Chem 1046- General Chemistry Test

Explanation
An ionic bond is a type of bond that forms between a metal and a non-metal. In this bond, the metal atom transfers one or more electrons to the non-metal atom, resulting in the formation of ions. The metal atom loses electrons and becomes a positively charged ion, while the non-metal atom gains electrons and becomes a negatively charged ion. This transfer of electrons creates a strong electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions, forming an ionic bond. Therefore, the statement in the question about the non-metal gaining the extra electron(s) and the bond not being a sharing relationship aligns with the characteristics of an ionic bond.

Explanation
A pure covalent bond occurs when two atoms of the same element share electrons equally. In this type of bond, there is no significant difference in electronegativity between the atoms, resulting in a balanced sharing of electrons. This leads to a stable and strong bond, where both atoms have equal access to the shared electrons. This type of bond is characterized by the fair sharing of electrons, making it all about sharing fairly.

Explanation
A polar covalent bond is formed when two atoms share electrons unequally. In this type of bond, the more electronegative atom attracts the shared electrons more strongly, causing it to "hog" the electrons. This results in a partial positive charge on one atom and a partial negative charge on the other, creating a polarity in the bond. Therefore, the given statement about the more electronegative side "hogging" the electrons is consistent with the concept of a polar covalent bond.

Explanation
A cation is a positively charged ion that is formed when a metal atom loses one or more electrons. In an ionic bond, one atom transfers electron(s) to another atom, resulting in the formation of a cation and an anion. Since the statement mentions losing electron(s) and being a metal, it aligns with the definition of a cation.

Explanation
In an ionic bond, one element tends to attract electrons more strongly than the other. The element with higher electronegativity becomes the anion, which means it gains electrons and becomes negatively charged. This allows the anion to "hog" or attract more electrons in the bond, giving it a negative charge. Therefore, the given statement suggests that the element with higher electronegativity is the anion.

Explanation
The correct answer is high surface tension. Surface tension is a property of liquids that allows them to resist external forces. In this case, high surface tension enables bugs to walk on water because it creates a strong cohesive force between water molecules, forming a sort of "skin" on the surface. This skin can support the weight of small objects like bugs, allowing them to walk on water without sinking.

Explanation
Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same substance, while adhesion is the attraction between molecules of different substances. In the given statement, it suggests that even the tallest redwood tree gets water, indicating that water is able to move against gravity through a tree's vascular system. This is made possible by the combined forces of cohesion and adhesion. Cohesion allows water molecules to stick together, forming a continuous column in the tree's xylem vessels. Adhesion allows water molecules to adhere to the walls of the xylem vessels, helping to pull the water upwards. Together, cohesion and adhesion enable water to be transported from the roots to the top of the tree.

Explanation
The term "universal solvent" refers to a substance that has the ability to dissolve a wide range of solutes. In this context, the statement "Blood, sweat and tears...and a lot more in the way of vital body fluids, all thanks to me!" suggests that the speaker is capable of dissolving or breaking down various substances found in the body. Therefore, the correct answer "universal solvent" accurately describes the speaker's role in dissolving and facilitating the movement of these vital body fluids.

Explanation
Adhesion, cohesion, and capillary action are all properties of water that can explain why a dry paper towel is effective at turning off a tap. Adhesion refers to the attraction between water molecules and other substances, such as the material of the paper towel. This allows the water to stick to the towel and be pulled away from the tap. Cohesion is the attraction between water molecules themselves, causing them to stick together. This cohesion helps the water to form a thin film on the towel, enhancing its ability to absorb and remove water from the tap. Capillary action is the ability of water to move against gravity in narrow spaces, such as the fibers of the paper towel. This action helps to draw the water up into the towel, aiding in the drying process.

Explanation
High heat capacity refers to the ability of a substance to absorb and store a large amount of heat energy without undergoing a significant change in temperature. In the context of the given statement, high heat capacity can be attributed to water. Water has a high heat capacity, which means it can absorb a lot of heat energy before its temperature increases. This property allows humans to cool down their bodies by sweating, which is essential for endurance activities like chasing prey. By sweating, humans dissipate heat through evaporation, preventing overheating and allowing them to continue chasing faster and stronger game until the prey tires out.

Explanation
An atom is the smallest unit of an element that still retains the properties of that element. Atoms are composed of subatomic particles such as protons, neutrons, and electrons. They are the building blocks of matter and cannot be broken down further without losing their elemental properties. Therefore, the given statement accurately describes an atom.

