Pols 2310 Fourth Exam
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Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that Crito offers in trying to convince Socrates to escape from jail?
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Crito does not want his friend to die.
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Crito wants Socrates to avenge the injustice against him.
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Crito fears being seen as unwilling to spend his money for his friend.
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Crito claims that some will think that he and Socrates have not been courageous if Socrates does not escape.
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The 'POLS 2310 Fourth Exam' explores ethical reasoning through Socrates' dialogues in 'Crito'. It assesses understanding of justice, law, and morality, focusing on Socrates' refusal to escape from jail despite external pressures, highlighting the depth of ethical principles.
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- 2.
At the beginning of the Crito, where does Crito go to get information about what specific things he should do and not do to be a good person?
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Public opinion
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Religion
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The laws
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Thought about the meaning of justice
Correct Answer
A. Public opinionExplanation
Crito goes to public opinion to get information about what specific things he should do and not do to be a good person. Public opinion refers to the collective beliefs and attitudes of the general public, and seeking guidance from it can help Crito understand the societal expectations and norms that define being a good person. By considering public opinion, Crito can align his actions with the values and principles upheld by the community, thereby ensuring his moral conduct and reputation.Rate this question:
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- 3.
How does Socrates evaluate the source that Crito uses (from the previous question) to get his information about what he should do to be a good person?
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Socrates says it is not based on knowledge, but acts simply at random.
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Socrates agrees that it is a valuable source of information about good and bad and right and wrong.
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Socrates knows that it is the best way to understand justice, but fears that Crito is not able to use it well.
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Socrates is unsure of the value of the information, and asks Crito to prove its utility.
Correct Answer
A. Socrates says it is not based on knowledge, but acts simply at random.Explanation
Socrates evaluates the source that Crito uses as not being based on knowledge, but rather acting randomly. This suggests that Socrates does not consider the source to be reliable or trustworthy in providing information about what one should do to be a good person.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Socrates will violate public opinion without proof that justice requires it, but he will not violate the law without proof that justice requires it. For this to make sense, which of the following must be true?
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Public opinion is a better guide for action than law.
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It might be that the law is based on some genuine understanding of good and bad.
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Laws only require people to do that which they really want to do.
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Law is based on power, but not on authority.
Correct Answer
A. It might be that the law is based on some genuine understanding of good and bad.Explanation
The given statement suggests that Socrates is willing to go against public opinion if he has proof that justice requires it. However, when it comes to the law, he will only go against it if he has proof that justice requires it. This implies that Socrates believes there is a possibility that the law is based on a genuine understanding of good and bad. If the law is indeed based on such understanding, it would make sense for Socrates to require proof before going against it. Therefore, the statement "It might be that the law is based on some genuine understanding of good and bad" must be true for the given scenario to make sense.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Which of the following is something that Socrates says in explaining the general meaning of justice as it applies to the question of his escaping from jail?
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It is never right to be unjust, even to someone who has been unjust to you first.
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Violation of a law is not unjust when the law itself is wrong.
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Generosity and courage are virtues that are at least as important as justice in deciding how to act.
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When seeking to understand justice, it is better to consider the opinion of the people, especially in a democracy.
Correct Answer
A. It is never right to be unjust, even to someone who has been unjust to you first.Explanation
Socrates explains that it is never morally acceptable to act unjustly, even towards someone who has treated you unjustly. This implies that justice is a universal principle that should be upheld regardless of the actions of others. Socrates emphasizes the importance of acting justly and not seeking revenge or retaliation. This statement reflects Socrates' commitment to the principles of justice and moral integrity.Rate this question:
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- 6.
When Socrates develops the general meaning of justice and begins to apply it to the question of whether Socrates should escape from jail, Crito responds by:
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Disagreeing with Socrates on the question of whether justice requires abiding by agreements.
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Saying that he does not understand Socrates' statement about the meaning of justice and its application.
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Objecting that the laws sometimes do not define justice well.
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Agreeing that it is sometimes the role of a just person to return injustice for injustice.
Correct Answer
A. Saying that he does not understand Socrates' statement about the meaning of justice and its application.Explanation
Crito responds by saying that he does not understand Socrates' statement about the meaning of justice and its application. This suggests that Crito is confused or unable to grasp the concept that Socrates is explaining. It implies that Crito may not fully comprehend the argument being made by Socrates regarding justice and its implications in their particular situation.Rate this question:
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- 7.
According to the argument that Socrates and the laws make,
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Disobedience of the law tends to destroy the law.
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Disobedience of the laws should be encouraged when the law commands something harmful.
