1.
The United Nations tribunal argued that Nazis had committed
Correct Answer
D. Crimes against humanity
Explanation
The correct answer is "crimes against humanity." The United Nations tribunal argued that the Nazis had committed crimes against humanity, which refers to acts that are systematically carried out against any civilian population, such as murder, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts. This term encompasses a wide range of offenses that are considered to be grave violations of human rights and are not limited to any specific group or individuals. The Nazis' actions, including the murder of 11,100 people and crimes against disadvantaged groups, fall under this category.
2.
Gilligan argued that there are significant ________ in the way in which individuals respond to moral dilemmas.
Correct Answer
D. A & B
Explanation
Gilligan argued that there are significant racial and gender differences in the way individuals respond to moral dilemmas. This suggests that individuals from different racial backgrounds and genders may have unique perspectives and approaches when faced with moral challenges. These differences can stem from varying cultural norms, personal experiences, and socialization processes. By recognizing and understanding these differences, we can gain insights into the complexity of moral decision-making and work towards a more inclusive and equitable society.
3.
At which stage of moral development do children come to understand the basic notion of reciprocity?
Correct Answer
A. Stage 2
Explanation
Stage 2 of moral development is characterized by the understanding of the basic notion of reciprocity. This stage, known as the instrumental-exchange orientation, occurs during early childhood. At this stage, children begin to recognize that there is a give-and-take aspect to relationships and that they can receive rewards or punishments based on their actions. They start to understand the concept of fairness and fairness in exchanges. This understanding forms the foundation for the development of more complex moral reasoning in later stages.
4.
What group of individuals tends to score around stage 3 on Kohlberg's model of moral development?
Correct Answer
B. Women
Explanation
According to Kohlberg's model of moral development, women tend to score around stage 3. This stage is characterized by an individual's desire to maintain interpersonal relationships and conform to social norms. Women are often socialized to prioritize relationships and empathy, which aligns with stage 3 values. Therefore, women are more likely to exhibit moral reasoning at this stage compared to other groups.
5.
At which stage does moral thinking become more abstract and conceptual?
Correct Answer
B. Stage 5
6.
The notion of moral ________ implies that conceptions of morality and types of moral reasoning are not static across the lifespan.
Correct Answer
C. Development
7.
Kohlberg's model suggests that rather than criminality being directly equated with immorality, it may be better to understand the relationship between lawbreaking and morality as a:
Correct Answer
D. Continuum
8.
Which stage of moral development is consistent with the arguments of Kant and Rawls?
Correct Answer
C. Stage 6
Explanation
Stage 6 of moral development is consistent with the arguments of Kant and Rawls. This stage is known as the universal ethical principles stage, where individuals develop their own set of ethical principles based on justice, equality, and respect for human rights. Kant's moral philosophy emphasizes the importance of following universal moral principles, such as the categorical imperative, which states that actions should be based on principles that could be universally applied. Similarly, Rawls' theory of justice focuses on the principles of fairness and equality in society. Both Kant and Rawls advocate for a moral framework that prioritizes universal ethical principles, making stage 6 the most suitable stage for their arguments.
9.
In ________, Martin Luther King, Jr., argued that there are two types of laws: just and unjust.
Correct Answer
D. Letter from Birmingham Jail
10.
For the majority of people, which stage will be the highest that they will achieve?
Correct Answer
A. Stage 4
11.
Under Kohlberg's model, there are _______ levels with each having ________ stages.
Correct Answer
D. Three; two
12.
________ involves a peaceful refusal to obey existing laws that are felt to be unjust, a conscientious disrespect for laws that conflict with one's commitment to higher ethical principles.
Correct Answer
A. Civil disobedience
13.
At which stage does a critical dimension (a willingness to evaluate and assess those with whom one identifies) appear for the first time?
Correct Answer
C. Stage 5
14.
________ suggested that a law may be unjust if it is degrading to humans, discriminatory, enacted by an authority that is not truly representative and/or unjustly applied.
Correct Answer
A. Judith Boss
Explanation
Judith Boss suggested that a law may be unjust if it is degrading to humans, discriminatory, enacted by an authority that is not truly representative, and/or unjustly applied.
15.
The Nuremberg trials, judges appealed to ________ law as a means of bringing Nazi leaders and war criminals to trial.
Correct Answer
B. Natural
Explanation
During the Nuremberg trials, judges appealed to natural law as a means of bringing Nazi leaders and war criminals to trial. Natural law refers to a system of moral principles that are inherent in human nature and can be universally applied. By invoking natural law, the judges aimed to establish a universal standard of justice that transcended national boundaries and legal systems, ensuring that the Nazi leaders and war criminals were held accountable for their actions.
16.
Work during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s by ________ was responsible for great growth and progress involving the theory of, research on, and knowledge about the evolution of morality and moral behavior.
Correct Answer
A. Lawrence Kohlberg
Explanation
The work of Lawrence Kohlberg during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s was responsible for great growth and progress involving the theory of, research on, and knowledge about the evolution of morality and moral behavior.
17.
Kohlberg argues that _________ can contribute to moral development by inviting us to reflect on the views of others.
Correct Answer
A. Role-taking opportunities
Explanation
Kohlberg argues that role-taking opportunities can contribute to moral development by inviting us to reflect on the views of others. Role-taking allows individuals to put themselves in someone else's shoes and consider their perspective, fostering empathy and understanding. Through this process, individuals can develop a more nuanced understanding of moral issues, leading to moral growth and development.
18.
Kohlberg argues that morality develops as a result of
Correct Answer
C. Being exposed to challenging moral scenarios and thinking critically about those dilemmas.
Explanation
Kohlberg's argument is that morality develops through exposure to challenging moral scenarios and critical thinking about those dilemmas. This means that individuals develop their moral reasoning by actively engaging with difficult moral situations and reflecting on them. It suggests that moral development is not solely a result of biological processes or being punished, but rather an active cognitive process that involves analyzing and evaluating moral dilemmas.
19.
From a developmental perspective, the question is not ______, but instead is_______.
Correct Answer
A. What would Jesus do?; How would Jesus think about what to do?
Explanation
The correct answer is "What would Jesus do?; How would Jesus think about what to do?" because it suggests that considering Jesus' actions and thought process is more important than focusing on his emotions. This aligns with a developmental perspective, which emphasizes cognitive and moral development over emotional development.
20.
When Kohlberg discusses "reversible" solutions to moral dilemmas, he is suggesting that we
Correct Answer
C. Find a solution that would be fair and just from the perspective of everyone involved.
Explanation
Kohlberg's concept of "reversible" solutions to moral dilemmas implies finding a solution that is fair and just from the perspective of everyone involved. This means considering the viewpoints and interests of all parties and striving for an outcome that is equitable and impartial. It emphasizes the importance of empathy, fairness, and a balanced approach to resolving moral conflicts. Turning the other cheek, doing unto others as we would have them do unto us, and maximizing our own utility are not specifically related to Kohlberg's idea of reversible solutions.