Can You Pass This Hardest Physiology Exam? Trivia Quiz

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  • 1/200 Questions

    Production and release of hormones is the main function of the __________ system.

    • Circulatory
    • Digestive
    • Endocrine
    • Integumentary
    • Skeletal
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About This Quiz

The final exams have been known to scare a lot of student into failing, and this fear can easily be overcome by someone having as much practice as they can on a subject. Are you preparing for your final Physiology exam? Then take this Physiology quiz.

Can You Pass This Hardest Physiology Exam? Trivia Quiz - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    The ________________ is where the majority of ATP is made in the cell.

    • Lysosomes

    • Peroxisomes

    • Ribosomes

    • Mitochondria

    • Golgi complex

    Correct Answer
    A. Mitochondria
    Explanation
    Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell because they are responsible for producing the majority of ATP, which is the main source of energy for cellular processes. They have a highly specialized structure and contain enzymes and proteins that are involved in the process of cellular respiration. Through a series of chemical reactions, mitochondria convert nutrients into ATP, which can be used by the cell to carry out various functions. Therefore, the correct answer is mitochondria.

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  • 3. 

    Neurons are considered to be ______ tissue. 

    • Connective

    • Endocrine

    • Epithelial

    • Muscle

    • Nervous

    Correct Answer
    A. Nervous
    Explanation
    Neurons are considered to be nervous tissue because they are the primary functional units of the nervous system. Neurons are specialized cells that transmit electrical and chemical signals throughout the body, allowing for communication between different parts of the body and the brain. Nervous tissue is responsible for processing and transmitting information, coordinating body functions, and enabling sensory perception, making it the correct classification for neurons.

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  • 4. 

    A deficiency in _______ can cause anemia.

    • Sodium

    • Potassium

    • Iron

    • Vitamin C

    • Vitamin A

    Correct Answer
    A. Iron
    Explanation
    Iron is an essential mineral required for the production of hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. A deficiency in iron can lead to a condition called anemia, where the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to tissues and organs. Symptoms of anemia include fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, and dizziness. Therefore, a deficiency in iron can cause anemia.

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  • 5. 

    Sensory receptors that respond to changes in temperature (either external or internal) are called ________.

    • Thermoreceptors

    • Proprioceptors

    • Nociceptors

    • Mechanoreceptors

    • Chemoreceptors

    Correct Answer
    A. Thermoreceptors
    Explanation
    Thermoreceptors are sensory receptors that respond to changes in temperature, whether it is external or internal. They help us perceive hot and cold sensations and play a crucial role in maintaining body temperature homeostasis. Thermoreceptors are responsible for our ability to feel and respond to temperature changes in our environment and within our bodies.

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  • 6. 

    Smooth muscle is an example of a(n) ______ in the human body.

    • Chemical

    • Cell

    • Tissue

    • Organ

    • Organ System

    Correct Answer
    A. Tissue
    Explanation
    Smooth muscle is an example of a tissue in the human body. Tissues are groups of specialized cells that work together to perform a specific function. Smooth muscle tissue is found in the walls of organs and structures like the digestive tract, blood vessels, and respiratory system. It is responsible for involuntary movements and contractions, allowing these organs to function properly.

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  • 7. 

    The process of water diffusing down its concentration gradient is called:

    • Primary active transport

    • Phagocytosis

    • Osmosis

    • Pinocytosis

    • Secondary active transport

    Correct Answer
    A. Osmosis
    Explanation
    Osmosis is the process of water diffusing down its concentration gradient. It occurs when water molecules move from an area of higher water concentration (lower solute concentration) to an area of lower water concentration (higher solute concentration) through a selectively permeable membrane. This movement of water helps to equalize the concentration of solutes on both sides of the membrane. Osmosis is a passive process and does not require energy expenditure by the cell.

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  • 8. 

    If you step on a nail and reflexively pull your foot up, the nail was acting as the _________ in the reflex arc.

