Kohlberg's Theory Of Moral Development Quiz

1. According to Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development, which stage is characterized by behavior driven by avoiding punishment and seeking rewards?

Pre-conventional Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation

Conventional Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships

Conventional Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order

Post-conventional Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development outlines stages through which individuals progress as they develop moral reasoning. The correct answer, Pre-conventional Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation, is the initial stage where behavior is primarily motivated by the desire to avoid punishment and obtain rewards. At this level, individuals, typically children, perceive rules as fixed and absolute. They obey authority figures to avoid negative consequences, and their understanding of morality is externally controlled. This stage contrasts with later stages where moral reasoning becomes more complex and internally motivated by principles of justice and social contracts.

Explanation

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development outlines stages through which individuals progress as they develop moral reasoning. The correct answer, Pre-conventional Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation, is the initial stage where behavior is primarily motivated by the desire to avoid punishment and obtain rewards. At this level, individuals, typically children, perceive rules as fixed and absolute. They obey authority figures to avoid negative consequences, and their understanding of morality is externally controlled. This stage contrasts with later stages where moral reasoning becomes more complex and internally motivated by principles of justice and social contracts.

2. Work during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s by ________ was responsible for great growth and progress involving the theory of, research on, and knowledge about the evolution of morality and moral behavior.

Lawrence Kohlberg

Carol Gilligan

Immanuel Kant

Judith Boss

Work during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s by Lawrence Kohlberg was responsible for great growth and progress involving the theory of, research on, and knowledge about the evolution of morality and moral behavior. Kohlberg developed a comprehensive theory of moral development, outlining six stages grouped into three levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. His research provided deep insights into how individuals' moral reasoning evolves over time, influenced by cognitive development and social experiences. Kohlberg's work has had a lasting impact on the fields of psychology, education, and ethics, advancing our understanding of how moral thinking and behavior develop throughout life.

Explanation

Work during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s by Lawrence Kohlberg was responsible for great growth and progress involving the theory of, research on, and knowledge about the evolution of morality and moral behavior. Kohlberg developed a comprehensive theory of moral development, outlining six stages grouped into three levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. His research provided deep insights into how individuals' moral reasoning evolves over time, influenced by cognitive development and social experiences. Kohlberg's work has had a lasting impact on the fields of psychology, education, and ethics, advancing our understanding of how moral thinking and behavior develop throughout life.

3. The notion of moral ________ implies that conceptions of morality and types of moral reasoning are not static across the lifespan.

Equilibrium

Ethics

Development

Transgression

The notion of moral development implies that conceptions of morality and types of moral reasoning are not static across the lifespan. This concept suggests that as individuals grow and experience different stages of life, their understanding of morality evolves. Kohlberg's theory, for example, outlines a progression through different stages of moral reasoning, from basic, concrete thinking about right and wrong to more abstract, principled understanding of ethics and justice. This development is influenced by cognitive growth, social interactions, and educational experiences, indicating that moral reasoning can become more sophisticated and nuanced over time.

Explanation

The notion of moral development implies that conceptions of morality and types of moral reasoning are not static across the lifespan. This concept suggests that as individuals grow and experience different stages of life, their understanding of morality evolves. Kohlberg's theory, for example, outlines a progression through different stages of moral reasoning, from basic, concrete thinking about right and wrong to more abstract, principled understanding of ethics and justice. This development is influenced by cognitive growth, social interactions, and educational experiences, indicating that moral reasoning can become more sophisticated and nuanced over time.

4. Under Kohlberg's model, there are _______ levels with each having ________ stages.

Four; two

Three; three

Two; three

Three; two

Under Kohlberg's model, there are three levels with each having two stages. The three levels are: Pre-conventional, Conventional, and Post-conventional. Each level contains two distinct stages, making a total of six stages of moral development. The Pre-conventional level includes Stage 1 (Obedience and Punishment) and Stage 2 (Individualism and Exchange). The Conventional level includes Stage 3 (Good Interpersonal Relationships) and Stage 4 (Maintaining Social Order). The Post-conventional level includes Stage 5 (Social Contract and Individual Rights) and Stage 6 (Universal Ethical Principles). This structure helps to outline the progression of moral reasoning from basic to advanced ethical thinking.

Explanation

Under Kohlberg's model, there are three levels with each having two stages. The three levels are: Pre-conventional, Conventional, and Post-conventional. Each level contains two distinct stages, making a total of six stages of moral development. The Pre-conventional level includes Stage 1 (Obedience and Punishment) and Stage 2 (Individualism and Exchange). The Conventional level includes Stage 3 (Good Interpersonal Relationships) and Stage 4 (Maintaining Social Order). The Post-conventional level includes Stage 5 (Social Contract and Individual Rights) and Stage 6 (Universal Ethical Principles). This structure helps to outline the progression of moral reasoning from basic to advanced ethical thinking.

