Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Quiz

Weak solving in game theory refers to providing an algorithm that guarantees a win for one player or a draw for either player, regardless of the opponent's moves, but only from the initial position. This means that the algorithm is designed to find a strategy that ensures the best possible outcome for the player, considering all possible moves by the opponent. It does not consider the entire game tree or future positions, but focuses on the initial position only.

Reproduction is not a part of a Genetic Algorithm. In a Genetic Algorithm, reproduction refers to the process of creating new individuals by combining genetic material from existing individuals through crossover and mutation. It is a crucial step in the algorithm as it allows for the generation of new solutions. However, reproduction itself is not a distinct phrase or operation within the algorithm, but rather a concept that is achieved through the combination of crossover and mutation.

The Minimax principle is a decision-making strategy in game theory where the goal is to minimize the potential loss for the worst-case scenario while maximizing the potential gain for the best-case scenario. In the context of this question, it means minimizing the score of all moves if player 2 is to move and maximizing the score of all moves if it is player 1 to move. This strategy ensures that the player makes the best possible move considering both their own and their opponent's potential moves.

Null-move pruning does not approach a round where both players don't make a move. Null-move pruning is a technique used in computer chess algorithms to reduce the number of positions that need to be evaluated. It involves making a "null move" where one player skips their turn to see if the opponent's response leads to a cutoff. If the null move search results in a cutoff, it assumes that making a move will also result in a cutoff. This helps to quickly prune branches of the search tree that are unlikely to lead to a good move. The statement that null-move pruning approaches a round where both players don't make a move is not true.

An artificial neuron produces only one output value, regardless of the number of input and output links. The output value is determined by the activation function of the neuron, which takes into account the weighted sum of the inputs. The number of input and output links may affect the complexity and functionality of the neuron, but it does not change the fact that it produces a single output value.

The statement is false because Towers of Hanoi is not a mathematical puzzle by John R. Koza. It is actually a classic puzzle that was invented by the French mathematician Édouard Lucas in the 19th century. The puzzle involves moving a stack of disks from one peg to another, following certain rules. John R. Koza is known for his work in genetic programming, not for creating the Towers of Hanoi puzzle.

The correct answer is given a task T, a performance measure P and experience with the task E. This answer includes all the necessary components for defining a machine learning problem: the task that needs to be accomplished, the measure of how well the task is being performed, and the experience or knowledge related to the task.

AlphaZero learned to play only from self-play, meaning it did not rely on any human-generated data or expert knowledge. Instead, it played against itself and used reinforcement learning techniques to improve its gameplay over time. This approach allowed AlphaZero to develop its own strategies and tactics, leading to impressive performance and surpassing human-level play in various games, including chess, shogi, and Go.

The syntax for a logical AND in Prolog is represented by the comma (,). In Prolog, the comma is used to separate multiple goals or conditions within a rule or query. This means that all conditions separated by commas must be true in order for the overall goal or query to be true.

A weak AI is not an universally intelligent agent. Weak AI refers to systems or machines that are designed to perform specific tasks or simulate human intelligence in a limited manner, but they do not possess general intelligence or the ability to understand and perform any intellectual task that a human being can do. Therefore, the statement that a weak AI is a universally intelligent agent is false.

Aristotle is the correct answer because he was a Greek philosopher who made significant contributions to logic and reasoning. This statement reflects a logical syllogism, which is a form of deductive reasoning. In this case, it follows the pattern of a categorical syllogism, where the first premise states that all B's are A, the second premise states that all C's are B, and the conclusion states that all C's are A. Aristotle's work in logic and reasoning laid the foundation for many principles still used in philosophy and mathematics today.

The main contributors to AI are disciplines that involve understanding the human mind and behavior, as well as logical reasoning. Neuroscience studies the brain and its functions, which is crucial in developing AI systems that mimic human cognition. Logic provides the foundation for AI algorithms and reasoning processes. Psychology contributes to AI by studying human behavior and decision-making, which helps in designing intelligent systems. Therefore, neuroscience, logic, and psychology are the main disciplines that contribute to AI.

The correct answer is James Watt's steam engine. This machine is not covered in the ancient history of artificial intelligence because it was developed during the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, while artificial intelligence research and development began much later. Ancient history refers to a period before the Middle Ages, and the development of steam engines falls outside of this timeframe.

