Police Corruption And Misconduct

The term "grass eaters" refers to police officers in New York City who accepted bribes, gratuities, and protection money. This term is used to describe officers who engaged in corrupt practices by accepting illegal payments and favors in exchange for turning a blind eye to criminal activities or providing protection to criminals. This term is specific to the police force in New York City and does not apply to officers in other cities like Boston, Los Angeles, or Chicago.

Disrespect, harassment, and ridicule are all examples of behaviors that can cause psychological harm to an individual. These actions can undermine a person's self-esteem, create emotional distress, and negatively impact their mental well-being. Therefore, they are considered forms of psychological abuse rather than physical, legal, or sexual abuse, which involve different types of harm inflicted on a person.

Gratuities refer to items of value received by an individual because of their role or position, rather than due to a personal relationship with the giver. This suggests that these items are given as a form of appreciation or acknowledgment for the person's professional position or responsibilities. Unlike freebies, which are generally given as promotional items or gifts, gratuities are specifically tied to the individual's role or position. Bribes, on the other hand, involve receiving items of value in exchange for unethical or illegal favors. Rewards are typically given as recognition or incentive for achievements or good performance.

The correct answer is organizational. This is because the given examples of lack of background checks, poor internal discipline procedures, and poor supervision all relate to the organizational structure and practices within the police force. These issues suggest that there may be systemic problems within the organization that contribute to instances of police deviance.

Unlawful searches and seizures can be considered examples of legal abuse because they violate an individual's rights and freedoms protected by the law. Legal abuse refers to the misuse or manipulation of legal processes or powers to harm or oppress others. In this case, the violation of someone's privacy and property rights through an unlawful search or seizure would be an abuse of the legal system.

A gift is something that is given without any expectations of reciprocity or any strings attached. It is a voluntary and selfless act of giving, where the giver does not expect anything in return. Unlike a gratuity, which may be given with the expectation of receiving something in return or as a form of payment for a service, a gift is given purely out of kindness or generosity.

Barker and Carter's study found that up to 20 percent of police may have used drugs on duty.

The Buddy Boys operated in New York.

The "Queensland model" refers to a specific approach or system implemented in Queensland, Australia to address police corruption. This model is known for its emphasis on integrity, which means that it focuses on promoting ethical behavior and maintaining high moral standards within the police force. The integrity model is based on the belief that police officers should act with honesty, transparency, and accountability in their duties, and that any form of corruption should be strictly condemned and punished. This model has gained recognition and popularity due to its effectiveness in combating police corruption and promoting a culture of integrity within law enforcement agencies.

According to Fyfe and Kane, on-duty abuse refers to the use of excessive force, psychological abuse, or discrimination. This means that when a law enforcement officer engages in actions that involve using more force than necessary, subjecting individuals to psychological harm, or treating them unfairly based on their characteristics, it can be considered on-duty abuse. Other offenses such as drug-related crimes committed for profit, simple failure to meet expectations, or violating departmental rules are not included in this definition of on-duty abuse.

According to Carter, the elements of police work that can lead to drug use include exposure to criminal element, relative freedom from supervision, and uncontrolled availability. However, time spent in traffic patrol duties is not mentioned as a factor that can lead to drug use.

In studies of sexual harassment, the correct answer is 70%. This means that a significant majority, or seven out of ten, female officers reported being victimized by sexual harassment. This high percentage highlights the prevalence and seriousness of the issue within the law enforcement profession. It emphasizes the urgent need for effective measures to address and prevent sexual harassment in the workplace.

The correct answer is "they cement social bonds." This suggests that Kania believes that gratuities should be allowed because they help to strengthen social connections between individuals.

The correct answer suggests that research on excessive force indicates that it is an activity that is disproportionately engaged in by a small number of individuals. This means that only a few individuals are responsible for a significant portion of the cases involving excessive force. The other statements, such as it being a widespread problem, increasing, or particularly a problem in the south, may not be supported by the given information.

The Knapp Commission coined the term "grass eaters" to refer to officers who engaged in corrupt practices such as taking offered bribes, taking offered gratuities, and accepting protection money. However, they did not engage in the activity of picking up merchandise at a crime scene.

Professional courtesy refers to the practice of not ticketing an officer who is stopped for speeding or other driving violations. This is a common practice among law enforcement officers as a sign of respect and solidarity within the profession. It is seen as a way to show understanding and leniency towards fellow officers who may be dealing with the pressures and demands of their job. This practice is often criticized for creating a double standard and undermining the principle of equal treatment under the law.

Taking merchandise from a crime scene is not considered graft because graft refers to the act of using one's position of power or influence to gain personal benefits, typically through bribery or corruption. While taking merchandise from a crime scene may be illegal and unethical, it does not involve using one's position for personal gain, which is the essence of graft.

Trautman's "corruption continuum" suggests that organizations contribute to the development of unethical employees through a series of steps. One of these steps is perceiving a sense of victimization. This means that individuals within the organization may feel that they are being unfairly treated or targeted, which can lead to a justification for engaging in unethical behavior. However, this is not one of the three steps mentioned in the question. The other steps mentioned are ignoring obvious ethical problems, survival of the fittest, and a hypocrisy and fear-dominated culture.

The term "meat eater" refers to police officers in New York City who "shopped" at burglary scenes. This implies that these officers took advantage of their positions by stealing items from burglary scenes for personal gain. It suggests corruption and unethical behavior within the police force in New York City.

The term "baksheesh" is commonly used as a euphemism for graft. Graft refers to the act of using one's position or influence to gain dishonest or illegal financial benefits. In many cases, baksheesh is given as a form of bribery or corruption, where individuals offer money or gifts to officials in exchange for favors or special treatment. Therefore, graft is the most appropriate term to describe the concept behind the term "baksheesh".

The text discusses various explanations for corruption, including individual, institutional, and systemic explanations. However, it does not mention sub-cultural explanations as one of the explanations for corruption. Therefore, sub-cultural explanations are the only option that is not included in the text as an explanation for corruption.

The unjust enrichment argument is one of the major arguments against gratuities. This argument suggests that accepting gratuities leads to an unfair advantage for the recipient, as they are being enriched at the expense of others. It argues that gratuities create an unequal distribution of resources and can undermine fairness and justice in society. This argument emphasizes the negative consequences and ethical concerns associated with accepting gratuities.

According to the text, citizens from Finland report trusting their police more than any other professional group.

Barker and Carter's proposal suggests that police abuse of authority can occur in various areas, including physical abuse, psychological abuse, and legal abuse. However, their proposal does not include sexual abuse as one of the areas where police abuse of authority occurs.

Graft refers to the exploitation of one's role by accepting bribes or protection money. This involves using one's position of power or authority to receive illegal payments or favors in exchange for providing certain benefits or protection. It is a form of corruption where individuals abuse their positions for personal gain, often at the expense of the public or the organization they represent.

The "bad bushel" explanation refers to an individual type of explanation for police deviance. This suggests that deviant behavior within the police force is the result of a few "bad apples" or individuals who engage in misconduct, rather than being reflective of broader societal, organizational, or philosophical factors. This explanation focuses on the actions and choices of individual officers as the primary cause of deviance within the police force.

According to Fyfe and Kane, conduct-related probationary failure refers to a situation where an individual fails to meet the expectations set for them during their probationary period. This means that they are unable to fulfill the requirements or perform up to the standard that is expected of them in their role. This failure could be related to their job performance, behavior, or any other aspect that falls short of the expected standards.

Fyfe and Kane discuss three types of police misconduct, which are police crime, police corruption, and abuse of power. However, they do not discuss abuse of authority as one of the types of police misconduct.