Phlebotomy State Exam Quiz - 186

An open wound can be a portal of entry in an infection chain because it provides a direct pathway for microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses, to enter the body. When the skin is broken, it loses its protective barrier, allowing pathogens to easily infiltrate and cause an infection. This is why it is important to clean and cover open wounds properly to prevent the entry of harmful microorganisms.

Confirming an outpatients name and date of birth provides two important identifiers for blood collection. These two pieces of information are crucial in ensuring that the blood sample is correctly matched to the patient. The name helps to identify the patient, while the date of birth acts as an additional identifier to further verify their identity. This helps to prevent any mix-ups or errors in the blood collection process, ensuring the safety and accuracy of the procedure.

The correct answer is depositing it in an approved "sharps container". After drawing blood from a patient, it is important for the phlebotomist to dispose of the needle safely and properly. Depositing the needle in an approved "sharps container" ensures that it is disposed of in a way that minimizes the risk of accidental needlestick injuries and contamination. This container is specifically designed to hold and safely contain used needles, preventing any potential harm to healthcare workers or waste handlers.

HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is the correct answer because it is the virus that causes AIDS, which stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. HIV attacks the immune system, specifically the CD4 cells, and weakens the body's ability to fight off infections and diseases. Over time, if left untreated, HIV can progress to AIDS, which is the final stage of the infection. HBV (Hepatitis B Virus), CMV (Cytomegalovirus), and RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus) are not known to cause AIDS.

If a patient refuses treatment, it is important to inform your supervisor. This is because your supervisor needs to be made aware of the situation and can provide guidance on how to handle it. They may have specific protocols or procedures in place for dealing with patients who refuse treatment. By informing your supervisor, you ensure that the appropriate steps are taken to address the situation and ensure the patient's well-being.

Washing hands is the single, most important way to prevent the spread of infection while performing phlebotomy. This is because hands can easily come into contact with pathogens during the procedure, and washing them thoroughly with soap and water helps to remove these pathogens and prevent their transmission to the phlebotomist or other patients. Wearing a mask may provide some protection, but it is not as effective as washing hands. Cleaning spills and burning waste are also important infection control measures, but they are not the most crucial in preventing the spread of infection during phlebotomy.

A tube adapter that has been visibly contaminated with blood should be disposed of in a biohazardous waste container because blood is considered a biohazard and can potentially contain infectious agents. Disposing of the contaminated adapter in a biohazardous waste container ensures that it is properly contained and prevents any potential spread of infection or contamination to others.

Latex sensitivity refers to an allergic reaction caused by latex, a natural rubber. This allergic reaction can occur when a person comes into contact with latex products such as gloves, balloons, or condoms. Symptoms of latex sensitivity can range from mild skin irritation to more severe reactions like hives, difficulty breathing, or even anaphylaxis. Therefore, it is true that latex sensitivity is an allergic reaction.

Room dividers are not considered personal protective equipment (PPE) as they do not provide any form of protection against hazards or risks. PPE is typically designed to protect the wearer from physical, chemical, or biological hazards, while room dividers are used for separating spaces and do not offer any form of personal protection.

When performing a routine skin puncture, the site should be alcohol cleaned to disinfect the area and prevent infection. After cleaning with alcohol, it is best to allow the site to air dry on its own. This is because blowing dry or using other methods to expedite drying may introduce contaminants or cause irritation to the skin. Allowing the site to air dry ensures that it dries naturally and minimizes the risk of introducing any additional bacteria or substances to the puncture site.

Identifying the patient is the most important step in the performance of a venipuncture because it ensures that the right patient is receiving the procedure. This is crucial for patient safety and to prevent any errors or mix-ups in the collection and handling of samples. By confirming the patient's identity, healthcare professionals can accurately match the samples to the correct patient, minimizing the risk of misdiagnosis or inappropriate treatment.

The heart, lymphatic organs, and blood vessels are all components of the cardiovascular system. The cardiovascular system is responsible for the circulation of blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing waste products. The heart acts as the pump, while the blood vessels transport the blood. The lymphatic organs, such as the spleen and lymph nodes, are also part of this system as they play a role in immune function and the removal of toxins. Therefore, the correct answer is the cardiovascular system.

Anticoagulants are chemicals that prevent blood from clotting. They work by inhibiting the formation of blood clots, which helps to prevent conditions such as deep vein thrombosis, stroke, and heart attack. Preservatives are substances used to prevent spoilage or decay, activators are substances that initiate or speed up a chemical reaction, and adhesives are substances used to stick things together. Therefore, anticoagulants are the correct answer in this context.

