Psychology - Life Span - Chapter 4 - Pt 2

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All teratogens increase the risk of damage. Teratogens are substances that can cause harm to a developing fetus, leading to birth defects or other developmental issues. While the extent of damage may vary depending on the specific teratogen and the timing and duration of exposure, all teratogens have the potential to increase the risk of damage to the developing fetus. It is important for pregnant individuals to avoid exposure to known teratogens to minimize the risk of harm to their baby.

Cerebral palsy is a condition characterized by difficulties with movement and speech resulting from brain damage. It is a neurological disorder that affects muscle control and coordination. The brain damage can occur during pregnancy, childbirth, or in the early years of life. Symptoms of cerebral palsy can vary, but commonly include muscle stiffness or weakness, difficulty with fine motor skills, and problems with balance and coordination. This condition can significantly impact a person's daily life and may require ongoing therapy and support.

Eating undercooked meat or handling cat feces can lead to toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection caused by the Toxoplasma gondii parasite. It can be transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated food, such as undercooked meat, or by coming into contact with cat feces that contain the parasite. Symptoms of toxoplasmosis can vary, but may include flu-like symptoms, muscle aches, and swollen lymph nodes. In severe cases, it can cause damage to the brain, eyes, and other organs. Pregnant women and individuals with weakened immune systems are particularly at risk for complications from toxoplasmosis.

Adolescent mothers often have small babies due to maternal malnutrition. During adolescence, mothers are still growing themselves and their bodies may not have enough nutrients to support the growth and development of the fetus. This can result in restricted fetal growth and low birth weight. Maternal malnutrition can also lead to other complications during pregnancy, such as preterm birth. Therefore, the lack of proper nutrition in adolescent mothers is the primary reason for small babies.

The neural tube is the embryonic structure that gives rise to the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord. It is formed during early development and serves as the foundation for the development of the nervous system. Therefore, the correct answer is the central nervous system.

Tobacco is the worst and most prevalent cause of SGA (small for gestational age) because smoking during pregnancy restricts the oxygen and nutrient supply to the fetus, resulting in poor growth and development. The harmful chemicals in tobacco can also lead to placental abnormalities and increase the risk of preterm birth. Studies have consistently shown that smoking during pregnancy is strongly associated with SGA, making it a significant factor in causing this condition.

Fetal hormones that pass into the mother's circulation are responsible for the spontaneous onset of labor at approximately 266 days after conception. These hormones trigger a cascade of events in the mother's body, including the release of prostaglandins, which help to soften and thin the cervix, and oxytocin, which stimulates contractions of the uterus. This hormonal signaling from the fetus to the mother's body plays a crucial role in initiating the labor process.

Low birthweight infants have an increased risk of being overweight in adulthood. This is because low birthweight is often associated with poor fetal growth and development, which can lead to metabolic changes and an increased likelihood of developing obesity later in life. Additionally, low birthweight infants may have a higher tendency to consume high-calorie diets or have sedentary lifestyles, further contributing to the risk of being overweight.

The use of heroin during pregnancy may cause premature labor. Heroin is a powerful opioid drug that can have detrimental effects on both the mother and the developing baby. It can lead to complications such as placental abruption, which can result in premature labor. Additionally, heroin use during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of low birth weight and other adverse outcomes for the baby. Therefore, it is crucial for pregnant women to avoid using heroin to protect the health and well-being of both themselves and their unborn child.

Antiviral drugs can prevent prenatal transmission of HIV by reducing the viral load in the mother, which in turn reduces the risk of transmission to the fetus during pregnancy, labor, and delivery. These drugs work by inhibiting the replication of the virus, thus decreasing the chances of the baby acquiring the infection. This prevention strategy has been proven effective in reducing the transmission rate and improving the health outcomes for infants born to HIV-positive mothers.