    • Stimulus

    • Afferent pathway

    • Integrating center

    • Efferent pathway

    • Effector organ

    Correct Answer
    A. Stimulus
    Explanation
    When you step on a nail, it acts as a stimulus in the reflex arc. A stimulus is any external or internal change that activates a sensory receptor and triggers a response. In this case, the nail's presence on your foot triggers the reflexive action of pulling your foot up to avoid further injury. The stimulus initiates the reflex arc, which involves the afferent pathway (sensory neurons carrying the information to the central nervous system), the integrating center (processing the information in the spinal cord or brain), the efferent pathway (motor neurons carrying the response signal), and the effector organ (the muscles that contract to move your foot).

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  • 9. 

    Vesicular transport is the process by which cells bring in or release large amounts of solutes or large particles. Which of the following is the vesicular transport method that white blood cells would use to engulf a bacterial cell?

    • Exocytosis

    • Phagocytosis

    • Pinocytosis

    • Receptor-mediated endocytosis

    • Receptor-mediated exocytosis

    Correct Answer
    A. Phagocytosis
    Explanation
    White blood cells use phagocytosis to engulf and destroy bacterial cells. Phagocytosis is a type of vesicular transport where the cell membrane surrounds and engulfs the particle or microorganism, forming a phagosome. The phagosome then fuses with lysosomes, which contain enzymes that can break down the engulfed material. This process allows white blood cells to eliminate pathogens and foreign particles from the body.

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  • 10. 

    The _______ allows for voluntary control over skeletal muscle.

    • Primary motor cortex

    • Primary visual cortex

    • Primary somatosensory cortex

    • Olfactory cortex

    • Primary auditory cortex

    Correct Answer
    A. Primary motor cortex
    Explanation
    The primary motor cortex is responsible for voluntary control over skeletal muscles. It is located in the frontal lobe of the brain and sends signals to the muscles to initiate and control movement. This region plays a crucial role in coordinating and executing voluntary movements, allowing individuals to have conscious control over their skeletal muscles.

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  • 11. 

    Deoxygenated blood can carry ______ carbon dioxide than oxygenated blood.

    • More

    • Less

    • The same

    Correct Answer
    A. More
    Explanation
    Deoxygenated blood can carry more carbon dioxide than oxygenated blood because when blood is oxygenated, it picks up oxygen from the lungs and releases carbon dioxide. As it travels through the body, oxygen is delivered to the cells and carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product. This carbon dioxide is then carried back to the lungs by deoxygenated blood to be exhaled. Therefore, deoxygenated blood contains a higher concentration of carbon dioxide compared to oxygenated blood.

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  • 12. 

    Which of the following is not a taste perceived by the chemoreceptors present on taste buds?

    • Salty

    • Sweet

    • Sour

    • Bitter

    • Mushy

    Correct Answer
    A. Mushy
    Explanation
    The question is asking which of the options is not a taste perceived by the chemoreceptors on taste buds. The chemoreceptors on taste buds are responsible for detecting and perceiving tastes such as salty, sweet, sour, and bitter. However, "mushy" is not a taste that can be detected by chemoreceptors. It is a texture or consistency that is perceived through touch or mouthfeel, not through taste.

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  • 13. 

    Arteries:

    • Act as pressure reservoirs when the ventricles relax.

    • Are large in diameter.

    • Contain smooth muscle.

    • Are elastic and recoil after being stretched

    • All of the above.

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above.
    Explanation
    The given answer "all of the above" is correct because arteries serve as pressure reservoirs when the ventricles relax, they are large in diameter, they contain smooth muscle, and they are elastic and recoil after being stretched. These characteristics allow arteries to efficiently transport blood throughout the body, maintain blood pressure, and adapt to changes in blood flow.

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  • 14. 

    The nucleus:

    • Is enclosed in a double-layered nuclear envelope.

    • Contains our genetic code or DNA.

    • Is the site of ribosome assembly.

    • Ultimately directs protein synthesis and cell replication.

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "all of the above". The nucleus is enclosed in a double-layered nuclear envelope, which separates it from the cytoplasm. It contains our genetic code or DNA, which carries the instructions for protein synthesis and cell replication. Additionally, the nucleus is the site of ribosome assembly, where ribosomes, the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis, are formed. Therefore, all of the given statements are true regarding the nucleus.

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  • 15. 

    Plasma membranes are made up of lipid bilayers that spontaneously form due to the amphipathic nature of ________.