Bacteria and other microorganisms can be present on IV supplies, catheters, and instruments. Therefore, to prevent the spread of infections, it is important for all healthcare personnel to maintain sterility when handling these items.

When entering a room marked with isolation signs, it is important to read the isolation signs to determine what personal protective equipment (PPE) is appropriate. This is necessary to ensure that the individual entering the room is adequately protected from any potential hazards or infectious agents present in the isolation area. Asking a nurse or the patient about the required PPE can also be helpful, but the most reliable and accurate information can be obtained by reading the isolation signs.

A patient in the Oncology Dept. is probably being treated for cancer. Oncology is the branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. Therefore, it is logical to assume that a patient in the Oncology Dept. is being treated for cancer.

A phlebotomist will tie a tourniquet before performing a venipuncture to help locate the veins in the antecubital. By applying pressure to the area, the veins become more visible and easier to access, ensuring a successful blood draw. This technique allows the phlebotomist to accurately locate the veins and minimize the risk of puncturing other structures.

A phlebotomist cannot legally draw blood from a fully cognizant patient who refuses consent. Consent is a fundamental principle in healthcare, and patients have the right to refuse any medical procedure, including blood draws. The phlebotomist must respect the patient's autonomy and cannot proceed without their consent. Nurse, physician, or administrative consent does not override the patient's refusal.

Hematology is the study of blood, including its composition, functions, and diseases. It involves the examination of blood cells, blood clotting mechanisms, and blood disorders. Hematology plays a crucial role in diagnosing and monitoring various conditions such as anemia, leukemia, and clotting disorders. Hematoxins, on the other hand, are toxins that affect blood cells and their functions. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen, and hemolysis refers to the breakdown of red blood cells.

The proper way to insert a needle is with the bevel facing up. This is because the bevel is the slanted opening at the tip of the needle, and inserting it with the bevel facing up allows for smoother penetration into the skin or tissue. It also helps to minimize tissue damage and reduce the risk of the needle breaking or bending.

Handwashing is the most important step in preventing infections because it helps to remove germs and bacteria from the hands. Our hands come into contact with various surfaces throughout the day, and if we touch our face or eat without washing our hands, we can introduce these germs into our bodies. Handwashing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds effectively kills the germs and reduces the risk of infections. It is a simple and cost-effective measure that can be practiced by everyone to maintain good hygiene and prevent the spread of diseases.

Contamination refers to the process in which an object or area becomes unclean. It involves the introduction of harmful or unwanted substances, such as dirt, germs, or pollutants, into a previously clean environment. This can occur through various means, such as direct contact, airborne particles, or cross-contamination. Contamination can pose health risks and may require cleaning or disinfection to restore cleanliness and prevent the spread of harmful agents. In contrast, infection refers specifically to the invasion and multiplication of pathogens in a living organism, sterilization refers to the complete elimination of all microorganisms, and colonization refers to the establishment and growth of microorganisms in a particular area.

The additive usually found in a lavender tube is EDTA. EDTA stands for ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and is commonly used as an anticoagulant in blood collection tubes. It helps prevent blood from clotting by binding to calcium ions, which are necessary for the coagulation process. This allows the blood to remain in a liquid state for further testing and analysis.

The correct answer is False. This statement is incorrect because the first drop of blood in a capillary puncture is usually contaminated with tissue fluid and should be wiped away. The subsequent drops are more reliable for analysis as they are less likely to be contaminated.

The missing step in the given scenario is that the phlebotomist did not wash his hands in between drawing the lavender top tube for patient Fred Jones and drawing the red top tube for patient Sam Smith. Proper hand hygiene, including handwashing, is essential in healthcare settings to prevent the spread of infections and maintain patient safety.

Sphygmomanometers are not an infection control method. Sphygmomanometers are medical devices used to measure blood pressure and do not directly contribute to preventing the spread of infections. In contrast, protective clothing, biohazard containers, and hand washing are all infection control methods commonly used in healthcare settings to minimize the risk of transmission of infectious agents.

Pathogenic microorganisms are those that have the ability to cause diseases in their host organisms. They can invade the host's tissues, reproduce, and cause harm by producing toxins or damaging the host's cells. Unlike nonpathogens, which do not cause diseases, pathogenic microorganisms have specific mechanisms that allow them to overcome the host's defenses and establish an infection. Understanding the characteristics and behavior of pathogenic microorganisms is crucial in the development of treatments and preventive measures against infectious diseases.

