security. Therefore, the motive of financial gain and debt relief was a significant factor in Elizabeth I's decision to begin colonization in America.

Luther was excommunicated when he burned the Papal Bull. This act was seen as a direct challenge to the authority of the Pope and the Catholic Church. The Papal Bull was a formal document issued by the Pope, and burning it was a symbolic act of defiance. This action further cemented Luther's position as a heretic in the eyes of the Catholic Church, leading to his excommunication.

Some German leaders liked Luther's policies because they wanted to seize the Church's property. Luther's teachings and actions challenged the authority and wealth of the Catholic Church, which appealed to those who desired to gain control over the Church's vast resources. By supporting Luther, these leaders saw an opportunity to acquire wealth and power by taking possession of the Church's properties and assets.

Luther's teaching emphasizes that church doctrine should be based on the Bible. This means that the teachings and beliefs of the church should align with the teachings and principles found in the Bible. This highlights the importance of scripture as the ultimate authority in guiding the beliefs and practices of the church. By basing church doctrine on the Bible, Luther aimed to reform the church and bring it back to its original teachings as outlined in the scriptures.

Savonarola believed that there should be no vanity. This means that he advocated for a rejection of materialism, excessive pride, and self-centeredness. He believed that individuals should focus on spiritual matters rather than worldly possessions and superficial appearances. Savonarola's teachings emphasized the importance of humility and simplicity in one's life, promoting a more spiritual and virtuous existence.