    • Cholesterol

    • Triglycerides

    • Phospholipids

    • ATP

    • Cytoskeleton

    Correct Answer
    A. Phospholipids
    Explanation
    The correct answer is phospholipids because they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. This amphipathic nature allows them to spontaneously form lipid bilayers, which make up the plasma membrane. Cholesterol, triglycerides, ATP, and cytoskeleton do not have the same amphipathic properties as phospholipids and therefore cannot form lipid bilayers.

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  • 16. 

    During skeletal muscle contraction, as the muscle shortens, the thick and thin filaments ________.

    • Shorten

    • Slide past one another

    • Do not interact

    • Condense

    • Stretch one another

    Correct Answer
    A. Slide past one another
    Explanation
    During skeletal muscle contraction, the thick and thin filaments slide past one another. This is due to the interaction between the myosin heads on the thick filaments and the actin molecules on the thin filaments. The myosin heads attach to the actin molecules, forming cross-bridges. As the myosin heads undergo a conformational change, they pull the actin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere, causing the muscle to shorten. This sliding of the filaments is the mechanism behind muscle contraction.

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  • 17. 

    Which of the following tissue types is found in the stomach?

    • Connective

    • Epithelial

    • Muscle

    • Nervous

    • All of the above tissues are found in the stomach

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above tissues are found in the stomach
    Explanation
    All of the above tissues are found in the stomach because the stomach is a complex organ that performs various functions. Connective tissue provides support and structure to the stomach, epithelial tissue lines the inner surface of the stomach and helps with absorption and secretion, muscle tissue allows for the contraction and movement of the stomach, and nervous tissue enables communication and control of the stomach's functions. Therefore, all of these tissue types are present in the stomach.

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  • 18. 

    The ________ is an organelle that contains ribosomes and is the site of synthesis of secretory proteins.

    • Rough ER

    • Smooth ER

    • Golgi complex

    • Lysosomes

    • Peroxisomes

    Correct Answer
    A. Rough ER
    Explanation
    The rough ER is an organelle that contains ribosomes and is responsible for the synthesis of secretory proteins. The ribosomes on the rough ER's surface allow for the attachment of mRNA, which is then translated into proteins. These proteins are then modified and packaged for secretion or transport to other parts of the cell. The rough ER plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and secretion within the cell.

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  • 19. 

    Proteins in or associated with the plasma membrane:

    • May serve as receptors.

    • May serve as membrane-bound enzymes.

    • May serve as channels.

    • May serve as cell adhesion molecules.

    • All of the above.

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above.
    Explanation
    Proteins in or associated with the plasma membrane can serve as receptors, allowing the cell to respond to signals from the environment. They can also act as membrane-bound enzymes, catalyzing reactions on the cell surface. Additionally, these proteins can function as channels, allowing the selective passage of ions and molecules across the membrane. Finally, they may serve as cell adhesion molecules, helping cells adhere to each other and to the extracellular matrix. Therefore, all of the given options are correct, as proteins in or associated with the plasma membrane can perform all of these functions.

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  • 20. 

    This exam:

    • Was too hard

    • Was just right

    • Was too easy

    Correct Answer
    A. Was just right
    Explanation
    The exam being described as "just right" suggests that it was neither too difficult nor too easy. It implies that the level of difficulty was appropriate and balanced, allowing the test takers to demonstrate their knowledge and skills effectively.

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  • 21. 

    T-cells are a type of _______ and recognize specific targets for destruction.

    • Basophil

    • Eosinophil

    • Lymphocyte

    • Monocyte

    • Neutrophil

    Correct Answer
    A. Lymphocyte
    Explanation
    T-cells are a type of lymphocyte, which is a type of white blood cell. Lymphocytes play a crucial role in the immune response by recognizing specific targets, such as infected cells or foreign substances, and initiating their destruction. T-cells specifically recognize antigens presented on the surface of these targets and coordinate immune responses to eliminate them. Therefore, the correct answer is lymphocyte.

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  • 22. 

    Which of the following can lead to hypertension?

    • Excessive salt intake

    • Diets low in potassium and or calcium.

    • Excessive production and release of antidiuretic hormone.

    • Chronic release of endogenous digitalis like substances.

    • All of the above can lead to hypertension.

