Psychology Chapter 1 Quiz 2

Explanation
The analogy presented in the question is comparing the relationship between nurture and nature to the relationship between experience and phrenology. Nurture refers to the environmental factors that shape an individual's development, while nature refers to the genetic and innate factors. Similarly, experience refers to the personal encounters and interactions that influence an individual, while phrenology is a pseudoscience that claims to determine a person's character and abilities based on the shape and size of their skull. The analogy suggests that just as nurture and nature are contrasting concepts, experience and phrenology are also contrasting concepts.

Explanation
The correct answer is Leipzig in 1889. This is because the question is asking about the first laboratory devoted exclusively to psychology as an independent field of study, and this laboratory opened in Leipzig in 1889.

Explanation
Behaviorism is the correct answer because this school of psychology focused on observable behavior and rejected the study of mental processes. Behaviorists believed that it was more important to understand how behavior is influenced by external stimuli and the environment, rather than focusing on internal mental processes. Therefore, behaviorism was not concerned with the adaptive importance of mental processes, but rather emphasized the study of behavior and its relationship to the environment.

Explanation
The correct answer is empiricism; structuralism. Empiricism is the belief that knowledge comes from sensory experience, and Edward Titchener was a proponent of this approach. Structuralism, on the other hand, is a psychological theory that focuses on the analysis of the basic elements of consciousness. This approach was developed by Titchener himself, making the analogy between Titchener and Freud (who was associated with psychoanalysis) fitting.

Explanation
Functionalists insisted that psychology should focus entirely on the study of behavior, rather than what people experience. They believed that behavior could be objectively observed and studied, and that understanding the purpose and function of behavior was more important than analyzing subjective experiences. Functionalists such as William James and John Dewey emphasized the practical applications of psychology and believed that understanding how behavior helps organisms adapt and function in their environment was crucial.

Explanation
B. F. Skinner used a "conditioning chamber" in his research with rats. Skinner was a behaviorist psychologist who conducted experiments on animals to study operant conditioning, a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened or weakened by the consequences that follow it. He used the conditioning chamber, also known as a Skinner box, to train rats to perform specific behaviors by reinforcing them with rewards or punishments. This allowed him to study how behavior can be shaped and controlled through conditioning techniques.

Explanation
The advent of computers in the 1950s had an enormous conceptual impact on the development of cognitive psychology. Computers revolutionized the field by providing researchers with powerful tools for modeling and simulating cognitive processes. They allowed for the development of computational models that could simulate human cognitive abilities, leading to a better understanding of how the mind works. Additionally, computers enabled researchers to collect and analyze large amounts of data, facilitating the development of statistical techniques in cognitive psychology. Overall, the introduction of computers in the 1950s had a significant impact on the advancement of cognitive psychology.

Explanation
The correct answer is behavioral psychology because it is the branch of psychology that focuses on studying the causes and consequences of human behavior, including interpersonal behavior. It examines how people's actions are influenced by various factors and how they impact others. Interpersonal psychology, on the other hand, refers to the study of how individuals interact and communicate with each other, but it does not specifically focus on the causes and consequences of behavior. Cause and effect is a general concept that applies to various fields, not just psychology. Social psychology, although related, primarily examines how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social situations and interactions.

Explanation
This perspective would be typical of cultural psychologists because they focus on how behavior is influenced by cultural factors, such as customs, beliefs, and values. In this case, the belief is that newborn babies turn away from noxious odors because it is a learned behavior that is influenced by the cultural environment they are born into.