Preferences concerning CSP's should be respected as much as possible. This means that when solving a constraint satisfaction problem, the preferences or desired outcomes should be given priority and considered to the greatest extent possible. This suggests that even though preferences may not always be fully satisfied due to conflicting constraints, efforts should be made to prioritize and respect them as much as possible in the solution.

Shannon's key idea to make the search tree not impossible due to calculation power bottleneck is to cut off the search earlier if a heuristic evaluation function states that a particular branch is not promising. By doing so, the algorithm can avoid wasting computational resources on unpromising branches and focus on exploring more promising paths. This approach helps to optimize the search process and make it more efficient, especially when dealing with limited computational power.

The question asks for the three learning methods that exist based on the type of feedback used by the system to improve its performance. The correct answer includes Supervised learning, Unsupervised learning, and Reinforcement learning. Supervised learning uses labeled data to train the model and make predictions, Unsupervised learning finds patterns and structures in unlabeled data, and Reinforcement learning uses a reward-based system to train the model through trial and error.

The algorithm of MENACE does not use a heuristic to evaluate the current state. Instead, it uses a system of matchboxes, where each matchbox represents a possible game position. The program selects a matchbox corresponding to the current position, then randomly draws a bead from the matchbox. The color of the drawn bead determines the move that MENACE will play. This approach does not involve evaluating the current state using a heuristic.

The answer is correct because it accurately identifies the true statements about the seven layers of the semantic web. According to the given statements, ontology vocabulary is indeed below logic, trust is the highest layer, and TCP, IP, Data-Link are the lowest layers.

CAPTCHAs are actually designed to prevent bots or automated programs from accessing certain things on the web, not humans. They are a security measure used to differentiate between human users and automated scripts. Weak AI, in most cases, cannot solve CAPTCHAs, which makes them effective in preventing automated attacks. CAPTCHAs are essentially adapted Turing Tests, as they require users to perform tasks that are easy for humans but difficult for machines.

A weak AI is not limited to performing only "weak" tasks that are not difficult but would annoy humans to do. Weak AI refers to a system or program that is designed to perform a specific task or set of tasks within a limited scope, lacking general intelligence. It may not possess the ability to handle complex or difficult tasks, but it is not restricted to only performing annoying tasks. Therefore, the statement is false.

Alan Turing is often credited as being the key founder of AI because of his groundbreaking work in the field of theoretical computation and artificial intelligence. Turing's concept of the "Turing machine" laid the foundation for modern computer science and his paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" introduced the idea of a machine that could exhibit intelligent behavior. His contributions to AI, including the development of the concept of the Turing Test, have had a lasting impact on the field and cemented his status as a key figure in the early development of AI.

Alan Turing did not coin the term "Artificial Intelligence" in 1956 at the Dartmouth Conference. The term was actually coined by John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester, and Claude Shannon during the Dartmouth Conference in 1956. Alan Turing is widely recognized for his contributions to the field of computer science and artificial intelligence, but he did not specifically coin the term.

Deep learning brought unexpected breakthroughs in diverse areas because much more training data, bigger models, and computational power were available. With access to a larger amount of data, deep learning models could learn more complex patterns and make more accurate predictions. Additionally, the availability of bigger models allowed for more complex architectures and improved performance. The increase in computational power also enabled faster training and inference, making deep learning more practical and efficient in various applications.

In 1495, Leonardo da Vinci designed the first humanoid mechanical knight. This invention showcased his engineering skills and creativity. The humanoid mechanical knight was a groundbreaking creation that demonstrated da Vinci's ability to design and construct complex mechanical systems. This invention paved the way for future advancements in robotics and automation.

George Boole is considered the first person to write logic in the form of analytical equations. He developed a mathematical system called Boolean algebra, which uses symbols and equations to represent logical operations. Boole's work laid the foundation for modern computer science and digital logic, as his algebraic system became the basis for designing and analyzing electronic circuits. His contributions to logic and mathematics have had a significant impact on various fields, including computer science, philosophy, and engineering.

Divide-and-Conquer is a principle of solving problems like the towers of hanoi. This approach involves breaking down a complex problem into smaller, more manageable subproblems, solving each subproblem independently, and then combining the solutions to solve the original problem. In the case of the towers of hanoi, the problem of moving a stack of disks from one peg to another can be divided into smaller subproblems of moving smaller stacks of disks. By recursively applying this principle, the problem can be solved efficiently.