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above can lead to hypertension.
    Explanation
    Excessive salt intake can lead to hypertension because it increases the volume of blood in the body, putting more pressure on the blood vessels. Diets low in potassium and/or calcium can also contribute to hypertension because these minerals help regulate blood pressure. Excessive production and release of antidiuretic hormone can cause hypertension by increasing blood volume. Chronic release of endogenous digitalis like substances can lead to hypertension by affecting the heart's pumping ability. Therefore, all of the listed factors can contribute to the development of hypertension.

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  • 23. 

    ________ contain hydrolytic enzymes that break down worn out organelles and various macromolecules.

    • Peroxisomes

    • Lysosomes

    • Ribosomes

    • Mitochondria

    • Golgi complex

    Correct Answer
    A. Lysosomes
    Explanation
    Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes that break down worn out organelles and various macromolecules. These enzymes are able to break down complex molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates into their smaller subunits. This process, known as hydrolysis, helps to recycle and eliminate cellular waste materials, ensuring the proper functioning and maintenance of the cell. Lysosomes also play a role in the digestion of engulfed foreign particles, such as bacteria or cellular debris, through a process called phagocytosis.

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  • 24. 

    _______ blood pressure is measured when the ventricles are contracting and ______ is measured when the ventricles are relaxing.

    • Diastolic : systolic

    • Diastolic : pulse pressure

    • Diastolic : mean arterial pressure

    • Systolic : diastolic

    • Systolic : mean arterial pressure

    Correct Answer
    A. Systolic : diastolic
    Explanation
    Systolic blood pressure is measured when the ventricles are contracting, which represents the maximum pressure exerted on the arterial walls during a heartbeat. Diastolic blood pressure, on the other hand, is measured when the ventricles are relaxing, indicating the minimum pressure exerted on the arterial walls between heartbeats. Therefore, the correct answer is "Systolic: diastolic."

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  • 25. 

    A(n) ______ solution would make your red blood cells shrink.

    • Hypotonic

    • Hypertonic

    • Isotonic

    • Isometric

    • Hypoplasia

    Correct Answer
    A. Hypertonic
    Explanation
    A hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes compared to the red blood cells. When red blood cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, water molecules move out of the cells through osmosis, causing the cells to shrink.

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  • 26. 

    Autorythmic cells in the ________ have the fastest intrinsic firing rate of action potentials and therefore serve as the pacemaker for the heart.

    • SA node

    • AV node

    • Intermodal pathway

    • Bundle of His

    • Purkinje fiber

    Correct Answer
    A. SA node
    Explanation
    The SA node, or sinoatrial node, is a group of autorhythmic cells located in the heart. These cells have the fastest intrinsic firing rate of action potentials, meaning they can generate electrical impulses at a higher frequency compared to other cells in the heart. As a result, the SA node serves as the primary pacemaker for the heart, initiating and coordinating the contraction of the heart muscles.

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  • 27. 

    For protein synthesis messenger or mRNA

    • Codes for a new amino acid every three nucleotides.

    • Brings the proper amino acids to the ribosomes.

    • Catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between the amino acids.

    Correct Answer
    A. Codes for a new amino acid every three nucleotides.
    Explanation
    Messenger RNA (mRNA) is responsible for carrying the genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes during protein synthesis. It acts as a template for protein synthesis by coding for a new amino acid every three nucleotides. This process is known as the genetic code, where each set of three nucleotides, called a codon, corresponds to a specific amino acid. Therefore, the correct answer is that mRNA codes for a new amino acid every three nucleotides.

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  • 28. 

    The clotting cascade:

    • Is inhibited in people with hemophilia.

    • Can be triggered by the intrinsic pathway when factor XII comes in contact with exposed collagen in an injured vessel.

    • Can be triggered by the extrinsic pathway when clotting factors are activated when they come in contact with tissue factors.

    • Ends with fibrinogen being converted to fibrin.

    • All of the above.

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "all of the above." The clotting cascade can be inhibited in people with hemophilia, as they lack certain clotting factors. It can be triggered by the intrinsic pathway when factor XII comes in contact with exposed collagen in an injured vessel. It can also be triggered by the extrinsic pathway when clotting factors are activated by tissue factors. Finally, the clotting cascade ends with fibrinogen being converted to fibrin, which forms a clot. Therefore, all of the statements are true.

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  • 29. 