5. From a developmental perspective, the question is not ______, but instead is_______.

What would Jesus do?; How would Jesus think about what to do?

How would Jesus think about what to do? How would Jesus feel?

How would Jesus feel? What would Jesus do?

"What would Jesus do?" is the only issue that needs to be considered.

From a developmental perspective, the question is not "What would Jesus do?" but instead is "How would Jesus think about what to do?" This shift emphasizes the importance of understanding the reasoning process behind moral decisions rather than just the actions themselves. By focusing on how a moral figure like Jesus would think about a situation, individuals are encouraged to develop their own critical thinking and moral reasoning skills. This approach aligns with Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which stresses the significance of cognitive processes and ethical principles in making informed and principled moral choices.

Explanation

From a developmental perspective, the question is not "What would Jesus do?" but instead is "How would Jesus think about what to do?" This shift emphasizes the importance of understanding the reasoning process behind moral decisions rather than just the actions themselves. By focusing on how a moral figure like Jesus would think about a situation, individuals are encouraged to develop their own critical thinking and moral reasoning skills. This approach aligns with Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which stresses the significance of cognitive processes and ethical principles in making informed and principled moral choices.

6. When Kohlberg discusses "reversible" solutions to moral dilemmas, he is suggesting that we

Do unto others as we would have them do unto us.

Turn the other cheek.

Find a solution that would be fair and just from the perspective of everyone involved.

Find a way to maximize our own utility.

When Kohlberg discusses "reversible" solutions to moral dilemmas, he suggests that we find a solution that would be fair and just from the perspective of everyone involved. This means considering how each person affected by the decision would view the fairness of the outcome. A reversible solution requires putting oneself in others' shoes and ensuring that the moral reasoning and decision-making process respects and balances everyone's rights and needs. This concept aligns with the idea of ethical reciprocity and justice, promoting decisions that are impartial and equitable for all parties concerned.

Explanation

When Kohlberg discusses "reversible" solutions to moral dilemmas, he suggests that we find a solution that would be fair and just from the perspective of everyone involved. This means considering how each person affected by the decision would view the fairness of the outcome. A reversible solution requires putting oneself in others' shoes and ensuring that the moral reasoning and decision-making process respects and balances everyone's rights and needs. This concept aligns with the idea of ethical reciprocity and justice, promoting decisions that are impartial and equitable for all parties concerned.

7. At which stage of moral development do children come to understand the basic notion of reciprocity?

Stage 2

Stage 1

Stage 3

A & B

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, children come to understand the basic notion of reciprocity at Stage 2, which is known as the "individualism and exchange" stage. At this level, children recognize that others have different viewpoints and that fair exchanges can benefit both parties. They begin to grasp the concept of mutual benefit and fairness, understanding that good behavior can be rewarded and that cooperation can lead to mutually advantageous outcomes. This stage is part of the pre-conventional level, where moral reasoning is still primarily focused on individual needs and direct consequences.

Explanation

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, children come to understand the basic notion of reciprocity at Stage 2, which is known as the "individualism and exchange" stage. At this level, children recognize that others have different viewpoints and that fair exchanges can benefit both parties. They begin to grasp the concept of mutual benefit and fairness, understanding that good behavior can be rewarded and that cooperation can lead to mutually advantageous outcomes. This stage is part of the pre-conventional level, where moral reasoning is still primarily focused on individual needs and direct consequences.

8. ________ involves a peaceful refusal to obey existing laws that are felt to be unjust, a conscientious disrespect for laws that conflict with one's commitment to higher ethical principles.

Civil disobedience

Civil rights

Universal ethical principles

Universal morality

Civil disobedience involves a peaceful refusal to obey existing laws that are felt to be unjust, showing a conscientious disrespect for laws that conflict with one's commitment to higher ethical principles. This form of protest is characterized by nonviolent resistance and is often used to highlight and challenge laws or policies that are seen as morally wrong. Figures like Martin Luther King, Jr., and Mahatma Gandhi famously employed civil disobedience to fight for civil rights and social justice. It reflects a commitment to moral principles over legal mandates, aiming to bring about positive change through ethical and peaceful means.