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The law can be trusted to be perfectly just only when the majority rules.
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Law need not be obeyed in cases where its application would result in imperfect justice.
Correct Answer
A. Disobedience of the law tends to destroy the law.Explanation
The correct answer is "disobedience of the law tends to destroy the law." This answer aligns with the argument made by Socrates and the laws. According to their argument, disobedience of the law undermines the authority and effectiveness of the law itself. When individuals disobey the law, it weakens the social order and can lead to a breakdown of the legal system. Therefore, the argument suggests that obedience to the law is crucial for maintaining its integrity and ensuring its proper functioning.Rate this question:
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- 8.
The laws claim to Socrates that:
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"we give you and other Athenians only good things."
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"we are not capable of making mistakes and so must be obeyed in big things and the little things."
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"we declare that it is the responsibility of each Athenian to understand for himself what justice requires."
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"we gave you and every other Athenian a share of all the good things we could."
Correct Answer
A. "we gave you and every other Athenian a share of all the good things we could."Explanation
The given answer implies that the laws claim to have provided Socrates and every other Athenian with all the good things that were available to them. This suggests that the laws believe they have fulfilled their responsibility towards the citizens by providing them with their fair share of benefits and opportunities.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that the Crito suggests the value of laws for the benefit of people?
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The laws point to a democratic origin as evidence that they do not make mistakes.
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Laws are introduced as a character to help explain the meaning of justice.
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Socrates requires an argument about the meaning of justice before he will violate law.
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The laws argue that people would be harmed by being deprived of certain benefits if the laws were to be destroyed.
Correct Answer
A. The laws point to a democratic origin as evidence that they do not make mistakes.Explanation
The Crito suggests the value of laws for the benefit of people by stating that laws are introduced as a character to help explain the meaning of justice, Socrates requires an argument about the meaning of justice before he will violate law, and the laws argue that people would be harmed by being deprived of certain benefits if the laws were to be destroyed. However, the Crito does not suggest that the laws point to a democratic origin as evidence that they do not make mistakes.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Which of the following is correct?
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Neither Socrates nor the laws argue that the laws are always good or just in what they require.
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The laws claim to be valuable because they are based on the correct understanding of human happiness.
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The laws in the Crito agree with Creon that anarchy is the greatest evil.
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Socrates' argument about the value of the law in the Crito rests on the assumption that the laws are made by the most prudent people.
Correct Answer
A. Neither Socrates nor the laws argue that the laws are always good or just in what they require.Explanation
The correct answer is "Neither Socrates nor the laws argue that the laws are always good or just in what they require." This answer is correct because it accurately reflects the statement made in the question. The statement states that neither Socrates nor the laws argue that the laws are always good or just in what they require, indicating that both Socrates and the laws acknowledge that there may be instances where the laws are not good or just.Rate this question:
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- 11.
In the Crito, Socrates concludes that disobeying the law:
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Is always unjust.
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Is unjust unless the law requires an injustice.
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Is unjust so long as the laws are made with the welfare of the whole people in mind.
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Is unjust unless the goal of the disobedience is to change a bad law.
Correct Answer
A. Is always unjust.Explanation
In the Crito, Socrates argues that disobeying the law is always unjust. He believes that as a citizen, one has an obligation to respect and abide by the laws of the state, regardless of personal opinions or disagreements. Socrates emphasizes the importance of the social contract and the need to uphold the laws for the stability and well-being of society as a whole. He argues that if an individual disagrees with a law, they should seek to change it through legal means rather than resorting to disobedience. Therefore, Socrates concludes that disobeying the law is always unjust.Rate this question:
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- 12.
The argument in the Crito that disobeying the laws is unjust:
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Is valid only in political communities in which people have agreed to obey the laws.
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Does not assume that the laws do not make mistakes.
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Assumes that the laws are made by prudent rules and always direct people to their own good.
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Does not assume any relationship between human happiness and the laws.
Correct Answer
A. Does not assume that the laws do not make mistakes.Explanation
The argument in the Crito states that disobeying the laws is unjust, but it does not assume that the laws do not make mistakes. This means that even if the laws are flawed or make errors, it is still considered unjust to disobey them. The argument focuses on the importance of abiding by the laws of a political community, regardless of their infallibility.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Like most people, Crito needs help deciding what things he should do and not do to be a good person. According to the Crito, what is the BEST available source for that help?
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Public opinion, since most people have a feeling about what is good and bad.
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The laws, since they are meant to direct behavior that will enable people to live better.
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His own moral understanding -- each person is reasonable and has some sense of good and bad.