Zero-sum games are actually games where one player's gain is exactly equal to the other player's loss. In other words, the total payoff in a zero-sum game is always zero. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that one player's gain is the other player's gain in zero-sum games.

Ultra weak solving refers to proving whether the first player will win, lose, or draw from the initial position, assuming perfect play from both sides. It involves analyzing all possible moves and counter-moves to determine the outcome of the game. This algorithm provides a comprehensive evaluation of the game's possibilities, allowing players to make informed decisions based on the predicted result.

Backpropagation refers to the process of propagating the error term from the output layers back to the hidden layers in a neural network. This allows the network to adjust the weights and biases of the hidden layers based on the error in the output. By iteratively updating the weights and biases using this error information, the network can learn to make more accurate predictions over time.

A Perceptron is a type of artificial neural network that can be used for both perception and classification tasks. It consists of a single layer of artificial neurons that take input values and produce output values. While it can be used for perception tasks, it is not limited to just the input layer of a neural network. It can also be used as a building block for more complex neural network architectures, such as multi-layer perceptrons. Therefore, the statement that a Perceptron can only be used for the input layer of a neural network is false.

The given statement is "Feigenbaum said the problem of artificial intelligence is the bottleneck of knowledge acquisition." The correct answer is False. This means that Feigenbaum did not say that the problem of artificial intelligence is the bottleneck of knowledge acquisition.

Plan-space planning involves searching through all possible plans to find the optimal solution. This means considering and evaluating all potential plans and selecting the one that is most efficient or effective. On the other hand, state-space planning focuses on searching through all the possible states and actions of a plan to derive new knowledge or actions that can simplify the problem. It involves filtering the useful states needed for a valid plan. Therefore, the correct answer is that in plan-space planning, you search through all possible plans.

Lexical analysis is the process of breaking down text into individual words or tokens. It involves tasks like tokenization, stemming, and removing stopwords. This is a fundamental task in NLP as it lays the foundation for further analysis. Syntactic analysis deals with the grammatical structure of sentences, semantic analysis focuses on understanding the meaning of words and sentences, and word segmentation involves dividing text into individual words in languages without spaces. Therefore, the correct answer is lexical analysis, as it is indeed a fundamental NLP task.

Passing the Turing test is considered a benchmark for determining whether a machine can be considered intelligent. The Turing test involves a human evaluator engaging in a conversation with a machine and a human, without knowing which is which. If the machine is able to convince the evaluator that it is the human, it is considered to have exhibited intelligent behavior. This test evaluates the machine's ability to understand and respond to natural language, exhibit human-like behavior, and demonstrate a level of intelligence that is comparable to a human.

George Boole showed how to write logic in the form of analytical equations. He developed Boolean algebra, which is a mathematical system that represents logic using symbols and equations. Boole's work laid the foundation for modern computer science and digital logic circuits. His ideas revolutionized the way logic is expressed and analyzed, and his work is still widely used in fields such as computer programming and electrical engineering today.

Herbert Simon, Allan Newell, and John McCarthy were present at the Dartmouth conference and then dominated the field for the next 20 years. These individuals were pioneers in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and made significant contributions to its development. Herbert Simon was known for his work on problem-solving and decision-making, Allan Newell for his research on computer science and cognitive psychology, and John McCarthy for his role in the development of the programming language LISP and the concept of AI. Together, they played a crucial role in shaping the field of AI and their work had a lasting impact for the next two decades.

The idea of Artificial Intelligence is not relatively young and did not only emerge in the 20th century. The concept of artificial beings or intelligent machines can be traced back to ancient civilizations, such as Greek mythology and ancient Egyptian and Chinese texts. However, the term "Artificial Intelligence" was coined in the 1950s, which is why it is often associated with the 20th century.

Local search is not the optimal strategy for sudoku solving because it does not provide a guarantee for completeness. This means that there is no assurance that the local search algorithm will be able to find a solution for every sudoku puzzle. While local search may be able to find solutions for some puzzles, it is not a reliable method for solving sudoku puzzles in general.

Hill-Climbing search can reach a local optima, meaning it may find a solution that is the best among its neighboring states but not necessarily the globally best solution. This is a problem because it can get stuck in a suboptimal solution and fail to explore other potentially better solutions in the search space.