Explanation

Civil disobedience involves a peaceful refusal to obey existing laws that are felt to be unjust, showing a conscientious disrespect for laws that conflict with one's commitment to higher ethical principles. This form of protest is characterized by nonviolent resistance and is often used to highlight and challenge laws or policies that are seen as morally wrong. Figures like Martin Luther King, Jr., and Mahatma Gandhi famously employed civil disobedience to fight for civil rights and social justice. It reflects a commitment to moral principles over legal mandates, aiming to bring about positive change through ethical and peaceful means.

9. What group of individuals tends to score around stage 3 on Kohlberg's model of moral development?

Men

Women

African Americans

College professors

Women tend to score around Stage 3 on Kohlberg's model of moral development. Stage 3 is known as the "good interpersonal relationships" stage, where individuals emphasize caring, trust, and loyalty in their moral reasoning. Carol Gilligan's research highlighted that women often focus more on maintaining relationships and seeking approval from others, which aligns with the characteristics of Stage 3. This stage is part of the conventional level of moral development, where social approval and the well-being of others play a crucial role in ethical decision-making. While men can also be at this stage, Gilligan's findings specifically noted this trend among women.

Explanation

Women tend to score around Stage 3 on Kohlberg's model of moral development. Stage 3 is known as the "good interpersonal relationships" stage, where individuals emphasize caring, trust, and loyalty in their moral reasoning. Carol Gilligan's research highlighted that women often focus more on maintaining relationships and seeking approval from others, which aligns with the characteristics of Stage 3. This stage is part of the conventional level of moral development, where social approval and the well-being of others play a crucial role in ethical decision-making. While men can also be at this stage, Gilligan's findings specifically noted this trend among women.

10. Gilligan argued that there are significant ________ in the way in which individuals respond to moral dilemmas.

Racial differences

Gender differences

Cultural differences

A & B

Carol Gilligan argued that there are significant gender differences in how individuals respond to moral dilemmas. Her research suggested that men and women approach moral reasoning differently, with men focusing more on principles of justice and rules, and women emphasizing care and relationships. Gilligan's perspective was a response to traditional theories, like Kohlberg's, which did not account for these gender-based differences. While cultural and racial differences can also influence moral reasoning, Gilligan's primary focus was on gender differences, making it a key aspect of her argument about moral development.

Explanation

Carol Gilligan argued that there are significant gender differences in how individuals respond to moral dilemmas. Her research suggested that men and women approach moral reasoning differently, with men focusing more on principles of justice and rules, and women emphasizing care and relationships. Gilligan's perspective was a response to traditional theories, like Kohlberg's, which did not account for these gender-based differences. While cultural and racial differences can also influence moral reasoning, Gilligan's primary focus was on gender differences, making it a key aspect of her argument about moral development.

11. At which stage does moral thinking become more abstract and conceptual?

Stage 4

Stage 5

Stage 6

Stage 2

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, moral thinking becomes more abstract and conceptual at Stage 5, known as the "social contract and individual rights" stage. At this level, individuals start to understand that laws and rules are flexible and should be changed when they do not promote the general welfare. They begin to think about society's greater good and recognize the importance of individual rights and justice. This stage involves reasoning based on social contracts and democratic principles, moving beyond the literal interpretation of laws to consider broader ethical principles and the potential for societal improvement.

Explanation

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, moral thinking becomes more abstract and conceptual at Stage 5, known as the "social contract and individual rights" stage. At this level, individuals start to understand that laws and rules are flexible and should be changed when they do not promote the general welfare. They begin to think about society's greater good and recognize the importance of individual rights and justice. This stage involves reasoning based on social contracts and democratic principles, moving beyond the literal interpretation of laws to consider broader ethical principles and the potential for societal improvement.

12. Kohlberg argues that _________ can contribute to moral development by inviting us to reflect on the views of others.

Role-taking opportunities

Cognition

Punishment

Discipline

Kohlberg argues that role-taking opportunities can contribute to moral development by inviting us to reflect on the views of others. Role-taking, or perspective-taking, involves understanding and considering other people's viewpoints, feelings, and experiences. By engaging in role-taking, individuals can develop empathy and a deeper understanding of moral principles. This process helps people move beyond self-centered thinking to more sophisticated moral reasoning, as they learn to appreciate the complexities of social interactions and ethical dilemmas. Kohlberg believed that such experiences are crucial for advancing through the stages of moral development, fostering greater moral insight and behavior.

Explanation

Kohlberg argues that role-taking opportunities can contribute to moral development by inviting us to reflect on the views of others. Role-taking, or perspective-taking, involves understanding and considering other people's viewpoints, feelings, and experiences. By engaging in role-taking, individuals can develop empathy and a deeper understanding of moral principles. This process helps people move beyond self-centered thinking to more sophisticated moral reasoning, as they learn to appreciate the complexities of social interactions and ethical dilemmas. Kohlberg believed that such experiences are crucial for advancing through the stages of moral development, fostering greater moral insight and behavior.