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Socrates' arguments about justice, since Socrates understands justice better than the laws do.
Correct Answer
A. The laws, since they are meant to direct behavior that will enable people to live better.Explanation
According to Crito, the best available source for help in deciding what things to do and not do to be a good person is the laws. This is because the laws are designed to guide behavior that will lead to a better life. Crito believes that following the laws is essential for maintaining social order and harmony, and that they provide a framework for individuals to make moral decisions. By adhering to the laws, Crito believes that one can fulfill their obligations as a citizen and contribute to the well-being of society.Rate this question:
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- 14.
According to the argument of the Crito, is there a reason why people should want to obey the law just because it is the law?
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No. The only reason to obey is fear of the power of the rulers.
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Yes. Laws benefits other people and breaking it makes it less secure.
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No. Some laws prevent some people from doing the most important things for human beings to do.
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Yes. Laws require only good, beneficial, and just things.
Correct Answer
A. Yes. Laws benefits other people and breaking it makes it less secure.Explanation
According to the argument of the Crito, people should want to obey the law because it benefits other people and breaking it makes society less secure. The argument suggests that laws are in place to maintain order and protect the well-being of society as a whole. By obeying the law, individuals contribute to the stability and security of their community.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Which of the following is the most similar in its reasoning to the argument in the Crito that it would be harmful to destroy the laws and the community even though they are imperfect?
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Since the patient's disease was terminal, the hospital decided that the appropriate course was simply to make the patient comfortable.
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Even though the proposed program failed to alleviate completely the problem of excessive mortgage foreclosures, the policymakers argued for it as the best available alternative to addressing the problem.
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Because it sometimes takes a long time for one to drive from the outskirts of town to downtown, it would be a good idea to destroy the freeway system and start over.
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The country should maintain a republican form of government because it is the best form that can be devised by the minds of human beings.
Correct Answer
A. Because it sometimes takes a long time for one to drive from the outskirts of town to downtown, it would be a good idea to destroy the freeway system and start over.Explanation
The correct answer is "Because it sometimes takes a long time for one to drive from the outskirts of town to downtown, it would be a good idea to destroy the freeway system and start over." This reasoning is similar to the argument in the Crito because both arguments acknowledge the imperfections or drawbacks of a system (laws and community in Crito, freeway system in the answer), but argue against destroying or completely abandoning the system because it still serves a purpose or has some value.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Socrates claims that if he had tried to be more involved in politics in Athens:
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Athenian laws would be more just.
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The teachings of the poets would be regulated by law.
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He would have been killed a long time ago.
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Meletus would have been unable to indict him.
Correct Answer
A. He would have been killed a long time ago.Explanation
Socrates claims that if he had tried to be more involved in politics in Athens, he would have been killed a long time ago. This suggests that Socrates believed that his involvement in politics would have threatened the established order and power structures in Athens, leading to his demise. By making this claim, Socrates implies that his philosophical teachings and questioning of authority were seen as a threat by those in power, and they would have taken measures to silence him if he had become more politically active.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Socrates claims to be the best citizen of Athens because he:
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Helps his fellow Athenians to think about whether they are living their lives well.
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Actively questions the motives of the politicians.
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Argues against wars for conquest.
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Listens carefully to debate and reaches objectives, non-partisan decisions.
Correct Answer
A. Helps his fellow Athenians to think about whether they are living their lives well.Explanation
Socrates claims to be the best citizen of Athens because he helps his fellow Athenians to think about whether they are living their lives well. This suggests that Socrates believes that the role of a citizen is not just to blindly follow the political leaders or engage in wars for conquest, but to actively engage in self-reflection and critical thinking. By encouraging others to question their own lives and choices, Socrates believes he is fulfilling his duty as a citizen and contributing to the betterment of Athens.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Socrates explains the small margin of the vote against him for conviction by saying that:
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He was not convicted by Meletus.
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He was convicted by Meletus.
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He was not convinced by Anytus.
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He was not convicted by Lycon.
Correct Answer
A. He was not convicted by Meletus.Explanation
Socrates explains the small margin of the vote against him for conviction by stating that he was not convicted by Meletus. This suggests that Meletus, one of the accusers, did not have enough evidence or persuasive arguments to convince the jury of Socrates' guilt. Therefore, despite the close vote, Socrates was able to avoid conviction by Meletus.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Socrates' analysis of the size of the vote to convict him and of the reasons why the jury voted as it did leads to a conclusion that:
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The people voted to convict Socrates primarily because they were prejudiced against him.
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Socrates did nothing that could be seen as threatening to political stability in Athens.