    _______ is secreted when blood glucose levels rise, while ______ is secreted when blood glucose levels fall.

    • Glucagon : insulin

    • Insulin : glucagon

    • Glucagon : cortisol

    • Cortisol : insulin

    • Aldosterone : cortisol

    Correct Answer
    A. Insulin : glucagon
    Explanation
    Insulin is secreted when blood glucose levels rise, while glucagon is secreted when blood glucose levels fall. Insulin helps to lower blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells and the storage of excess glucose as glycogen. Glucagon, on the other hand, increases blood glucose levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen into glucose and promoting the production of glucose by the liver. Together, insulin and glucagon help to maintain blood glucose levels within a narrow range, ensuring proper energy balance in the body.

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  • 30. 

    ________ are hormones derived from cholesterol.

    • Phospholipids

    • Fatty acids

    • Eicosanoids

    • Steroids

    • Triglycerides

    Correct Answer
    A. Steroids
    Explanation
    Steroids are hormones derived from cholesterol. Cholesterol is a precursor molecule for the synthesis of various hormones, including steroids. Steroids are a class of hormones that play important roles in various physiological processes, such as regulating metabolism, inflammation, and reproduction. They are characterized by their structure, which includes a four-ring carbon structure derived from cholesterol. Therefore, steroids are the correct answer as they are the hormones derived from cholesterol.

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  • 31. 

    In the primary structure of a peptide or protein, the amino acids are held together by ________ which are a type of covalent bond.

    • Ionic bonds

    • Hydrogen bonds

    • Hydrophobic interactions

    • Peptide bonds

    • Van der Waals forces

    Correct Answer
    A. Peptide bonds
    Explanation
    In the primary structure of a peptide or protein, the amino acids are held together by peptide bonds, which are a type of covalent bond. Peptide bonds form between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid, resulting in the formation of a peptide chain. This covalent bond is essential for maintaining the linear sequence of amino acids in the protein or peptide, which ultimately determines its overall structure and function.

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  • 32. 

    The making of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors like amino acids or glycerol is called:

    • Glycogenolysis

    • Glycolysis

    • Gluconeogenesis

    • Glycogen syynthesis

    • Peptide synthesis

    Correct Answer
    A. Gluconeogenesis
    Explanation
    Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors such as amino acids or glycerol. It is an important metabolic pathway that occurs mainly in the liver and kidneys. During times of low glucose availability, gluconeogenesis helps maintain blood glucose levels by producing glucose from alternative sources. This process is essential for supplying glucose to the brain, red blood cells, and other glucose-dependent tissues. Glycogenolysis, on the other hand, is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, while glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate. Glycogen synthesis involves the formation of glycogen from glucose molecules, and peptide synthesis refers to the formation of peptides from amino acids.

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  • 33. 

    Muscle fatigue is caused by:

    • Lactic acid accumulation

    • Depletion of energy reserves

    • Changes in ion concentration

    • Depletion of acetylcholine

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    Muscle fatigue can be caused by multiple factors, including lactic acid accumulation, depletion of energy reserves, changes in ion concentration, and depletion of acetylcholine. Lactic acid accumulation occurs when the body produces more lactic acid than it can efficiently remove, leading to muscle fatigue. Depletion of energy reserves, such as ATP, can occur during prolonged or intense exercise, causing muscles to tire. Changes in ion concentration, specifically the imbalance of electrolytes like calcium and potassium, can disrupt muscle contractions and contribute to fatigue. Lastly, depletion of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that stimulates muscle contractions, can also lead to muscle fatigue. Therefore, all of these factors can contribute to muscle fatigue.

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  • 34. 

    During quiet breathing, expiration is a(n) ________ process that involves ________.

    • Active : the contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostals

    • Passive : relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals

    • Active : contraction of the internal intercostals

    • Passive : relaxation of the internal intercostals

    • Active : relaxation of the diaphragm

    Correct Answer
    A. Passive : relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals
    Explanation
    During quiet breathing, expiration is a passive process that involves the relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals. This means that the muscles involved in inspiration, such as the diaphragm and external intercostals, are no longer actively contracting, but instead, they are relaxing. This relaxation allows the lungs to passively recoil, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and causing air to be expelled from the lungs.