Simple Exhaustive Search does not use heuristics or constraints. It is a basic search algorithm that systematically explores all possible solutions to a problem, without any additional guidance or restrictions. It exhaustively checks every possible combination until it finds a solution or determines that none exist. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

Depth-first search (DFS) can be exponential in certain scenarios, meaning that the time complexity of the algorithm can grow exponentially with the size of the input. This occurs when the search encounters a deep branch or a cycle in the graph being traversed. In such cases, DFS may continue to explore these branches or cycles indefinitely, leading to a significant increase in the time required to find a solution. However, it is important to note that DFS is not always exponential and can be efficient in many cases, especially when applied to graphs with limited depth or when combined with other optimization techniques.

The question asks for a real-world CSP (Constraint Satisfaction Problem), and the answer "solving problems in physics" does not fit this category. CSPs involve finding solutions that satisfy a set of constraints, such as scheduling or assignment problems. Solving problems in physics may involve mathematical modeling and problem-solving techniques, but it does not necessarily involve the constraints and variables typically associated with CSPs.

The statement is false because a binary constraint concerning graph coloring would typically involve two variables or nodes in the graph, rather than a region or area like "Upper Austria." Additionally, the constraint would specify a relationship between the colors of the two nodes, rather than stating that a specific color cannot be used for a specific region.

AlphaGo Zero has "Zero" in its name because it was trained on 0 human data. This means that unlike previous versions of AlphaGo, which relied on human expert knowledge and data, AlphaGo Zero learned solely through self-play and reinforcement learning. By training on 0 human data, AlphaGo Zero was able to develop its own strategies and techniques, making it a significant advancement in artificial intelligence.

Games of chance do not contain only random elements, so it is possible to train a machine to play them, as seen in games like rock paper scissors.

The Loebner Competition is a modern-day version of the Turing Test. It is an annual competition where chatbot programs compete to convince judges that they are human. The goal is for the chatbot to simulate human-like conversation and behavior to the point where the judges cannot distinguish it from a real human. This competition tests the advancement of artificial intelligence in terms of natural language processing and understanding, making it a suitable modern-day version of the Turing Test.

A good algorithm solves the task in less time because efficiency is one of the key characteristics of a good algorithm. Different algorithms can lead to the same result because there can be multiple approaches to solving a problem. An algorithm is a step by step procedure as it consists of a sequence of well-defined instructions to solve a problem.

Konrad Zuse is the correct answer because he was a German engineer and computer pioneer who is credited with creating the first chess program in Plankalkul. Plankalkul was a programming language that Zuse developed in the 1940s, and he used it to create a chess program called "Chess-Plankalkul." This program was able to play a complete game of chess against a human opponent, making it the first of its kind. Zuse's work in developing this chess program was a significant milestone in the history of computer science and artificial intelligence.

Talos was the first mythical automaton with artificial intelligence. In Greek mythology, Talos was a giant bronze automaton created by Hephaistos, the god of blacksmiths and craftsmen. Talos was given the ability to move and think on his own, making him the first automaton with artificial intelligence. He was tasked with protecting the island of Crete and preventing any invaders from entering. Talos would patrol the shores, throwing rocks at approaching ships and heating himself up to burn any enemies. His advanced capabilities and independent thinking set him apart as the first mythical automaton with artificial intelligence.

The maximum remaining value heuristic is not a general-purpose heuristic because it does not prioritize the minimum remaining values or degrees of freedom. Instead, it focuses on selecting the variable with the maximum remaining values in its domain. This heuristic is commonly used in constraint satisfaction problems where the goal is to assign values to variables while satisfying a set of constraints. However, it is not applicable in all problem-solving scenarios and does not provide a general approach for solving different types of problems.

Neural networks can reproduce the logic operators OR, NOT, and AND. The OR operator returns true if at least one of the inputs is true, the NOT operator returns the opposite of the input, and the AND operator returns true only if both inputs are true. Neural networks can be trained to mimic these logical operations by adjusting the weights and biases of the network's neurons to produce the desired outputs based on the given inputs.

The correct answer is "Fire. value before activation: 0.5". This is because the neuron fires when the sum of the input signals multiplied by their corresponding weights, plus the bias, is greater than or equal to zero. In this case, the sum is (-1 * -1) + (1 * 0.5) + (1 * -1) + 0 = 0.5, which is greater than zero. Therefore, the neuron fires. The value before the activation function is applied is 0.5.

The correct answer is False. The Beam Search algorithm keeps track of multiple states rather than just one. This is done by maintaining a beam width, which is the number of states that are considered at each step of the search. By keeping track of multiple states, Beam Search is able to explore multiple possible solutions simultaneously and increase the chances of finding the optimal solution.