If the information on the patient's ID bracelet is not identical to the information on the phlebotomy test requisition and labels, it is important for the phlebotomist to refrain from drawing the sample until the ID is resolved. This is because it is crucial to ensure that the correct patient is identified before any medical procedures are performed. Drawing a sample without resolving the ID discrepancy could lead to potential errors and risks for the patient. Therefore, it is necessary to address the issue and resolve the ID before proceeding with any further steps.

The single most common source of HIV and HBV in the workplace is blood. This is because both HIV and HBV can be transmitted through contact with infected blood. While other bodily fluids like semen, saliva, and pleural fluid may also contain these viruses, blood is considered the highest risk due to its higher concentration of the viruses. Therefore, it is crucial to take precautions and follow proper safety protocols when handling blood or any potentially infected materials in the workplace to prevent the transmission of HIV and HBV.

The correct answer is "all of the above". When using evacuated tubes for blood collection, it is crucial to remember to never under fill tubes that contain anticoagulant, never use tubes past their stated expiration date, and immediately invert any tubes that contain additives. These precautions ensure accurate and reliable blood collection and analysis.

An unbalanced centrifuge can cause tube breakage during centrifugation. When the centrifuge is not properly balanced, the tubes inside can experience uneven forces, leading to breakage. This can occur if the tubes are not evenly distributed or if the centrifuge rotor is not balanced correctly. The imbalance causes the tubes to move and collide with each other or the centrifuge walls, resulting in breakage. It is important to ensure proper balancing of the centrifuge to prevent this issue and maintain the integrity of the tubes and their contents.

In a routine blood draw, the red tube is drawn before the green tube. This is because the red tube is used to collect blood for various tests, including complete blood count (CBC) and blood chemistry tests. These tests require a larger volume of blood compared to the green tube, which is typically used for collecting blood samples for specific tests such as blood clotting studies. Therefore, it is standard practice to draw the red tube first to ensure an adequate blood sample is collected for the necessary tests.

In a routine venipuncture, the lavender tube is not drawn before the red tube. The correct order is to draw the red tube first, which is used for collecting blood samples for various tests, and then the lavender tube, which is used for collecting blood samples for hematology tests. This order is important to prevent cross-contamination and ensure accurate test results.

The needle with the smallest bore or diameter is the one with the highest gauge number. In this case, the 23 Gauge needle has the smallest bore compared to the other options provided.

The correct answer is "all answers are correct" because it is important for the phlebotomist to wash their hands before inspection collection to ensure cleanliness and prevent contamination. They should also wash their hands after specimen collection to maintain hygiene and prevent the spread of any potential infections. Even though gloves are used, hand washing is still necessary as gloves may not provide complete protection. Therefore, all the given options are correct in emphasizing the importance of hand washing for a phlebotomist.

Sweat is not known to transmit HIV because the virus cannot survive outside the body for long periods of time. HIV is primarily transmitted through specific body fluids such as blood, vaginal secretions, breast milk, and semen, which contain a high concentration of the virus. However, sweat does not contain enough of the virus to transmit HIV, making it an unlikely mode of transmission.

Invasion of privacy refers to the violation of an individual's right to keep their personal information, name, photograph, or private matters confidential without their consent. It involves the unauthorized intrusion into someone's personal life, which can cause emotional distress, harm their reputation, or compromise their personal security. This term encompasses various forms of privacy invasion, such as intrusion, disclosure of private facts, false light, and appropriation of name or likeness.

OSHA requires training and educational information on bloodborne pathogens to be given to employees at no cost. This is to ensure that employees have access to the necessary knowledge and skills to protect themselves from potential exposure to bloodborne pathogens without any financial burden. By providing this training for free, OSHA aims to promote workplace safety and prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

In a standard venipuncture procedure, the lavender tube is drawn last. This tube is used to collect blood samples for complete blood count (CBC) testing. The order in which tubes are drawn is important to prevent cross-contamination and ensure accurate test results. The lavender tube contains an anticoagulant called ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), which helps preserve the blood sample for CBC analysis. By drawing the lavender tube last, any residual anticoagulant in the needle or tubing is minimized, reducing the risk of sample contamination.