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  • 35. 

    ______ are adhering cell junctions found in tissues that undergo a lot of stretching, _____ are impermeable cell junctions frequently found in epithelial tissue, and ______ are communicating cell junctions found between cardiomyocytes in the heart.

    • Desmosomes : gap junctions : tight junctions

    • Desmosomes : tight junctions : gap junctions

    • Gap junctions : desmosomes : tight junctions

    • Gap junctions : tight junctions : desmosomes

    • Tight junctions : gap junctions : desmosomes

    Correct Answer
    A. Desmosomes : tight junctions : gap junctions
    Explanation
    Desmosomes are adhering cell junctions found in tissues that undergo a lot of stretching, such as skin or muscle tissue. Tight junctions are impermeable cell junctions frequently found in epithelial tissue, where they form a barrier that prevents substances from passing between cells. Gap junctions are communicating cell junctions found between cardiomyocytes in the heart, allowing for the rapid transmission of electrical signals between cells.

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  • 36. 

    Which of the following is a disaccharide?

    • Glycogen

    • Starch

    • Cellulose

    • Sucrose

    Correct Answer
    A. Sucrose
    Explanation
    Sucrose is a disaccharide because it is composed of two monosaccharides, glucose and fructose, bonded together by a glycosidic linkage. Disaccharides are a type of carbohydrate that consist of two sugar molecules joined together. Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are all polysaccharides, which are carbohydrates made up of many sugar molecules bonded together. Therefore, the correct answer is sucrose.

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  • 37. 

    Which is characteristic of slow pain?

    • Poorly localized

    • Occurs upon stimulation of polymodal nociceptors

    • Impulses carried along unmyelinated fibers

    • Persists for a long period of time

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    Slow pain, also known as chronic pain, is characterized by several factors. Firstly, it is poorly localized, meaning that the exact source or location of the pain is difficult to pinpoint. Additionally, slow pain occurs upon stimulation of polymodal nociceptors, which are sensory receptors that respond to various types of damaging stimuli. Furthermore, slow pain impulses are carried along unmyelinated fibers, which transmit signals more slowly compared to myelinated fibers. Lastly, slow pain persists for a long period of time, often lasting beyond the normal healing process. Therefore, all of the given characteristics are characteristic of slow pain.

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  • 38. 

    Which of the following is a function of plasma proteins?

    • Create colloid osmotic pressure

    • Help buffer blood pH

    • Transport hydrophobic substances in the blood

    • All of the above are functions of plasma proteins

    • None of the above are functions of plasma proteins

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above are functions of plasma proteins
    Explanation
    Plasma proteins have multiple functions in the body. They contribute to the creation of colloid osmotic pressure, which helps maintain the balance of fluids between the blood vessels and tissues. They also act as buffers, helping to regulate the pH of the blood. Additionally, plasma proteins can bind and transport hydrophobic substances, such as hormones and fatty acids, in the blood. Therefore, all of the given options correctly describe functions of plasma proteins.

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  • 39. 

    Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic system?

    • Return of excess fluid filtered at the capillaries to the circulatory system.

    • Defense against disease.

    • Transport of fat absorbed from the small intestine.

    • Return of any plasma proteins filtered at the capillaries to the circulatory system.

    • All of the above are functions of the lymphatic system.

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above are functions of the lymphatic system.
    Explanation
    The lymphatic system performs multiple functions, including the return of excess fluid filtered at the capillaries to the circulatory system, defense against disease, transport of fat absorbed from the small intestine, and the return of any plasma proteins filtered at the capillaries to the circulatory system. Therefore, all of the options listed are correct and are functions of the lymphatic system.

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  • 40. 

    Plasma is:

    • Intracellular fluid found in red blood cells.

    • Interstitial fluid that surrounds tissue cells.

    • Extracellular fluid that is within the circulatory system.

    • Intracellular fluid found in white blood cells.

    • Interstitial fluid found in lymphatic vessels.

    Correct Answer
    A. Extracellular fluid that is within the circulatory system.
    Explanation
    Plasma is the extracellular fluid that is within the circulatory system. It is the liquid component of blood that carries various substances such as nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. It is distinct from intracellular fluid, which is found inside cells, and interstitial fluid, which surrounds tissue cells. Plasma is mainly composed of water, electrolytes, proteins, and other molecules necessary for maintaining homeostasis and supporting bodily functions.

