Blood Proteins Quiz

Albumin is indeed the major constituent of plasma proteins, accounting for approximately 60% of the total protein content in the plasma. It is synthesized in the liver and plays a crucial role in maintaining the osmotic pressure of the blood, transporting various substances such as hormones, fatty acids, and drugs, and contributing to the regulation of pH and buffering capacity. Therefore, the statement "Albumin is the Major constituent of plasma proteins (60%)" is true.

Microalbuminuria refers to the presence of a small amount of albumin (a protein) in the urine, typically between 30-300 mg/day. This condition is clinically important because it serves as an early marker for kidney damage. It is often an indication of early-stage kidney disease or a precursor to more severe renal diseases, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) or diabetic nephropathy. By detecting microalbuminuria, healthcare professionals can identify individuals at a higher risk of developing kidney diseases and take appropriate measures to prevent or manage the condition. Therefore, the statement that microalbuminuria is clinically important for predicting the future risk of renal diseases is true.

The estimation of CRP (C-reactive protein) in serum is important for evaluating the acute phase response. CRP is a protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation, infection, or tissue injury. It is a marker of inflammation and its levels can increase significantly during the acute phase response. Measuring CRP levels in serum can help in diagnosing and monitoring various inflammatory conditions such as infections, autoimmune diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it is crucial to estimate CRP in serum for a comprehensive evaluation of the acute phase response.

The statement is true because a densitometer is a device used to measure the density or concentration of substances in a solution. In the context of serum protein electrophoresis, a densitometer can be used to estimate the concentration of each fraction or band seen in the electrophoresis gel. This allows for quantitative analysis of the protein fractions and helps in diagnosing various medical conditions.

Serum is the correct answer because it is the liquid component of blood that remains after the blood has clotted and the clotting factors, including fibrinogen, have been removed. Unlike plasma, which contains fibrinogen and other clotting factors, serum does not have these components. Therefore, the absence of fibrinogen and other clotting factors makes serum the appropriate answer in this context.

The different bands seen in serum protein electrophoresis are albumin, α1, α2, β, and γ globulins. Albumin is the most abundant protein in the blood and appears as a single band. The α1 and α2 bands represent different types of alpha globulins, while the β and γ bands represent beta and gamma globulins, respectively. Therefore, the correct answer is "all the above," as all of these bands can be observed in serum protein electrophoresis.

A decrease in albumin or an increase in globulins can both contribute to a lowered A/G ratio. Albumin is a protein produced by the liver and helps maintain osmotic pressure in the blood. Globulins are a group of proteins that include antibodies and transport proteins. When there is a decrease in albumin or an increase in globulins, the ratio of albumin to globulins (A/G ratio) decreases. This can be seen in conditions such as liver disease, kidney disease, or certain autoimmune disorders. Therefore, the statement is true.

Alpha-anti proteinase is a protein that functions by combining with trypsin, elastase, and other protease enzymes to inhibit their activity. This helps regulate the activity of these enzymes and prevent them from causing excessive tissue damage. By inhibiting their activity, alpha-anti proteinase helps maintain the balance between protease activity and tissue integrity.

When coagulation occurs, and the blood clot is separated from the liquid portion of blood, it is called "serum." Serum is the clear, yellowish fluid that is left after the blood has clotted and the clot has been removed. It contains various proteins, electrolytes, hormones, and waste products. Plasma, on the other hand, is the liquid component of blood that contains clotting factors and other substances necessary for blood clotting. Therefore, the correct answer is serum.

LD-4 and LD-5 are subunits of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). LD-4 is predominantly found in the liver, while LD-5 is predominantly found in skeletal muscle. This means that the highest levels of LDH activity in the body would be found in the liver and skeletal muscle. Cardiac muscle, kidneys, and erythrocytes may also have some LDH activity, but it is not as predominant as in the liver and skeletal muscle. Therefore, the correct answer is liver and skeletal muscle.

The correct answer is "all the above" because both the salting out process and electrophoresis are commonly used methods to separate proteins. The salting out process involves adding a high concentration of salt to a protein solution, causing the proteins to precipitate out. Electrophoresis, on the other hand, separates proteins based on their size and charge using an electric field. Therefore, both methods can be used individually or in combination to separate proteins effectively.

Increased levels of high sensitive CRP (hs-CRP) in the circulation have been found to be associated with inflammation in the body. Inflammation plays a crucial role in the development and progression of coronary heart disease (CHD). Therefore, measuring hs-CRP levels can be a useful tool in predicting the risk of CHD. Higher levels of hs-CRP indicate a higher risk of developing CHD, while lower levels suggest a lower risk. This information can help healthcare professionals identify individuals who may benefit from preventive measures and interventions to reduce their risk of CHD.

LDH, or lactate dehydrogenase, is an enzyme that is present in all cells of the body. It is responsible for the conversion of lactate to pyruvate during the process of glycolysis. LDH is located in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it carries out its function. Therefore, the statement that LDH is present in all cells of the body and only in the cytoplasm of the cell is true.

Acute phase response is a non-specific response of the body to various stimuli such as infection, injury, inflammation, and cancer. It is characterized by the release of certain proteins called acute phase proteins, which help in the regulation of the immune response and tissue repair. This response is a part of the body's defense mechanism and is triggered by the activation of the immune system. Multiple myeloma and Wilson disease are specific medical conditions and are not related to the non-specific response known as acute phase response.

The given correct answer, "Cardiac muscle, kidneys & erythrocytes," suggests that LD-1 and LD-2 predominates in these specific organs and cells. This means that these organs and cells have a higher concentration of LD-1 and LD-2 isoenzymes compared to other organs, such as the liver and skeletal muscle.

