Psyc 341 Quiz 3

Broca's area of the brain is responsible for language production. It is involved in the formation and articulation of speech. This area plays a crucial role in the ability to speak and produce coherent language. It is not directly involved in vision or hearing, although it may interact with other areas of the brain involved in these functions. Therefore, the correct answer is "language production."

"Ad hominem" arguments are arguments which attack a person's character. This means that instead of addressing the actual argument or issue at hand, the person making the argument focuses on attacking the character or personal traits of the individual presenting the argument. This is considered a fallacy because it does not address the validity or strength of the argument itself, but rather attempts to discredit the person making the argument. By attacking the person's character, the arguer hopes to undermine their credibility and dismiss their argument without actually engaging with the content of the argument.

Thomas Bayes provided a mathematical model that allows for the evaluation of hypotheses that involve changing probabilistic values. This means that his model can be used to assess the likelihood of different outcomes or events based on the available evidence and prior knowledge. Bayes' model is particularly useful in situations where the probabilities of events are not fixed and can change over time. By using his model, one can update their beliefs and make more informed decisions based on the changing probabilities.

The correct answer is "language is a closed system." This is not one of Chomsky's grammar principles because Chomsky believed that language is a generative system, meaning that it can produce an infinite number of sentences. He also believed that the underlying structure of language reflects innate organizing principles of cognition and that there are elements common to all languages. Additionally, Chomsky argued that language has an underlying structure related to the meaning of sentences.

Declarative knowledge refers to knowing "what" something is or the facts and information about it, while procedural knowledge refers to knowing "how" to do something or the process and steps involved in it.

Korsakoff syndrome is a memory disorder caused by alcoholism. It is characterized by severe memory impairment, especially in forming new memories. People with Korsakoff syndrome often have difficulty recalling recent events and may also confabulate or make up information to fill in gaps in their memory. This syndrome is caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) which is common in chronic alcoholics due to poor nutrition and alcohol's interference with thiamine absorption.

The study of language is considered important to cognitive psychology because the conceptual processes involved in language are common to many forms of human thinking and problem solving. Additionally, language is the chief means of human communication, and the abstractions of language are thought to be basic to cognition. Therefore, all of the above options are valid reasons for why the study of language is important to cognitive psychology.

The correct answer, "visual, spatial; olfactory," aligns with the view that memory is widely distributed throughout the brain. In this context, the rat's learning of a maze involves the processing and localization of visual and spatial information, as well as olfactory information. This suggests that different aspects of memory are separately processed and localized in different areas of the brain.

The concept of an "innate" language suggests that humans have a built-in ability to process information and create complex structures in language. This means that our brains are naturally wired to understand and use language in a sophisticated way, without the need for explicit instruction or learning from parents. It does not imply that every person has the same language or that even chimps have language. It simply means that there is a universal underlying system in our brains that allows us to acquire and use language.

Thought refers to the general process of considering an issue, while logic is the science of thinking. Thought involves the cognitive processes of contemplating, reflecting, and pondering, while logic is the systematic and rational approach to reasoning and making valid inferences. Logic provides a framework for analyzing and evaluating arguments, identifying fallacies, and constructing valid and sound arguments. Therefore, thought and logic are closely related but distinct concepts in the realm of thinking and reasoning.

Linguistics is the study of language structure. This means that linguists analyze and examine the rules and patterns that govern how languages are organized and constructed. They study the components of language such as syntax, morphology, and phonology to understand how words and sentences are formed and how they function within a specific language system. By studying language structure, linguists can gain insights into the universal properties of language and the ways in which different languages vary in their structures.

If you are shown a red square as a prime, it is likely to activate the concept of blood in your mind due to the color association. This activation of the concept of blood can lead to faster recognition of the word "BLOOD" compared to if you did not see the prime. The color red is often associated with blood, and this association can facilitate the retrieval of the word from memory.

The correct answer is "localized". This is because studies of electrical stimulation of the brain have shown that language tasks are specifically localized in certain areas of the brain. This means that there are specific regions in the brain that are responsible for language processing and production.

Behavioral learning theory is based on the principle of association. This theory suggests that individuals learn by forming associations between stimuli and responses. Through repeated exposure to certain stimuli and their corresponding responses, individuals learn to associate the two and can then respond accordingly. This process of association allows for the acquisition of new concepts and behaviors.

Unvoiced speech sounds are classified as those that do not involve the vibration of the vocal cords. This means that when producing these sounds, the vocal cords do not vibrate. Examples of unvoiced speech sounds include the sounds /s/, /f/, and /p/.

Wernicke's area of the brain is responsible for language comprehension. It is located in the left hemisphere of the brain, typically in the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus. Damage to this area can result in a condition known as Wernicke's aphasia, where individuals have difficulty understanding and producing coherent speech. Therefore, the correct answer is comprehension.

Amnesic patients show intact procedural knowledge but deficit declarative knowledge. Procedural knowledge refers to the ability to perform certain tasks or skills, such as riding a bike or tying shoelaces, which is typically preserved in amnesic patients. On the other hand, declarative knowledge refers to the ability to recall facts and information, such as remembering names or events, which is impaired in amnesic patients. Therefore, the correct answer is procedural; declarative.

In one influential theory of comprehension (Kintsch), "top-down" processing is comparable to goal schema, which refers to using prior knowledge, expectations, and goals to guide comprehension. On the other hand, "bottom-up" processing is comparable to text processing, which involves processing information directly from the text without relying on prior knowledge or expectations.

A conclusion reached by means of syllogistic reasoning is considered valid if the premises are true and the form correct. This means that for a conclusion to be valid, the statements or premises it is based on must be true, and the logical structure or form of the argument must be valid. If either the premises are false or the form of the argument is incorrect, the conclusion cannot be considered valid.

The FOXP2 gene is found in human, chimpanzees, mice, gorillas, and orangutans according to the Enard et al. article. This suggests that the FOXP2 gene is conserved across these species, meaning it has remained relatively unchanged throughout evolution.

The given answer includes the systems that are included in the analysis conducted by Hauser, Chomsky, and Fitch (2002). These systems are the conceptual-intentional system, internal computational system, sensory-motor system, recursion, and other possible systems. The analysis likely focuses on how these systems are related to the faculty of language (FLB and FLN).

ECT is a medical procedure that involves passing electric currents through the brain to induce seizures. It is primarily used to treat severe depression and other mental illnesses. One of the potential side effects of ECT is epilepsy, which is a neurological disorder characterized by recurring seizures. This suggests that ECT may lead to the development of epilepsy in some individuals as a result of the electrical stimulation applied during the procedure.