Safe working conditions for employees are regulated by OSHA, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. OSHA is a federal agency that sets and enforces standards to ensure safe and healthy working conditions for employees in the United States. They provide guidelines and regulations for various industries to prevent workplace hazards, such as exposure to harmful substances, accidents, and injuries. OSHA also conducts inspections and investigations to ensure compliance with these standards and takes enforcement actions when necessary to protect the well-being of workers.

Quality assurance is the process of ensuring that all evaluated services and results in healthcare meet acceptable standards. It involves monitoring and evaluating the quality of healthcare services to ensure that they are safe, effective, and efficient. By using principles of quality assurance, healthcare providers can identify areas for improvement and implement strategies to enhance the overall quality of care provided to patients. This helps to ensure that patients receive the highest standard of care and that healthcare organizations are meeting regulatory requirements.

The iodine swab is the incorrect item because it is not typically used for routine venipuncture. Instead, an alcohol swab is commonly used to clean the area before the procedure. Iodine swabs may be used in certain situations, such as when a patient has an allergy to alcohol, but they are not the standard choice for routine venipuncture.

The light blue top is used for PT (prothrombin time) and PTT (partial thromboplastin time) tests. These tests are used to evaluate the blood's ability to clot. The light blue top tube contains an anticoagulant called sodium citrate, which prevents the blood from clotting. This allows for accurate measurement of clotting factors and helps in diagnosing bleeding disorders or monitoring anticoagulant therapy.

The needle with the largest gauge is 16. This is because the gauge of a needle refers to the thickness of the needle. The higher the gauge number, the thinner the needle. Therefore, out of the options given, 16 has the largest gauge and is the thickest needle.

The explanation for the given correct answer is that inverting the tubes helps to mix the contents thoroughly. By inverting the tubes 8 times, it ensures that any sediment or particles are evenly distributed throughout the solution. This is important for accurate and consistent results in various scientific experiments or tests that require the use of these tubes.

A complete blood count (CBC) is collected in an evacuated tube with a lavender stopper. The color of the stopper is important because it indicates the type of additive present in the tube. Lavender stoppers are used for collecting blood samples for CBC because they contain an anticoagulant called EDTA, which prevents the blood from clotting. This allows for accurate measurement of different components of the blood, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

The urinary system is responsible for filtering blood to eliminate waste, maintaining blood pH, and regulating water balance. It consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste products and excess water from the blood to form urine, which is then excreted from the body. They also help regulate the balance of electrolytes and maintain the pH of the blood. Therefore, the urinary system is the correct answer for the given question.

When collecting blood without an additive, a red-colored stopper is used in an evacuated tube. The red stopper indicates that the tube is meant for collecting blood samples without any additives or anticoagulants. Different colored stoppers are used for different types of additives or anticoagulants, but in this case, the red stopper is the correct choice for collecting blood without any additives.

Veins are not located deeper than arteries. In fact, arteries are deeper in the body compared to veins. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body, and they are typically found deeper within the tissues. Veins, on the other hand, carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart and are often located closer to the surface of the body.

A clean catch test is collected in a sterile cup to ensure that the urine sample is free from any contaminants. A sterile cup is specifically designed to prevent any outside bacteria or substances from contaminating the urine sample, allowing for accurate test results. Using a sterile cup helps to maintain the integrity of the sample and ensures that any abnormalities or infections present in the urine can be properly identified and diagnosed.

Taking aspirin is most likely going to affect a BT test. Aspirin is known to thin the blood and can interfere with the results of a BT test, which measures the time it takes for blood to clot. Therefore, it is likely that taking aspirin would have an effect on the BT test.

OSHA, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, requires health care professionals to receive a vaccine for HBV, which stands for Hepatitis B Virus. This is because HBV can be transmitted through exposure to blood or other bodily fluids, and health care professionals are at a higher risk of coming into contact with these fluids in their line of work. Vaccination helps protect them from contracting and spreading the virus.

Sodium Citrate is the additive used in the light blue tube.

In the event of a glass tube breaking during centrifugation, the best sequence of actions would be to stop the centrifuge first to prevent any further damage or injury. Then, open the lid carefully to access the broken glass. Using forceps to remove any glass shards is recommended to avoid direct contact and potential injuries. This approach prioritizes safety by minimizing the risk of injury and effectively removing the broken glass from the centrifuge.