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It was mainly a prejudice against Socrates that led people to vote that he was guilty.
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The people voted to convict Socrates because they saw him as a serious threat to the stability of politics in Athens.
Correct Answer
A. The people voted to convict Socrates because they saw him as a serious threat to the stability of politics in Athens.Explanation
The answer suggests that the main reason why the people voted to convict Socrates was because they perceived him as a significant threat to the political stability in Athens. This implies that the jury believed that Socrates' actions or ideas posed a danger to the established order and governance of the city-state. The answer dismisses the possibility that the conviction was primarily driven by prejudice against Socrates or that he did nothing that could be seen as a threat to political stability.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Which among the following was NOT among the principal goals of Lycurgus's laws?
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Public spiritedness
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Temperance
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Prosperity
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Justice
Correct Answer
A. ProsperityExplanation
Lycurgus's laws aimed to promote public spiritedness, temperance, and justice. However, prosperity was not among the principal goals of his laws. This suggests that the focus of Lycurgus's laws was more on creating a just and harmonious society rather than solely emphasizing economic growth and material wealth.Rate this question:
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- 21.
In comparing his old, or informal accusers to his new accusers, the ones who have brought the actual charges against him in court, Socrates say that:
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The informal accusers are less dangerous to him than the ones who have actually brought him into court.
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The formal accusers are less dangerous to him than the ones who have created the prejudice against him.
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The claims that are spread by the old accusers contradict the charges that are brought by the formal accusers.
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The "new" accusers have nothing to say that anyone in the jury is likely to believe.
Correct Answer
A. The formal accusers are less dangerous to him than the ones who have created the prejudice against him.Explanation
Socrates explains that the formal accusers, who have brought him into court, are less dangerous to him than the ones who have created prejudice against him. This suggests that Socrates believes that the negative opinions and biases formed by the public are more detrimental to his case than the actual charges brought against him in court. He implies that the formal accusers may not have strong evidence or arguments, but the prejudice created by the old accusers may influence the jury's decision. Therefore, Socrates views the prejudice as a greater threat to his defense than the formal charges.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Which of the following is NOT among the things that Socrates says the old accusers teach people to believe?
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Socrates studies the things under the earth.
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Socrates makes the worse argument appear stronger.
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Socrates studies the things in the sky.
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Socrates believes in new divinities.
Correct Answer
A. Socrates believes in new divinities.Explanation
Socrates believes in new divinities is not among the things that Socrates says the old accusers teach people to believe. The other statements, such as Socrates studying the things under the earth and in the sky, as well as making the worse argument appear stronger, are mentioned as the teachings of the old accusers.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Which of the following is a claim that Socrates makes in attempting to show that the people should not be prejudiced against him?
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The jury has not heard him discussing such things in the market place.
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Narrow prejudices lead to the destruction of political communities.
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People who study science must believe in gods.
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There is no connection between politics, religion, and science.
Correct Answer
A. The jury has not heard him discussing such things in the market place.Explanation
Socrates makes the claim that the jury has not heard him discussing such things in the marketplace in order to argue that they should not be prejudiced against him. By highlighting that the jury has not been exposed to his ideas and discussions in a public setting, Socrates suggests that their prejudice is unwarranted and based on ignorance. He implies that if they had heard him speak in the marketplace, they would have a more informed and fair judgment of him.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Which of the following is a part of the formal charge, the charge that actually brought Socrates into court?
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Socrates is an atheist.
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Socrates makes the worse argument appear the stronger.
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Socrates undermines the political stability in Athens.
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Socrates corrupts the youth.
Correct Answer
A. Socrates corrupts the youth.Explanation
The correct answer is "Socrates corrupts the youth." This is a part of the formal charge that brought Socrates into court because it was believed that his teachings and influence on the youth of Athens were corrupting their minds and leading them astray from traditional values and beliefs.Rate this question:
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- 25.
The chorus's expectation in Antigone about what will motivate human beings to action or inaction is best exemplified by which of the following characters?
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Antigone towards the end of the play.
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Antigone towards the beginning of the play.
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The guard explaining why he came to give Creon the bad news.
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Creon in his conversation with Haemon.
Correct Answer
A. The guard explaining why he came to give Creon the bad news.Explanation
The chorus's expectation in Antigone about what will motivate human beings to action or inaction is best exemplified by the guard explaining why he came to give Creon the bad news. This is because the guard's explanation highlights the fear of consequences and personal self-interest as the main factors that drive human behavior. The chorus, throughout the play, emphasizes the power of fear and self-interest in shaping human actions, and the guard's explanation aligns with this expectation.Rate this question:
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