Radiation Quiz Section A & B

Lead is the best shield for gamma radiation because it has a high atomic number and density, which allows it to effectively absorb and block the high-energy gamma rays. Lead is commonly used in various applications involving radiation protection, such as in nuclear power plants, medical imaging, and radiation therapy. It is able to attenuate and reduce the intensity of gamma radiation, providing a reliable barrier to protect against its harmful effects.

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons in their nucleus. These extra neutrons cause the isotope to have a different mass than the regular atom. Some isotopes are radioactive because the extra neutrons make the nucleus unstable. This instability causes the isotope to decay over time, releasing radiation in the process. Therefore, the statement that an isotope has a different mass due to extra neutrons and is sometimes radioactive because of the unstable nucleus is true.

Alpha radiation has the least penetrating power among the given options. Alpha particles are large and heavy, consisting of two protons and two neutrons. Due to their size and charge, they interact strongly with matter, causing ionization and losing energy quickly. This results in a short range and low penetrating power, making them easily stopped by a sheet of paper or a few centimeters of air. In contrast, beta particles, gamma rays, and X-rays have higher energies and smaller sizes, allowing them to penetrate further into materials.

The average atomic mass of Neon can be calculated by taking the weighted average of the atomic masses of each isotope, based on their abundance. In this case, Neon-20 has an abundance of 90%, Neon-22 has an abundance of 6%, and Neon-21 has an abundance of 4%. To calculate the average atomic mass, we multiply the atomic mass of each isotope by its abundance, and then sum up these values. In this case, (20.00 * 0.90) + (22.00 * 0.06) + (21.00 * 0.04) equals 20.16, which is the average atomic mass of Neon.

The correct answer is proton = positive (nucleus), neutron = no charge (nucleus), electron = negative (orbit). This answer aligns with the known properties of subatomic particles. Protons have a positive charge and are located in the nucleus of an atom. Neutrons have no charge and are also located in the nucleus. Electrons have a negative charge and orbit around the nucleus.

Radioactive materials, like uranium, fluoresce on their own and can develop photo-paper. This statement aligns with the properties of radioactive materials, which have the ability to emit radiation and produce visible light when exposed to certain conditions. Uranium, being a radioactive material, can undergo this process and cause fluorescence. Additionally, this fluorescence can be captured on photo-paper, indicating the ability of radioactive materials to interact with light-sensitive materials.

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Atomic mass is composed of protons and neutrons. Electrons do not contribute significantly to the atomic mass because they have very little mass compared to protons and neutrons. Protons have a positive charge and are located in the nucleus of an atom, while neutrons have no charge and are also found in the nucleus. Together, protons and neutrons make up the majority of the mass of an atom, and their combined number is represented by the atomic mass.

The correct answer is mrem. The unit commonly used to measure annual radiation exposure is mrem, which stands for millirem. This unit is commonly used in the field of radiation protection to quantify the amount of radiation that an individual is exposed to over a period of time. It is a smaller unit compared to rem, with 1 rem being equal to 1000 mrem.

Ionizing radiation is dangerous and has shorter wavelengths than non-ionizing radiation. It has more energy and includes x-rays and UV radiation. Non-ionizing radiation is also not dangerous, but it has longer wavelengths and includes the rainbow and AM radio. Therefore, the correct answer is both b and c, as both statements are true.

The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in its nucleus. Carbon-14 has an atomic number of 6, indicating that it has 6 protons. The number of neutrons can be calculated by subtracting the atomic number from the mass number. In this case, Carbon-14 has a mass number of 14 and an atomic number of 6, so it has 8 neutrons (14 - 6 = 8). The number of electrons in a neutral atom is equal to the number of protons, so Carbon-14 has 6 electrons. Lastly, the mass of Carbon-14 is 14 atomic mass units (AMU).

The statement is incorrect. Nuclear radiation includes gamma rays, beta particles, and alpha particles, but UV and x-rays are not forms of nuclear radiation. UV radiation comes from the sun and x-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation. Therefore, the correct answer is false.

Rutherford's discoveries include the large nucleus and the positive nucleus. Through his gold foil experiment, Rutherford observed that most of the alpha particles passed straight through the foil, indicating that the atom is mostly empty space. However, a small fraction of the alpha particles were deflected at large angles, suggesting the presence of a dense, positively charged nucleus at the center of the atom. This experiment provided evidence for the existence of a large, positively charged nucleus in the atom.

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