The basis for treating all specimens as if they are hazardous and infections is universal precautions. Universal precautions refer to the practice of treating all patients and specimens as if they are infectious, regardless of their actual infectious status. This approach ensures the safety of healthcare workers and minimizes the risk of transmission of infections.

The phlebotomist must manually label a blood collection tube from an outpatient with the patient's full name and phlebotomist initials, the date of the patient's birth and/or social security number, and the date and time of the draw.

Eating and drinking are only allowed in designated clean areas in a laboratory setting. This is because laboratories often contain hazardous materials, chemicals, and equipment that can pose a risk to food and beverages. By confining eating and drinking to designated clean areas, the risk of contamination and accidents can be minimized, ensuring the safety of the laboratory environment and the individuals working in it.

In a light blue tube, there is a 9 to 1 ratio of blood to anticoagulant. This means that for every 9 parts of blood, there is 1 part of anticoagulant in the tube. This ratio is important because it helps prevent the blood from clotting during testing or analysis. Having the correct ratio ensures that the blood sample remains in a liquid state and can be accurately analyzed. Therefore, the statement is true.

A green top tube usually contains heparin. Heparin is an anticoagulant that prevents blood from clotting. It is commonly used for tests that require plasma instead of serum, as heparin prevents the formation of blood clots during the collection process.

ABGs stands for Arterial Blood Gases, which is a test used to measure the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, as well as the pH and bicarbonate levels. This test helps to assess the respiratory function and acid-base balance in the body. It is commonly used to diagnose and monitor conditions such as respiratory failure, lung diseases, and metabolic disorders. Therefore, ABGs is a test specifically related to the respiratory system.

When making a blood smear using two glass slides, it is recommended to have an angle of contact of approximately 30 degrees. This angle allows for an even and thin distribution of the blood sample on the slide, making it easier to observe under a microscope. A steeper angle may result in a thicker smear, while a shallower angle may lead to an uneven distribution of the blood cells. Therefore, a 30-degree angle is ideal for creating a well-prepared blood smear.

When a 5 millimeter evacuated tube appears to extract blood with too much force from a weak vein (causing the vein to collapse), using a pediatric sized tube might yield better results. A pediatric sized tube has a smaller diameter compared to a regular tube, which means it exerts less suction force on the vein. This can prevent the collapse of the weak vein and enable a successful blood extraction.

Capillaries are thin-walled blood vessels that form microscopic pathways, connecting arterioles (small arteries) with venules (small veins). These characteristics allow capillaries to facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" as all the listed characteristics accurately describe capillaries.

Sodium Citrate has light blue stoppers.

The hormone detected in a positive pregnancy test is HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin). HCG is produced by the placenta after implantation occurs, and its presence in the urine or blood confirms pregnancy. It is the hormone responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone to support the pregnancy. HCG levels increase rapidly in the early stages of pregnancy and can be detected by a pregnancy test.

When the body has been at rest and has not consumed any food for a period of 12 hours, it is said to be in a basal state. The basal state refers to the body's resting metabolic rate, which is the energy expenditure required to maintain basic bodily functions such as breathing, circulation, and cell production. During this state, the body is not actively digesting or metabolizing food, and it relies on stored energy sources to meet its energy needs.

Medical Asepsis refers to the practices and techniques used to prevent the spread of pathogens in healthcare settings. It involves the destruction of pathogens outside the body through various means such as disinfection and sterilization. This helps to create a clean and safe environment, reducing the risk of infection transmission. Therefore, the statement that Medical Asepsis is the destruction of pathogens outside the body is true.

Malpractice refers to the negligence or misconduct by a professional person, such as a doctor, lawyer, or accountant, in the course of their professional duties. It involves a breach of the standard of care expected from them, resulting in harm or injury to their client or patient. This term is commonly used in the context of medical malpractice, where a healthcare professional fails to provide the appropriate standard of care, causing harm to the patient.

Diastolic pressure refers to the bottom number of blood pressure readings. Blood pressure is measured using two numbers: the top number, known as systolic pressure, represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats and pumps blood, while the bottom number, diastolic pressure, represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats. Therefore, the correct answer is "the bottom number of blood pressure readings."

Glycolysis is the process by which glucose is broken down into pyruvate to produce energy. It is the main pathway for energy production in newborns because they rely heavily on glucose as a fuel source. The enzymes involved in glycolysis are more active in newborns, leading to a faster rate of glycolysis compared to adults. This increased glycolytic activity allows newborns to efficiently generate energy for growth and development. Therefore, the statement that glycolysis occurs faster in newborns is true.

