PHR 241 Exam 3 Histamines

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1. Antagonists of histamine's actions have important clinical uses.

Explanation

Antagonists of histamine's actions refer to drugs that block the effects of histamine in the body. Histamine is involved in various physiological processes and can cause allergic reactions, inflammation, and gastric acid secretion. By blocking histamine's actions, these antagonists are commonly used in clinical settings to treat allergies, relieve symptoms of allergic rhinitis, reduce gastric acid secretion in conditions like peptic ulcers, and manage symptoms of histamine-mediated conditions like urticaria. Therefore, the statement that antagonists of histamine's actions have important clinical uses is true.

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About This Quiz
Innate Immunity Quizzes & Trivia

In the study of medicine, histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound which is involved in local immune responses. It also regulates physiological function in the gut and acts... see moreas a neurotransmitter for the brain, spinal cord and uterus. see less

2. First generation antihistamines possess anti-cholinergic activity.

Explanation

First generation antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine and chlorpheniramine, do possess anti-cholinergic activity. This means that they not only block the effects of histamine, but also block the effects of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in various bodily functions. This can result in side effects such as dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, and urinary retention. Therefore, the statement that first generation antihistamines possess anti-cholinergic activity is true.

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3. Which histamine receptor
-has an effect on gastric parietiel cells, cardiac muscle, and some smooth muscle
-is Gs coupled
-causes an elevation in cAMP

Explanation

The correct answer is H2. Histamine receptor H2 has an effect on gastric parietal cells, cardiac muscle, and some smooth muscle. It is Gs coupled, which means it activates the Gs protein and stimulates the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), leading to various physiological responses.

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4. 2nd generation drugs have an extended duration of actoin

Explanation

Second-generation drugs are a newer class of medications that have been developed to improve upon the limitations of first-generation drugs. One of the key improvements is their extended duration of action. This means that these drugs remain active in the body for a longer period of time, allowing for less frequent dosing and potentially improving patient compliance. Therefore, the statement that second-generation drugs have an extended duration of action is true.

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5. Histamine receptors are what type of receptors?

Explanation

Histamine receptors are classified as GPCRs (G-protein coupled receptors). GPCRs are a large family of cell surface receptors that are involved in signal transduction. They are characterized by their ability to activate intracellular signaling pathways through the interaction with G-proteins. Histamine receptors, when activated by histamine, initiate a cascade of cellular responses by activating G-proteins and modulating downstream signaling pathways. Therefore, histamine receptors are categorized as GPCRs.

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6. Antihistamines can have a paradoxical effect on children. (ie. insomnia, nervousness, tremors)

Explanation

Antihistamines, despite being commonly used to treat allergies and induce drowsiness, can have the opposite effect on children. This means that instead of causing sleepiness, they may experience insomnia, nervousness, and tremors. Therefore, the statement that antihistamines can have a paradoxical effect on children is true.

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7. Antihistamines are an effective treatment in bronchial asthma

Explanation

Antihistamines are not considered an effective treatment for bronchial asthma. While antihistamines can help with allergies and symptoms such as sneezing and itching, they do not have a significant impact on the airway inflammation and constriction that occurs in asthma. The mainstay of asthma treatment includes bronchodilators (such as inhalers) and anti-inflammatory medications (such as corticosteroids). Therefore, the statement that antihistamines are an effective treatment in bronchial asthma is false.

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8. Edema is mediated by which histamine receptor?

Explanation

Edema is the accumulation of fluid in the tissues, and it is mediated by the H1 histamine receptor. Histamine is a chemical released by the body during an allergic reaction or inflammation. When histamine binds to the H1 receptor, it causes blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable, leading to fluid leakage into the surrounding tissues and resulting in edema. The H1 receptor is primarily responsible for the allergic response, including symptoms such as itching, redness, and swelling.

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9. Which histamine receptor is the main receptor that causes a direct decrease in blood pressure?

Explanation

Mainly H1... but some H2 dependency

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10. 2nd generation antihistamines blcok muscarinic receptors.

Explanation

first generation ones do... 2nd mostly do not...

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11. Which of the following is/are not true regarding histamines?

Explanation

THey are LOcALLY acting hormones! :)

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12. Histamine has clinical applications

Explanation

Histamine does have clinical applications, particularly in the field of medicine. It is involved in various physiological processes and is used in the diagnosis and treatment of certain medical conditions. Therefore, the statement that histamine has clinical applications is incorrect.

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13. Histamine is a majore player in human asthmas.

Explanation

It does NOT play a role, however, asthmatic airways still respond greatly to histamine.

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14. Physiological antagonists bind to the receptor.

Explanation

WIKI: Physiological agonism and antagonism is the mechanism of substances to induce the same ultimate effects in the body as other substances, as if they were receptor agonists or antagonists, but without binding to the same receptor.