The statement that is false is "Self-training was replaced with training by playing against various partners." In fact, in TD-Gammon, self-training was used where the program played against itself to improve its performance. This self-play allowed the program to learn from its own mistakes and continuously improve its gameplay.

The Monte-Carlo search does not play completely random with equal chances to lose and win. Instead, it plays a large number of games where all moves are randomly selected. It then averages the scores of these games and makes the move with the highest average score. This approach allows the Monte-Carlo search to make informed decisions based on the outcome of multiple simulated games.

The statement "planning problems can be seen as a sat. problem where some are unsatisfiable" is not a key problem of planning. This statement suggests that planning problems can be formulated as satisfiability (SAT) problems, where the goal is to find a satisfying assignment of variables. However, the fact that some of these SAT problems are unsatisfiable does not directly relate to the key problems of planning, such as the domain specificity of states, the exponential growth of solutions/plans, and the existence of multiple solutions/plans to reach the goal state.

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a field of study that focuses on enabling computers to understand and process human language. It involves techniques and algorithms that allow computers to analyze, interpret, and generate natural language. NLP aims to improve human-computer communication by enabling machines to understand and respond to human language input. It also helps in improving human-human communication by facilitating language translation and interpretation. However, NLP does not primarily focus on improving computer-computer communication. Instead, it focuses on enabling computers to understand and extract knowledge from texts, which is essential for various applications like information retrieval and sentiment analysis.

In Searle's Chinese Room thought experiment, the man does not speak Chinese. The experiment illustrates the limitations of artificial intelligence systems that can process information and provide appropriate responses in a language they do not understand. The man in the room follows instructions to manipulate Chinese symbols without comprehending their meaning, highlighting the difference between mere symbol manipulation and true understanding.

Alan Turing presented his famous Turing Test in the year 1950. This test was designed to determine a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior that is indistinguishable from that of a human. Turing proposed that if a machine can successfully convince a human evaluator that it is human during a conversation, then it can be considered as having passed the test. The year 1950 marks the presentation of this groundbreaking test by Turing.

Machine Learning is the direct superset of Deep Learning because Deep Learning is a specialized form of Machine Learning that focuses on neural networks. Machine Learning is the direct subset of AI because Machine Learning is a subfield of AI that focuses on algorithms and models that enable computers to learn from and make predictions or decisions based on data. Deep Learning is the direct subset of Machine Learning because Deep Learning is a specific technique within the broader field of Machine Learning that uses neural networks with multiple layers to learn and extract complex patterns from data.

Hephaistos, the Greek god of blacksmiths and craftsmen, is known for creating various artificial entities. Bellows are devices used to produce a strong blast of air to fuel fires, making them essential tools for blacksmiths. Waiters, although not specifically mentioned in Greek mythology, could be considered artificial entities as they are created to serve and assist in various tasks. Tripods, on the other hand, are three-legged structures or vessels that were often created by Hephaistos. Therefore, the correct answer includes Bellows, Waiters, and Tripods as artificial entities built by Hephaistos.

CSPs (Constraint Satisfaction Problems) can be solved through constraint propagation, search and backtracking, or using a combination of search or constraint propagation with heuristics. Constraint propagation involves applying constraints to reduce the search space and eliminate inconsistent values. Search and backtracking involve systematically exploring the search space and backtracking when a dead end is reached. Heuristics can be used to guide the search process and make it more efficient. Genetic algorithms, which involve mutation and crossover, are not specifically mentioned as methods for solving CSPs in the given options.

The horizon effect refers to a limitation in a fixed depth search. In this type of search, the algorithm only explores a certain number of moves ahead before making a decision. The horizon effect occurs when the search depth is not sufficient to accurately evaluate the consequences of certain moves. This can lead to suboptimal decisions being made because the algorithm is unable to see the potential long-term consequences of a move beyond the fixed depth. Therefore, the horizon effect is a problem specifically associated with fixed depth searches, rather than breadth searches or the size of the game.

The correct answer is "It depends on the activation function." The output of an artificial neuron is determined by the activation function applied to the weighted sum of inputs. Different activation functions have different ranges of output values. For example, the sigmoid function outputs values between 0 and 1, while the hyperbolic tangent function outputs values between -1 and 1. Therefore, the minimum and maximum values an artificial neuron can output depend on the specific activation function being used.