Kangaroo care is a technique that involves skin-to-skin contact between a parent and a baby, typically used for low-birthweight babies. This technique helps regulate the baby's body temperature, heart rate, and breathing, as well as promotes bonding and breastfeeding. It has been shown to improve the baby's weight gain, decrease the risk of infections, and enhance overall development. Kangaroo care is not specifically designed to help babies with anoxia, babies in intensive care, or mothers with postpartum depression.

During the fetal period, the indifferent gonad differentiates. This refers to the process where the undifferentiated gonads in the developing fetus begin to develop into either male or female reproductive organs. This is an important step in sexual development and occurs around the 7th week of gestation. The differentiation of the gonads is influenced by genetic and hormonal factors, and ultimately determines the individual's biological sex.

Premature birth is associated with a higher risk of cerebral palsy, a neurological condition that affects muscle control and movement. This is because babies born prematurely may have underdeveloped brains and be more susceptible to brain injuries. The other options, such as allergies, signs of depression, and sinus headaches, are not directly linked to premature birth. Therefore, the correct answer is that eight-year-olds who were born very early are more likely to have cerebral palsy.

60% of developing organisms fail to properly implant. This means that out of every 100 developing organisms, 60 of them do not successfully implant in the appropriate location. This could be due to various factors such as genetic abnormalities, hormonal imbalances, or uterine conditions. Proper implantation is crucial for the development of a healthy pregnancy, so a high failure rate can have significant implications for fertility and reproductive health.

Tetracycline use during pregnancy can harm the teeth of the baby. This is because tetracycline can bind to calcium ions and become incorporated into the developing teeth, leading to permanent discoloration and enamel hypoplasia. It is important for pregnant women to avoid using tetracycline unless absolutely necessary, as it can have long-lasting effects on the dental health of the child.

During the embryonic stage, the baby's physical structure and form start to develop. This is a critical period because any interference or damage during this time can have long-lasting effects on the baby's health and development. Therefore, women are encouraged to stop using recreational drugs prior to pregnancy to ensure that the baby's physical structure and form develop properly without any interference or harm caused by the drugs.

Advances in brain functioning are critical in attaining the age of viability because the brain plays a crucial role in the development and functioning of all other organs and systems in the body. It controls vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and temperature regulation, which are necessary for survival outside the womb. Additionally, the brain is responsible for cognitive and sensory processes, allowing the baby to interact with the environment and respond to stimuli. Therefore, the development and proper functioning of the brain are essential for a baby to reach the age of viability.

The use of caffeine during pregnancy is not a problem as long as it is used in moderation. While excessive consumption of caffeine can have negative effects on the developing fetus, moderate intake is generally considered safe. It is important for pregnant women to limit their caffeine intake to avoid potential risks such as miscarriage or low birth weight. However, consuming caffeine in moderation, typically defined as less than 200 milligrams per day, is unlikely to cause harm to the baby. It is always advisable for pregnant women to consult with their healthcare provider for personalized advice regarding caffeine consumption.

An interaction effect refers to the combined impact or influence of multiple factors or elements. In the context of teratogens, an interaction effect would indicate that the harmful effects observed are not solely due to one teratogen, but rather the result of the interaction between multiple teratogens. This suggests that the combination of these teratogens has a more significant or different effect than each teratogen individually.

Anoxia is a condition characterized by a lack of oxygen supply, which can lead to serious health complications. Similarly, low birthweight is a serious condition that can have long-term effects on a baby's health. The relationship between anoxia and low birthweight is that both are serious conditions. In contrast, the relationship between the pair "serious" and "common" is that serious is the characteristic being compared to the frequency of occurrence, which is common.

The likely explanation for the difference between Jean and Sean is that a teratogen, such as alcohol, may or may not be harmful depending on the individual's genetic makeup. This means that while Jean may have been more susceptible to the harmful effects of alcohol due to her genetic makeup, Sean may have had genetic factors that protected him from these effects. This highlights the importance of considering individual differences when it comes to the impact of teratogens during pregnancy.

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