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15. Antihistamines are good decongestants

Explanation

The statement "antihistamines are good decongestants" is false. Antihistamines are medications that are primarily used to relieve allergy symptoms such as sneezing, itching, and runny nose. They work by blocking the effects of histamine, a substance released by the body during an allergic reaction. While antihistamines can help with some symptoms of congestion, they are not as effective as decongestants in relieving nasal congestion. Decongestants work by narrowing the blood vessels in the nasal passages, reducing swelling and congestion. So, while antihistamines can provide some relief for congestion, they are not considered to be good decongestants.

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16. Which of the following is/are not true regarding H1 histamine receptors?

Explanation

They are Gq coupled

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17. H2 receptors mediate contraction of intestinal smooth muscle

Explanation

H1 receptors mediate contraction of intestinal smooth muscle
H2 receptors mediate parietal cell acid production in gastric mucosa

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18. Which histamine receptor regulates the release of neurotransmitters in the brain and myenteric plexus?

Explanation

It is Gi coupled to N-type calcium channels

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19. Antihistamines are physiological antagonists of histamine

Explanation

They are histamine receptor antagonists... competitive H1 receptor blockers.

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20. The axon relfex is the direct action on ______ receptors on sensory nerve endings and/or depolariztion of efferent axons.

Explanation

The correct answer is H1 because the axon reflex involves the direct action on H1 receptors on sensory nerve endings and/or depolarization of efferent axons. This suggests that H1 receptors play a role in initiating the axon reflex response.

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21. 2nd generation antihistamines are more effective than 1st generation ones.

Explanation

Equally effective

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22. Whcih of the following is/are not second generation antihistamines?

Explanation

Diphenhydramine, pyrilamine, and promethazine are not second-generation antihistamines because they are first-generation antihistamines. First-generation antihistamines are known to cause drowsiness and have a shorter duration of action compared to second-generation antihistamines. Fexofenadine, loratadine, and cetirizine, on the other hand, are second-generation antihistamines that have a longer duration of action and are less likely to cause drowsiness.

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23. Which of the following is/are adverse effects of antihistamines?

Explanation

urinary RETENTION
DECREASED GI motility

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24. Which of the following is/are true about physiological antagonists of histamine.

Explanation

they are vasoconstrictors
They are are bronchodilators

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25. Which of the followingcardiovascular effects of histamine is/are indicative of histamine release in the skin?

Explanation

The cardiovascular effects of histamine that are indicative of histamine release in the skin are heat, redness, and local swelling. These symptoms are commonly associated with an allergic reaction and are caused by the dilation of blood vessels in the skin, leading to increased blood flow and the characteristic redness and swelling. Urticaria or hives, which are also listed as the correct answer, are another common skin manifestation of histamine release and are characterized by itchy, raised welts on the skin.

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26. Which of the following are effective decongestants?

Explanation

Phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine, and oxymetazoline are all effective decongestants. Decongestants work by constricting blood vessels in the nasal passages, reducing swelling and congestion. Phenylephrine is commonly found in over-the-counter nasal sprays and oral medications. Pseudoephedrine is also available over-the-counter and is often used in combination with other medications to treat congestion. Oxymetazoline is a nasal spray that provides fast relief from nasal congestion. These decongestants are effective in relieving symptoms of nasal congestion caused by allergies, colds, or sinus infections.

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27. Histamine is found is which of the following location(s)?

Explanation

Histamine is found in vesicular granules of mast cells or basophils, neuronal tissue in the brain, enterochromaffin-like cells in the fundus of the stomach, and venoms.

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28. WHich of teh following cuases a release of histamine?

Explanation

TYPE I Immediate allergic reactions
COLD temperatures!

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29. Which of the following are major pharmacological effects fo antihistamines?

Explanation

decreased and thickened secretions

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Antagonists of histamine's actions have important clinical uses.
First generation antihistamines possess anti-cholinergic activity.
Which histamine receptor-has an effect on gastric parietiel cells,...
2nd generation drugs have an extended duration of actoin
Histamine receptors are what type of receptors?
Antihistamines can have a paradoxical effect on children. (ie....
Antihistamines are an effective treatment in bronchial asthma
Edema is mediated by which histamine receptor?
Which histamine receptor is the main receptor that causes a direct...
2nd generation antihistamines blcok muscarinic receptors.
Which of the following is/are not true regarding histamines?
Histamine has clinical applications
Histamine is a majore player in human asthmas.
Physiological antagonists bind to the receptor.
Antihistamines are good decongestants
Which of the following is/are not true regarding H1 histamine...
H2 receptors mediate contraction of intestinal smooth muscle
Which histamine receptor regulates the release of neurotransmitters in...
Antihistamines are physiological antagonists of histamine
The axon relfex is the direct action on ______ receptors on sensory...
2nd generation antihistamines are more effective than 1st generation...
Whcih of the following is/are not second generation antihistamines?
Which of the following is/are adverse effects of antihistamines?
Which of the following is/are true about physiological antagonists of...
Which of the followingcardiovascular effects of histamine is/are...
Which of the following are effective decongestants?
Histamine is found is which of the following location(s)?
WHich of teh following cuases a release of histamine?
Which of the following are major pharmacological effects fo...
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