13. The Nuremberg trials, judges appealed to ________ law as a means of bringing Nazi leaders and war criminals to trial.

Human

Natural

International

Positive

At the Nuremberg trials, judges appealed to natural law as a means of bringing Nazi leaders and war criminals to trial. Natural law refers to a body of unchanging moral principles regarded as a basis for all human conduct. The judges argued that the crimes committed by the Nazis were not just violations of specific national laws but were fundamentally wrong according to universal moral standards. This appeal to natural law provided a moral foundation for prosecuting acts of genocide and other atrocities, emphasizing that such actions are inherently unjust regardless of legal statutes.

Explanation

At the Nuremberg trials, judges appealed to natural law as a means of bringing Nazi leaders and war criminals to trial. Natural law refers to a body of unchanging moral principles regarded as a basis for all human conduct. The judges argued that the crimes committed by the Nazis were not just violations of specific national laws but were fundamentally wrong according to universal moral standards. This appeal to natural law provided a moral foundation for prosecuting acts of genocide and other atrocities, emphasizing that such actions are inherently unjust regardless of legal statutes.

14. Kohlberg's model suggests that rather than criminality being directly equated with immorality, it may be better to understand the relationship between lawbreaking and morality as a:

Circle

Pendulum

Fixed scale

Continuum

Kohlberg's model suggests that the relationship between lawbreaking and morality is better understood as a continuum. This means that moral reasoning and behavior can vary widely and are not simply black-and-white. Individuals may break laws for different reasons, some of which might be based on higher moral principles rather than mere immorality. For example, someone might break a law they perceive as unjust to uphold a higher ethical standard. Understanding morality as a continuum allows for a more nuanced view, recognizing that moral development progresses through stages and that people's actions can reflect complex moral reasoning.

Explanation

Kohlberg's model suggests that the relationship between lawbreaking and morality is better understood as a continuum. This means that moral reasoning and behavior can vary widely and are not simply black-and-white. Individuals may break laws for different reasons, some of which might be based on higher moral principles rather than mere immorality. For example, someone might break a law they perceive as unjust to uphold a higher ethical standard. Understanding morality as a continuum allows for a more nuanced view, recognizing that moral development progresses through stages and that people's actions can reflect complex moral reasoning.

15. Which stage of moral development is consistent with the arguments of Kant and Rawls?

Stage 2

Stage 5

Stage 6

Stage 7

Stage 6 of Kohlberg's model of moral development is consistent with the arguments of philosophers Kant and Rawls. This stage, known as the "universal ethical principles" stage, involves moral reasoning based on abstract principles of justice, dignity, and equality. Individuals at this stage follow self-chosen ethical principles that are universal and applicable to all humanity, similar to Kant's emphasis on duty and Rawls' principles of justice. These principles are followed even if they conflict with laws and rules, reflecting a commitment to higher moral values. Stage 6 represents the pinnacle of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's theory.

Explanation

Stage 6 of Kohlberg's model of moral development is consistent with the arguments of philosophers Kant and Rawls. This stage, known as the "universal ethical principles" stage, involves moral reasoning based on abstract principles of justice, dignity, and equality. Individuals at this stage follow self-chosen ethical principles that are universal and applicable to all humanity, similar to Kant's emphasis on duty and Rawls' principles of justice. These principles are followed even if they conflict with laws and rules, reflecting a commitment to higher moral values. Stage 6 represents the pinnacle of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's theory.

16. For the majority of people, which stage will be the highest that they will achieve?

Stage 4

Stage 3

Stage 5

Stage 8

For the majority of people, Stage 4 will be the highest stage they achieve in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Stage 4 is known as the "maintaining social order" stage, where individuals focus on obeying laws, respecting authority, and maintaining the social system. At this stage, moral reasoning is based on upholding rules and fulfilling duties to ensure societal stability and order. People at this stage value the importance of laws and social conventions as essential for a functioning community. While higher stages involve more abstract ethical principles, most people do not advance beyond this conventional level of moral reasoning.

Explanation

For the majority of people, Stage 4 will be the highest stage they achieve in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Stage 4 is known as the "maintaining social order" stage, where individuals focus on obeying laws, respecting authority, and maintaining the social system. At this stage, moral reasoning is based on upholding rules and fulfilling duties to ensure societal stability and order. People at this stage value the importance of laws and social conventions as essential for a functioning community. While higher stages involve more abstract ethical principles, most people do not advance beyond this conventional level of moral reasoning.