The half-life of albumin is 20 days. This means that it takes approximately 20 days for half of the albumin in the body to be broken down and eliminated. The remaining half will take another 20 days to be further reduced. This information is important in medical settings as it helps determine the dosing and frequency of medication administration, as well as assessing the overall health and functioning of the liver and kidneys.

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The albumin/globulin ratio refers to the ratio of albumin to globulin proteins in the blood. A normal range for this ratio is 1.2 - 1.5 : 1. This means that there should be slightly more albumin than globulin in the blood. This ratio is important as it can provide information about liver function, kidney function, and overall protein status in the body. If the ratio is significantly higher or lower than the normal range, it may indicate certain medical conditions or diseases.

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In cellulose acetate electrophoresis at pH 8.6, serum proteins migrate towards the anode based on their net charge. At this pH, albumin has the highest negative charge and will migrate the fastest towards the anode. Alpha-1 globulin, alpha-2 globulin, beta globulin, and gamma globulin have progressively lower negative charges and will migrate in that order towards the anode. Therefore, the correct answer is "+) albumin, alpha-1 globulin, alpha-2 globulin, beta globulin, gamma globulin (-)".

Macro CK is an atypical form of creatine kinase that is found transiently in the sera of hospitalized patients. It can be detected in up to 6% of these patients. Macro CK refers to the presence of high molecular weight forms of CK in the blood, which can be caused by various factors such as autoimmune diseases, liver diseases, or malignancies. This form of CK is not specific to any particular condition and its presence in hospitalized patients is likely due to the underlying health issues they are experiencing.

The liver is responsible for synthesizing many major classes of plasma proteins, including albumin, haptoglobulin, and transferrin. However, it does not synthesize gamma globulin, which is primarily produced by plasma cells in the lymphoid tissues, such as the bone marrow and lymph nodes. Gamma globulin is an important component of the immune system and plays a role in antibody production.

During the acute phase, certain plasma proteins, such as albumin and transferrin, decrease in synthesis. These proteins are referred to as negative acute phase reactants because their levels decrease during inflammation or infection. Albumin is an important protein that helps maintain osmotic pressure in the blood and transports various substances, while transferrin is responsible for transporting iron in the blood. A decrease in their synthesis during the acute phase can be attributed to the body's response to inflammation or infection.

In electrophoresis of serum proteins, when the sample is placed in an electric field connected to a buffer of pH 8.6, the proteins have a negative charge. This is because at pH 8.6, the amino acid residues in the proteins become deprotonated, resulting in a net negative charge. This negative charge causes the proteins to migrate towards the positively charged anode (not the cathode as stated in the question), as opposites attract in an electric field.

In multiple myeloma, there is an abnormal proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow, leading to the production of excessive amounts of monoclonal immunoglobulins (M proteins). These M proteins can be detected in the serum protein electrophoresis. The gamma fraction represents the immunoglobulins, including the M proteins, and is typically elevated in patients with multiple myeloma. Therefore, in this case, the gamma fraction is most likely to be the most elevated.

LDH-3 is the correct answer because it is the isoenzyme of intermediate mobility. LDH, or lactate dehydrogenase, is an enzyme found in various tissues including the spleen, lungs, lymph nodes, leukocytes, and platelets. It exists in different forms, or isoenzymes, which can be separated based on their mobility during electrophoresis. LDH-3 refers to the specific isoenzyme that has intermediate mobility, meaning it moves at a moderate rate during electrophoresis.

Muscular dystrophy is a group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness and degeneration. Creatine kinase (CPK) is an enzyme found in muscle cells, and its levels in the blood are greatly elevated in muscular dystrophy. This is because the muscle cells are damaged and CPK leaks into the bloodstream. Therefore, the correct answer is CPK.

Globulin is a type of protein found in the blood that plays a role in the immune system. While it may have some therapeutic uses, such as in the treatment of certain immune disorders, burns and hemorrhage are not among them. Therefore, the statement that globulin is therapeutically useful for the treatment of burns and hemorrhage is false.

Acute phase proteins are a group of proteins that are produced by the liver in response to inflammation or infection. These proteins help in various immune and inflammatory processes. Antitrypsin, ceruloplasmin, complement proteins, and C-reactive protein (CRP) are all examples of acute phase proteins. However, albumin is not an acute phase protein. It is the most abundant protein in the blood and is involved in maintaining osmotic pressure and transporting various substances.

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Both M and B subunits have a C-terminal lysine residue, which suggests that both subunits could potentially be hydrolyzed by carboxypeptidases present in blood. Therefore, the statement that only the B subunit is hydrolyzed by carboxypeptidases is incorrect.

The correct answer is CK-Mt. CK-Mt refers to Creatine Kinase-Mitochondrial, which is an atypical form of CPK (Creatine Phosphokinase). This specific gene is found on chromosome 15 and is located between the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria. CK-Mt is involved in the transfer of high-energy phosphate groups from ATP to creatine, which is important for energy metabolism in the mitochondria.

According to accepted nomenclature, the CK isoenzyme migrating closest to the anode (+ terminal) should be referred to as CK-1.

The migration pattern of CK and LD isoenzymes in electrophoretic separation is described by options B and D. This means that CK3, CK2, CK1 and LD5, LD4, LD3, LD2, LD1 migrate towards the anode during electrophoresis.

The total concentration of plasma proteins is typically measured in grams per deciliter (g/dl). The normal range for plasma protein concentration is 6-8 g/dl.

The reference range of high sensitive CRP (hs-CRP) is 100-300 ug/dl. This range indicates the normal levels of hs-CRP in the blood. It is used as a marker of inflammation in the body, with higher levels suggesting a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, a hs-CRP level within the range of 100-300 ug/dl is considered normal and indicates a lower risk of inflammation-related health issues.

The normal concentration of albumin in the serum is 3.5 – 5 g/dl.