The left ventricle is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood from the heart into the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body. This oxygenated blood is then distributed to the rest of the body, providing oxygen and nutrients to the various organs and tissues. Therefore, the statement that the left ventricle delivers oxygenated blood to the aorta is true.

POC testing is done at the patient's bed because it allows for immediate results and faster decision-making. This type of testing eliminates the need for samples to be sent to a medical lab, reducing the turnaround time for results. By conducting the test at the patient's bedside, healthcare professionals can quickly assess the patient's condition and provide appropriate treatment without delay. This approach is particularly useful in emergency situations or when frequent monitoring is required.

EDTA is the correct additive in a pink tube. EDTA stands for ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, which is a chelating agent that binds calcium ions and prevents clotting of blood samples. It is commonly used in hematology tests and is suitable for most routine tests, including complete blood count (CBC) and blood typing. EDTA is preferred over other additives like heparin or SPS in pink tubes because it does not interfere with the accuracy of test results.

Treating ALL lab specimens as if they are hazardous and infectious is the basis for universal precautions. Universal precautions refer to a set of infection control practices that healthcare workers follow to prevent the transmission of diseases. By assuming that all lab specimens are potentially hazardous and infectious, healthcare workers take necessary precautions such as wearing personal protective equipment, practicing proper hand hygiene, and using appropriate containment measures. This approach helps protect both healthcare workers and patients from the risk of infection, regardless of the known status of the specimen.

Epithelial tissue is the correct answer because it covers and protects the body. Epithelial tissue is found on the outer surface of the body as well as lining the internal organs and cavities. It acts as a barrier, protecting underlying tissues and organs from damage, dehydration, and infection. Epithelial tissue also plays a role in absorption, secretion, and sensation.

The blue tube top is used for blood collection with sodium citrate as an additive. Sodium citrate is commonly used as an anticoagulant in blood samples for coagulation testing. The blue color of the tube helps to easily identify the tube with sodium citrate additive.

Negligence refers to the failure to provide reasonable standards of care, resulting in someone suffering an injury. It is a legal term used to describe a situation where a person or entity fails to exercise the level of care that a reasonable person would have in similar circumstances. Negligence can occur in various contexts, such as medical malpractice, car accidents, or slip and fall incidents. It is a key concept in tort law, which deals with civil wrongs and liabilities.

The statement "they are all the same size and shape" is not true for WBCs. White blood cells, or leukocytes, come in different sizes and shapes depending on their type and function. For example, neutrophils are larger with multi-lobed nuclei, while lymphocytes are smaller with round nuclei. This variation in size and shape allows different types of WBCs to perform their specific roles in the immune system.

Sputum is collected to diagnose tuberculosis because it is a respiratory disease that primarily affects the lungs. Sputum, which is the mucus or phlegm that is coughed up from the respiratory tract, can contain the bacteria that cause tuberculosis. By analyzing the sputum, doctors can determine if a person has been infected with tuberculosis and can prescribe appropriate treatment.

If someone is cyanotic, it means that there is a lack of oxygen in their blood. This can cause their skin to appear bluish in color.

Infections that can be spread from person to person are called communicable. This term refers to diseases that can be transmitted through direct contact, such as respiratory droplets or bodily fluids, or indirectly through contaminated objects or surfaces. Communicable diseases can include common illnesses like the flu or cold, as well as more serious infections like tuberculosis or HIV. It is important to understand and take necessary precautions to prevent the spread of communicable diseases in order to protect public health.

Vigorous mixing can activate platelets and shorten clotting times because it helps to distribute clotting factors and enzymes more evenly throughout the blood. This increased distribution allows for a faster and more efficient clotting process.

The statement "Serum is depleted of fibrogen" is true. Fibrogen is a protein involved in blood clotting, and serum is the liquid part of blood without clotting factors. Therefore, serum does not contain fibrogen.

A complete blood count (CBC) is a test that must be performed on whole blood. This test provides information about the different components of blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It can help diagnose various conditions such as anemia, infections, and blood disorders. By analyzing the CBC results, healthcare professionals can assess a person's overall health and identify any abnormalities or imbalances in their blood.

In this context, a group of tests collected as one unit is commonly referred to as a "profile." This term is often used in medical testing, where a profile may include multiple tests that are relevant to a specific condition or set of symptoms. The term "group" could also be used, but "profile" is more specific and accurately describes the collection of tests.