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  • 41. 

    Order the following events that occur at the synapse from first to last. 1 - calcium triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron 2 - neurotransmitter diffuses across the synapse and binds to a receptor on the postsynaptic cell 3 - the postsynaptic cell responds 4 - neurotransmitter is removed from the synapse to terminate the response 5 - voltage gated calcium channels open on the axon terminal of the presynaptic cell 6 - an action potential reaches the axon terminal of the presynaptic cell

    • 3,5,2,6,4,1

    • 6,5,1,2,3,4

    • 3,1,5,2,6,4

    • 6,3,1,6,4,2

    • 6,5,3,4,6,2

    Correct Answer
    A. 6,5,1,2,3,4
    Explanation
    An action potential reaches the axon terminal of the presynaptic cell (6), causing voltage-gated calcium channels to open on the axon terminal (5). This allows calcium to enter the axon terminal and trigger exocytosis of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron (1). The neurotransmitter then diffuses across the synapse and binds to a receptor on the postsynaptic cell (2). This binding activates the postsynaptic cell, causing it to respond (3). To terminate the response, the neurotransmitter is removed from the synapse (4).

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  • 42. 

    The ________ contains the auditory cortex because auditory information is processed there.

    • Occipital lobe

    • Temporal lobe

    • Parietal lobe

    • Frontal lobe

    • Medial lobe

    Correct Answer
    A. Temporal lobe
    Explanation
    The temporal lobe contains the auditory cortex because auditory information is processed there. The auditory cortex is responsible for receiving and processing auditory stimuli, such as sound and speech. It is located in the temporal lobe, which is situated on the sides of the brain, near the temples. This area is specifically dedicated to processing and interpreting auditory information, making it the correct answer in this case.

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  • 43. 

    Which of the following is a SIMILARITY between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?

    • Presence of sarcoplasmic reticulum for calcium storage.

    • Contraction is regulated by troponin and tropomyosin.

    • Presence of T-tubules.

    • Presence of sarcomeres.

    • All of the above are similarities between cardiac and skeletal muscle.

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above are similarities between cardiac and skeletal muscle.
    Explanation
    Cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle have several similarities. Both types of muscle have a sarcoplasmic reticulum for storing calcium, which is necessary for muscle contraction. Additionally, both types of muscle are regulated by troponin and tropomyosin, which play a role in the contraction process. Both cardiac and skeletal muscles also have T-tubules, which help transmit electrical signals and coordinate muscle contractions. Finally, both types of muscle have sarcomeres, which are the basic units responsible for muscle contraction. Therefore, all of the options listed are correct similarities between cardiac and skeletal muscle.

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  • 44. 

    Which of the following components of an ECG represents ventricular repolarization?

    • P wave

    • QRS complex

    • T wave

    • PQ interval

    • TQ segment

    Correct Answer
    A. T wave
    Explanation
    The T wave represents ventricular repolarization in an ECG. During this phase, the ventricles of the heart are resetting their electrical charge in preparation for the next heartbeat. The T wave is a small, rounded upward deflection on the ECG tracing that follows the QRS complex, which represents ventricular depolarization. The T wave is important in assessing the overall health and function of the heart, as abnormalities in its shape, duration, or amplitude can indicate various cardiac conditions.

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  • 45. 

    The hormone glucagon causes the release of of glucose (sugar) from body cells into the bloodstream. Its secretion is controlled by a negative-feedback system between the concentration of glucose in the blood and the glucagon-secreting cells in the pancreas. Therefore, which of the following statements is correct?

    • A decrease in blood glucose concentration stimulates glucagon secretion, which in turn further lowers the blood glucose concentration.

    • An increase in blood glucose concentration stimulates glucagon secretion, which in turn lowers the blood glucose concentration.

    • A decrease in blood glucose concentration stimulates glucagon secretion, which in turn increases the blood glucose concentration.

    • An increase in blood glucose concentration inhibits glucagons secretion, which further increases the blood glucose concentration.