The key concept of opponent modeling is to try to predict the opponent's next move. By analyzing their previous moves, strategies, and patterns, one can make informed decisions and anticipate their actions. This allows for better planning and decision-making during the game or competition, increasing the chances of success.

The block that is not part of knowledge and reasoning in Watson is Independent Knowledge. This block refers to knowing things that are always true, like the fact that 1+1 equals 2. While Watson is capable of processing and understanding linguistic knowledge, geographical knowledge, and temporal knowledge, it does not rely on or require independent knowledge as it is already programmed with this type of information.

The statement is incorrect because planning is not limited to just coming up with a sequence of actions. Planning also involves determining the resources needed, setting timelines, and evaluating potential risks. It is a comprehensive process that goes beyond just identifying a sequence of actions. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

In STRIPS language, the correct answer states that after a step, the current initial true states have to remain the same. This means that the actions in STRIPS language should not change the initial true states.

ELIZA is a chatbot that scans the input sentence for keywords, allowing it to understand the context and generate appropriate responses. It also uses stock answers sometimes, which are pre-determined responses for common questions or statements. Additionally, ELIZA can be sensitive to specific subjects, such as the subject of family, and tailor its responses accordingly. However, ELIZA cannot return to previous content, meaning it does not have the ability to recall or reference past conversations. ELIZA does not use artificial neurons or a neuronal net, so this property is not true.

This statement is false. Modern NLP systems actually use deep learning techniques, such as neural networks, to achieve better machine translation results. Deep learning has proven to be effective in various NLP tasks, including machine translation, due to its ability to learn complex patterns and representations from large amounts of data. Knowledge-based MT systems, on the other hand, rely on predefined rules and dictionaries, which are not as flexible and adaptable as deep learning models.

The Turing Test is based on the imitation game, which was proposed by Alan Turing in 1950. The test involves a human judge engaging in a conversation with a machine and another human, without knowing which is which. If the judge cannot consistently distinguish the machine from the human based on their responses, the machine is said to have passed the Turing Test and exhibited intelligent behavior. The imitation game serves as a benchmark to determine whether a machine can exhibit human-like intelligence and behavior.

The statement suggests that an AI is called strong when it outperforms humans in intelligent tasks like chess. However, this is not true. An AI is considered strong or superintelligent when it surpasses human capabilities in a wide range of cognitive tasks, not just limited to chess. Therefore, the correct answer is false.

The early successes mentioned in the answer include the chess playing machine beating a former grandmaster, pioneering many ideas in game playing and machine learning, and the checker game playing machine beating a regional master. These achievements demonstrate advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning in the field of game playing.

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The correct answer explains that cross-over is modelled after a cross-over of DNA. In this process, two parent strings are taken and they are cut at the cross-over point. Then, the pieces are recombined. This explanation accurately describes the concept of cross-over in the context of DNA and how it is applied to the parent strings.

A binary tree is a data structure used to organize and store data in a hierarchical manner, where each node has at most two children. It is not an ontology because an ontology refers to a formalized description of a domain, which includes concepts, relationships, and properties. Ontologies are used to create a shared vocabulary and a logical structure to represent knowledge in a specific domain. A binary tree does not fulfill these requirements and is therefore not an ontology.

The early success of domain-specific knowledge base construction expert systems did not include weather forecasting to predict the weather of the next few days. This means that while expert systems were able to diagnose blood infection and suggest the right antibiotic, configure computers, and infer molecular structure from the formula of the molecule and the mass spectrum, they were not successful in accurately predicting the weather in the early stages of their development.

The correct answer is Natural Language Processing, Information Retrieval, and Knowledge And Reasoning. These three main parts of WATSON, the machine that played "Jeopardy!", are essential for its success in the game. Natural Language Processing allows WATSON to understand and interpret human language, enabling it to comprehend the questions asked in the game. Information Retrieval helps WATSON to search and retrieve relevant information from its vast database. Knowledge And Reasoning allows WATSON to analyze and evaluate the retrieved information to generate accurate answers.

This answer suggests that the statement "A → p → B" in planning does not mean that p is a method. In planning, a method is a high-level action that decomposes into a sequence of lower-level actions. Therefore, this answer implies that p is not a method, but rather something else in the planning process.

