Practice Blood Test

The question is asking for the missing element that, along with WBC (white blood cells) and RBC (red blood cells), makes up the formed elements. The formed elements refer to the cellular components of blood. Platelets are small, disc-shaped cells that help in blood clotting and are an essential part of the formed elements.

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune system. They are classified as agranulocytes because they do not contain granules in their cytoplasm. Instead, lymphocytes have a round, uniform appearance without any visible granular structures. This characteristic distinguishes them from granulocytes, which have granules in their cytoplasm. Therefore, the statement that lymphocytes are agranulocytes is correct.

Rh factor is a protein found on the surface of red blood cells. When a person with Rh-negative blood is exposed to Rh-positive blood, their immune system can produce antibodies against the Rh factor, leading to an immune response. This immune response can be harmful, especially during pregnancy, as it can cause complications such as hemolytic disease of the newborn. Therefore, the statement that Rh factor can elicit an immune response is true.

Anemia is a disorder that affects the quantity or quality of red blood cells (RBCs). It is characterized by a decrease in the number of RBCs or a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. This can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and pale skin. Anemia can be caused by various factors including nutritional deficiencies, chronic diseases, genetic disorders, or certain medications. Treatment options for anemia depend on the underlying cause and may include dietary changes, iron supplements, blood transfusions, or medications.

Platelets are small cell fragments in the blood that play a crucial role in blood clotting. When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets rush to the site and form a plug to stop bleeding. This is the first step in the process of blood clotting. Platelets release chemical signals that attract more platelets to the site and initiate the formation of a clot. Therefore, the statement that the first step of blood clotting involves platelets is true.

Veinous blood is red because it contains a high concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. When oxygen is removed from hemoglobin, it gives the blood a darker, reddish color. Veinous blood, which is returning to the heart and lungs to be reoxygenated, has a lower oxygen content compared to arterial blood, but it still retains enough oxygenated hemoglobin to appear red.

The second child born to an Rh- mother is not at risk if the father is also Rh-. This is because both parents being Rh- means that the child will also be Rh-. The Rh factor is only a concern if the mother is Rh- and the father is Rh+, as there is a potential for the baby to inherit the Rh+ factor from the father, leading to a condition called Rh incompatibility.

Plasma cells are a type of white blood cell that produce and release antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that play a crucial role in the immune response by recognizing and binding to specific foreign substances, such as bacteria or viruses, to neutralize them and aid in their elimination from the body. Therefore, it is true that antibodies are produced by plasma cells.

Diapedesis is the process by which white blood cells squeeze through the walls of blood vessels and enter surrounding tissues. It does not involve red blood cells, which are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Therefore, the statement is false.

The kidneys are involved in the production of red blood cells. This is because the kidneys produce a hormone called erythropoietin, which stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. Therefore, the statement is true.

Neutrophils are the most numerous white blood cells (WBCs) in the body. They make up about 60-70% of the total WBC count. Neutrophils are part of the innate immune system and are the first responders to infections. They are highly mobile and quickly migrate to the site of infection to engulf and destroy pathogens. Neutrophils are characterized by their multi-lobed nuclei and granules in their cytoplasm. Their high numbers reflect their importance in the body's defense against bacterial and fungal infections.

If a blood sample agglutinates with both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies, it indicates that the blood contains both A and B antigens on its red blood cells. The only blood type that possesses both A and B antigens is AB. Therefore, the blood type of the given sample is AB.

Leukopenia is the medical term used to describe a condition where there is a lower than normal count of white blood cells in the body. White blood cells are an important part of the immune system, and a decrease in their numbers can weaken the body's ability to fight off infections and diseases. Leukopenia can be caused by various factors, including certain medications, viral infections, autoimmune disorders, and bone marrow disorders.

The term for the solid components of blood is "formed elements." This refers to the cellular and cell-like structures found in blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These formed elements are responsible for carrying oxygen, fighting infections, and aiding in blood clotting.

An antigen is a protein that triggers an immune response in the body. When the immune system recognizes an antigen as foreign or harmful, it produces antibodies to neutralize or eliminate it. This immune response is an essential defense mechanism against pathogens and foreign substances. Antigens can be derived from various sources, including bacteria, viruses, toxins, and even normal body cells in certain autoimmune diseases. Understanding antigens and their interactions with the immune system is crucial for developing vaccines, diagnosing diseases, and studying immune responses.

Hemostasis refers to the process of stopping bleeding or preventing blood loss. It involves various mechanisms such as vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, and blood clot formation. Maintaining a normal body temperature is not directly related to hemostasis.

The correct answer is 55% because blood is made up of various components, including red and white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Plasma is the liquid part of blood, accounting for approximately 55% of its total volume. It carries nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body, and plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health and functioning.

Blood type O does not have A or B antigens on the surface of red blood cells. This means that individuals with blood type O do not produce antibodies against A or B antigens. Therefore, the correct answer is that blood type O does not have A and B antibodies.

AB+ is considered the universal recipient blood type because individuals with this blood type can receive blood from any other blood type without experiencing an adverse reaction. This is due to the presence of both A and B antigens on their red blood cells, as well as the absence of antibodies against A or B antigens in their plasma. Therefore, AB+ individuals can safely receive blood from donors with any blood type, making them the universal recipients.

In a bacterial infection, the leukocyte count that will rise the most is the neutrophil count. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cells and are the first responders to infection. They are highly effective in engulfing and destroying bacteria, leading to an increase in their numbers during bacterial infections. This increase in neutrophil count is known as neutrophilia and is a characteristic response of the immune system to combat bacterial infections.

The vessel that receives lymph back into the general circulation is the subclavian vein. The subclavian vein is a large vein located near the collarbone, and it plays a crucial role in returning lymph, which is a fluid containing white blood cells and waste products, back into the bloodstream. This allows for the proper circulation and distribution of lymph throughout the body.

Erythropoietin is the hormone responsible for stimulating the production of red blood cells in the body. It is produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the blood. Erythropoietin acts on the bone marrow, promoting the production and maturation of red blood cells. This hormone plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of red blood cells in the body, ensuring adequate oxygen delivery to tissues and organs.

A normal person has approximately 5 litres of blood in their body. This amount is considered to be the average blood volume for an adult. Blood plays a crucial role in transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. It also helps regulate body temperature and maintain homeostasis. Therefore, having an adequate amount of blood is essential for the proper functioning of the body's systems.

Leukopoiesis is the correct answer to the question. It refers to the process of forming white blood cells in the body. These cells are crucial for the immune system and help fight off infections and diseases. Leukopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow, where stem cells differentiate and mature into various types of white blood cells, such as neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. This process is essential for maintaining a healthy immune system and protecting the body against harmful pathogens.