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. A decrease in blood glucose concentration stimulates glucagon secretion, which in turn increases the blood glucose concentration.
    Explanation
    A decrease in blood glucose concentration stimulates glucagon secretion, which in turn increases the blood glucose concentration. This is because when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas releases glucagon, which signals the liver to break down glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream. This raises blood glucose levels back to normal.

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  • 46. 

    During an action potential depolarization is caused by:

    • Closing of voltage gated potassium channels leading to a buildup of potassium inside the cell.

    • Opening of voltage gated sodium channels leading to an influx of sodium into the cell.

    • Opening of voltage gated potassium channels leading to an e efflux of potassium into the cell.

    • Opening of voltage gated calcium channels leading to an influx of calcium into the cell.

    • Opening of voltage gated chloride channels leading to an efflux of chloride out of the cell.

    Correct Answer
    A. Opening of voltage gated sodium channels leading to an influx of sodium into the cell.
    Explanation
    During an action potential, depolarization occurs when the voltage gated sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to flow into the cell. This influx of positive ions leads to a change in the cell's membrane potential, making it more positive. This is the initial step in the generation of an action potential, as it triggers a cascade of events that propagate the electrical signal along the neuron. The other options, such as the opening of potassium, calcium, or chloride channels, do not directly cause depolarization.

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  • 47. 

    Which of the following feature(s) of red blood cells help(s) to increase the diffusion rate of oxygen into them at the pulmonary capillaries?

    • A thin plasma membrane that decreases the diffusion distance for oxygen.

    • A biconcave shape that increases the diffusion area for oxygen.

    • The presence of hemoglobin that binds oxygen and maintains the large concentration gradient for oxygen between the alveoli and the red blood cells.

    • All of the above.

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above.
    Explanation
    The red blood cells have a thin plasma membrane that decreases the diffusion distance for oxygen, allowing for faster diffusion. They also have a biconcave shape that increases the diffusion area for oxygen, further enhancing the diffusion rate. Additionally, the presence of hemoglobin in red blood cells allows them to bind oxygen and maintain a large concentration gradient for oxygen between the alveoli and the red blood cells. Therefore, all of these features contribute to increasing the diffusion rate of oxygen into red blood cells at the pulmonary capillaries.

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  • 48. 

    Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?

    • If body temperature increases above normal, thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus send signals to the brain. Certain areas of the brain then send signals to the nerves that control the sweat glands and blood vessels near the surface of the skin to make the sweat rate increase and surface blood vessels increase in diameter, which in turn reduces body temperature.

    • If blood pressure increases above normal, baroreceptors in major arteries detect the change and send signals to the brain. Certain areas of the brain then send signals to the nerves that control the heart and blood vessels to make the heart beat slower and the blood vessels increase in diameter, which in turn reduce the blood pressure.

    • If blood osmolarity increases above normal, osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect the change and cause the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary. ADH causes the kidneys to retain water as well as increase thirst which in turn decreases the blood osmolarity.

    • If body temperature decreases below normal, thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus send signals to the brain. Certain areas of the brain then send signals to the nerves that control the major skeletal muscles and blood vessels near the surface of the skin to bring about shivering and surface blood vessels decrease in diameter, which in turn increases body temperature.

    • All of the above are examples of negative feedback.

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above are examples of negative feedback.
    Explanation
    All of the given scenarios describe negative feedback mechanisms. In each case, a change in a particular physiological parameter (body temperature, blood pressure, blood osmolarity) is detected by specific receptors (thermoreceptors, baroreceptors, osmoreceptors) and signals are sent to the brain. The brain then initiates a series of responses that counteract the initial change and bring the parameter back to its normal range. This process helps maintain homeostasis in the body by regulating various physiological processes.

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  • 49. 

    Sodium:

    • Is negatively charged

    • Is positively charged

    • Is in higher concentration inside the cell

    • Both (a) and (c)

    • Both (b) and (c)

    Correct Answer
    A. Is positively charged
    Explanation
    Sodium is positively charged because it is an ion with a positive charge. It has lost one electron, resulting in a positive charge. Additionally, sodium is also in higher concentration inside the cell, which is another characteristic of sodium. Therefore, the correct answer is "both (b) and (c)".

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Quiz Review Timeline (Updated): Sep 12, 2023 +

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  • Sep 12, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
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  • Nov 23, 2011
    Quiz Created by
    Jondahl5

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