17. In ________, Martin Luther King, Jr., argued that there are two types of laws: just and unjust.

America

The Color Purple

I Have a Dream

Letter from Birmingham Jail

In "Letter from Birmingham Jail," Martin Luther King, Jr., argued that there are two types of laws: just and unjust. He wrote this letter while imprisoned for participating in nonviolent protests against segregation. King explained that just laws align with moral law and uphold human dignity, while unjust laws degrade human personality and are out of harmony with moral law. He asserted that individuals have a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. This argument highlights the distinction between legal and moral obligations, emphasizing the need for justice and ethical principles in the formation and enforcement of laws.

Explanation

In "Letter from Birmingham Jail," Martin Luther King, Jr., argued that there are two types of laws: just and unjust. He wrote this letter while imprisoned for participating in nonviolent protests against segregation. King explained that just laws align with moral law and uphold human dignity, while unjust laws degrade human personality and are out of harmony with moral law. He asserted that individuals have a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. This argument highlights the distinction between legal and moral obligations, emphasizing the need for justice and ethical principles in the formation and enforcement of laws.

18. Kohlberg argues that morality develops as a result of

A natural biological process.

Being punished.

Being exposed to challenging moral scenarios and thinking critically about those dilemmas.

All of the above.

Kohlberg argues that morality develops as a result of being exposed to challenging moral scenarios and thinking critically about those dilemmas. He believed that cognitive development and social experiences, particularly those that involve complex ethical issues, play a crucial role in advancing moral reasoning. By encountering and reflecting on difficult moral situations, individuals can progress through the stages of moral development. This process encourages deeper understanding and application of ethical principles. Kohlberg's theory emphasizes the importance of critical thinking and active engagement with moral challenges, rather than relying on biological processes or punishment alone for moral growth.

Explanation

Kohlberg argues that morality develops as a result of being exposed to challenging moral scenarios and thinking critically about those dilemmas. He believed that cognitive development and social experiences, particularly those that involve complex ethical issues, play a crucial role in advancing moral reasoning. By encountering and reflecting on difficult moral situations, individuals can progress through the stages of moral development. This process encourages deeper understanding and application of ethical principles. Kohlberg's theory emphasizes the importance of critical thinking and active engagement with moral challenges, rather than relying on biological processes or punishment alone for moral growth.

19. At which stage does a critical dimension (a willingness to evaluate and assess those with whom one identifies) appear for the first time?

Stage 3

Stage 4

Stage 5

Stage 6

At Stage 5 of Kohlberg's model of moral development, a critical dimension appears for the first time: a willingness to evaluate and assess those with whom one identifies. This stage, known as the "social contract and individual rights" stage, involves understanding that laws and rules should promote the greatest good for the greatest number. Individuals at this stage recognize that rules are not absolute and should be questioned and reformed if they do not serve justice and individual rights. This critical perspective allows for the assessment of societal norms and the people who uphold them, emphasizing democratic principles and ethical reasoning.

Explanation

At Stage 5 of Kohlberg's model of moral development, a critical dimension appears for the first time: a willingness to evaluate and assess those with whom one identifies. This stage, known as the "social contract and individual rights" stage, involves understanding that laws and rules should promote the greatest good for the greatest number. Individuals at this stage recognize that rules are not absolute and should be questioned and reformed if they do not serve justice and individual rights. This critical perspective allows for the assessment of societal norms and the people who uphold them, emphasizing democratic principles and ethical reasoning.

20. ________ suggested that a law may be unjust if it is degrading to humans, discriminatory, enacted by an authority that is not truly representative and/or unjustly applied.

Judith Boss

Carol Gilligan

Immanuel Kant

Lawrence Kohlberg

Judith Boss suggested that a law may be unjust if it is degrading to humans, discriminatory, enacted by an authority that is not truly representative, and/or unjustly applied. Boss's perspective highlights the importance of ethical principles in evaluating the fairness and justice of laws. According to her, laws should respect human dignity, be applied equally to all individuals, and be created by legitimate authorities that represent the people's interests. This approach aligns with broader ethical and moral reasoning frameworks, emphasizing that laws must be scrutinized for their moral implications and their impact on society.

Explanation

Judith Boss suggested that a law may be unjust if it is degrading to humans, discriminatory, enacted by an authority that is not truly representative, and/or unjustly applied. Boss's perspective highlights the importance of ethical principles in evaluating the fairness and justice of laws. According to her, laws should respect human dignity, be applied equally to all individuals, and be created by legitimate authorities that represent the people's interests. This approach aligns with broader ethical and moral reasoning frameworks, emphasizing that laws must be scrutinized for their moral implications and their impact on society.