Explanation
The given explanation suggests that the correct answer is the periodic table. The explanation mentions that the person was inspired by a dream to organize all elements based on their valence shells and electronegativity, among other properties. This aligns with the purpose and structure of the periodic table, which is a systematic arrangement of elements based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and chemical properties. Therefore, the periodic table is the most suitable answer based on the information provided.

Explanation
The number of neutrons in an atom determines its isotope. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons. Since neutrons have no charge, adding or removing them does not affect the element's chemical properties. However, different isotopes may have different physical properties, such as stability or radioactivity. Therefore, the number of neutrons is the reason for the existence of different isotopes of most elements in the periodic table.

Explanation
Manganese is an element with atomic number 25, which means it has 25 protons and 25 electrons in a neutral atom. The number of electrons in an atom is equal to the number of protons, so in a neutral atom of manganese, there are 25 electrons.

Explanation
The correct answer is "inert". Inert atoms are those that do not readily react with other elements or form chemical bonds. They have a full outer electron shell and are stable, so they do not need to gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable configuration. Inert elements are often found in Group 18 of the periodic table, known as the noble gases. These elements include helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon.

Explanation
This question is asking for the type of change that might result in freezing, melting, or condensation. These processes are all examples of physical changes, where the state or form of a substance is altered without any change in its chemical composition. In a physical change, the molecules or particles of a substance rearrange or move, but the fundamental properties and composition of the substance remain the same. Therefore, the correct answer is physical change.

Explanation
Burning, rotting, baking, and rusting are all examples of chemical changes. In a chemical change, the substances involved undergo a chemical reaction, resulting in the formation of new substances with different properties. In the case of burning, a substance reacts with oxygen to produce heat, light, and new compounds. Rotting involves the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, leading to the formation of new compounds. Baking involves the transformation of ingredients through heat, resulting in the formation of a new product. Rusting is the result of a chemical reaction between iron, oxygen, and water, forming iron oxide. These examples demonstrate the characteristic features of a chemical change.

Explanation
The given properties indicate that the particles are tightly packed and have strong intermolecular forces, which prevent them from moving freely. This characteristic is commonly observed in solids, where the particles vibrate in fixed positions but do not easily change their shape or volume. Therefore, the correct answer is solids.

Explanation
Gases have faster-moving particles compared to solids and liquids. This is because the particles in gases have more kinetic energy, allowing them to move more rapidly. Additionally, gases do not have a fixed shape or volume. They take the shape and volume of the container they are placed in, as the particles are free to move and spread out. This behavior is characteristic of gases and distinguishes them from solids and liquids, which have a fixed shape and volume.

Explanation
The statement suggests that the given answer, "weight," changes depending on the force of gravity. Weight is a measure of the force of gravity acting on an object, and it can vary depending on the strength of gravity. Therefore, the answer "weight" aligns with the statement provided.

Explanation
Evolution, special relativity, and germ theory are all examples of scientific theories. A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is based on empirical evidence and has been repeatedly tested and confirmed through experimentation and observation. These theories provide frameworks for understanding and explaining complex phenomena and have stood the test of time by being supported by extensive evidence and being able to make accurate predictions.

Explanation
Mathematical formulas are considered as laws in the context of this question. These laws allow us to express ourselves and make predictions about various phenomena, including astronomical events like the next sighting of Halley's comet.

Explanation
Validity refers to the extent to which a test or measurement accurately measures what it is intended to measure. In this context, having "validity" when testing means that the test is accurately assessing the specific variables or concepts that it is designed to assess. It implies that the test is measuring what it is supposed to measure, and therefore the results obtained from the test can be considered reliable and meaningful.

Explanation
A hypothesis is an educated guess about the way things work, and it forms the basis for research. It is a tentative explanation or prediction that can be tested through experimentation or observation. Researchers use hypotheses to guide their investigations and gather evidence to either support or refute the hypothesis. Therefore, the answer "Hypothesis" accurately describes the statement provided in the question.

Explanation
Fe del Mundo is the correct answer because the statement describes her accomplishments and contributions. She invented a low-cost incubator, which shows her innovation and dedication to finding solutions for rural areas in the Philippines. Additionally, she used her own funds to establish a pediatric hospital, highlighting her commitment to improving healthcare for children. These achievements demonstrate her impact and dedication to making a positive difference in her community.