The Turing test is a test in which a judge interacts with a human and a computer through a series of questions and conversations. The judge does not know which is the human and which is the computer. If the judge is unable to determine which is which and mistakenly identifies the computer as the human, then the computer is said to have passed the test and can be considered intelligent. In this scenario, there is a woman and a computer who both pretend to be the woman, and the judge's task is to identify the real woman. The desired outcome is for the computer to be considered intelligent.

The "Bag of Words" model assumes that a document is created using words from a subset of the vocabulary, which is not true. In reality, documents can contain words from various subsets of the vocabulary.

The three original Laws of Robotics by Isaac Asimov are as follows:
1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. This law emphasizes the importance of preserving human safety and preventing harm.
2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. This law highlights the necessity for robots to follow human commands, unless doing so would cause harm to a human.
3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. This law emphasizes the self-preservation aspect of robots, ensuring that they can continue to function and carry out their duties, as long as it doesn't contradict the first two laws.

The statement "Games of chance with imperfect information include bridge, poker and scrabble" is true because in these games, players do not have complete information about the cards or letters held by their opponents, and luck plays a significant role in determining the outcome.

The statement "Deterministic games with perfect information include chess, checkers and Go" is true because in these games, players have complete information about the state of the game and there is no element of chance involved. The outcome is solely determined by the players' strategies and decisions.

The statement "Games of chance with perfect information include backgammon and monopoly" is true because in these games, players have complete information about the state of the game and luck also plays a significant role in determining the outcome. However, players have full knowledge of the game state and can make strategic decisions based on that information.

The correct answer is that the Quevdeo's KRK machine can automatically play and win the KRK chess endgame. This means that the machine has the capability to play the specific endgame scenario in chess known as KRK and has been programmed to make the best moves to win the game.

The given answer is False because the statement about the "error of a network" is incorrect. The error of a network is not a binary statement, but rather a quantitative measure that represents the difference between the predicted output of a neural network and the actual output. It is not simply a matter of whether the network works properly or needs more training, but rather a measure of the network's accuracy and how much it deviates from the desired output.

The given answer is correct because in progression algorithms, the initial state is the starting point from which actions are taken. These actions are only considered if their preconditions are satisfied, meaning that the necessary conditions for the action to be executed are met. Steps are then made until the current state satisfies the goal, which is the desired end state. Therefore, the statements "start is the initial state," "make actions where the preconditions are satisfied," and "make steps until the current state satisfies the goal" are all true for progression algorithms.

Machine Learning is a subsector of Artificial Intelligence that involves computer programs automatically improving with experience. It makes use of algorithms and statistics to analyze and draw inferences from patterns in data. This explanation accurately describes the concept of Machine Learning, highlighting its relationship with Artificial Intelligence and its reliance on algorithms and statistical analysis to learn from data.

The founding fathers of AI are Allan Newell, John McCarthy, and Marvin Minsky. These individuals made significant contributions to the field of artificial intelligence. Allan Newell was a computer scientist who developed the General Problem Solver, a program that could solve a wide range of problems. John McCarthy coined the term "artificial intelligence" and organized the Dartmouth Conference, which is considered the birth of AI as a field of study. Marvin Minsky was a cognitive scientist and co-founder of the MIT AI Lab, where he made pioneering contributions to the development of AI technologies.

The main advantage of regression compared to progression is that only relevant actions are considered. Regression focuses on identifying the relationship between variables and predicting outcomes based on that relationship. It eliminates unnecessary actions or variables that do not contribute significantly to the prediction. This helps in simplifying the analysis and making it more focused and accurate.

The statement "consideres only steps which changes the state by a lot, because other steps won't bring you ahead in solving" is not true about Quiescence search. Quiescence search does not only consider steps that change the state by a lot, but rather it focuses on evaluating positions where there are no major changes in the near future. This is because positions with wild swings in value can lead to unstable evaluations and can cause problems in the search algorithm. Therefore, Quiescence search aims to identify stable positions and evaluate them accordingly.

The correct answer is "Intentionality is Searle's word for the difference between 'true' and 'simulated' intelligence", "Nothing in the room knows Chinese", and "One of its purposes is to show that the Turing test is inadequate." Searle's Chinese Room argument is a thought experiment that aims to challenge the idea that a computer can truly understand and have consciousness. According to Searle, even though the room may pass the Turing Test by producing intelligent responses in Chinese, there is no genuine understanding happening within the room. This argument suggests that the Turing Test is inadequate in determining true intelligence because it only focuses on the ability to simulate human-like behavior, rather than actual understanding.