All patients are presumed to be infectious for blood borne pathogens. This means that healthcare professionals must take precautions to prevent the transmission of diseases that can be spread through blood, such as HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. This presumption ensures that healthcare workers are always taking the necessary steps to protect themselves and others from potential infections.

The correct answer is light blue because a prothrombin time test requires the blood sample to be collected in a tube that contains sodium citrate as an anticoagulant. Light blue stoppers are commonly used for tubes containing sodium citrate, making it the appropriate choice for this test.

Capillary blood sampling is used when laboratory tests require very little blood. This method involves pricking the skin with a lancet to obtain a small sample of blood from the capillaries near the surface of the skin. It is commonly used for tests that require small amounts of blood, such as blood glucose monitoring or certain point-of-care tests. Capillary blood sampling is less invasive and more convenient compared to venous blood sampling, making it suitable for situations where only a small volume of blood is needed.

Lipemic blood serum appears milky due to the presence of high levels of lipids (fats) in the serum. This can be caused by various factors such as a high-fat diet, obesity, certain medications, or certain medical conditions like hyperlipidemia or diabetes. The milky appearance is a result of the scattering of light by the lipid particles suspended in the serum, giving it a cloudy or turbid appearance. Lipemic serum can interfere with laboratory tests and may need to be clarified before accurate results can be obtained.

Hematuria is another name for blood in the urine. It is a medical condition characterized by the presence of red blood cells in the urine, which gives it a reddish or pinkish color. Hematuria can be caused by various factors such as urinary tract infections, kidney stones, bladder or kidney infections, trauma, or certain medical conditions like kidney disease or cancer. It is important to identify the underlying cause of hematuria as it can be a sign of a more serious underlying health issue.

A CBC (Complete Blood Count) is a common blood test that provides information about the different components of blood, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Hematology is the branch of laboratory medicine that deals with the study of blood and blood disorders. Therefore, a CBC would be sent to the hematology lab section for analysis and interpretation.

The correct answer is True. Lavender tubes must be 2/3 full. This means that when collecting blood samples, the lavender tubes should be filled to about two-thirds of their total capacity. This is important because it ensures that there is enough blood for the tests to be conducted accurately, while also leaving enough space for proper mixing of the blood with anticoagulants or additives present in the tube. Filling the lavender tubes to the appropriate level is a standard procedure in blood collection to ensure reliable and accurate test results.

Chlorhexidine is a common component of disinfectant solutions used for the collection of blood cultures. It is a broad-spectrum antiseptic that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Chlorhexidine is commonly used in healthcare settings for its strong antimicrobial properties and ability to reduce the risk of infection. It is often used as a pre-procedure skin disinfectant before blood collection to minimize the risk of contamination and ensure accurate test results. Methanol, glutaraldehyde, and lidocaine are not typically used as components in disinfectant solutions for blood culture collection.

Antibiotics are drugs that are specifically designed to destroy or kill bacteria that cause diseases. They work by targeting the bacteria and either inhibiting their growth or killing them completely. Disinfectants are substances used to kill microorganisms on surfaces, while germicides are agents that destroy germs. Sterilizers are devices or chemicals used to kill all forms of microbial life. Therefore, the correct answer is antibiotics.

Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when there is insufficient blood flow to the body's organs and tissues. Common symptoms of shock include pale skin, increased shallow breathing rate, and weak pulse. However, temperature is not typically considered a common symptom of shock. This is because shock primarily affects the circulatory system and does not directly impact body temperature regulation. Therefore, temperature is the correct answer as it is not typically associated with the symptoms of shock.

When collecting a blood culture with a butterfly into culture bottles, the aerobic bottle is filled first. This is because aerobic bacteria require oxygen to grow, so by filling the aerobic bottle first, it ensures that the bacteria have access to oxygen. The anaerobic bottle is filled second, as anaerobic bacteria do not require oxygen to grow.

A drug screen may require a chain of custody because it is a process that involves the collection, handling, and documentation of a specimen to ensure its integrity and prevent tampering or contamination. The chain of custody is necessary to maintain the legal defensibility and reliability of the test results, especially in situations where the results may have significant consequences, such as in workplace drug testing or legal cases.

This statement suggests that if a person is taking a drug that is known to interfere with urine tests, they should stop taking it 48-72 hours before the test. This implies that the drug can still be detected in the urine even after 48-72 hours of discontinuation, indicating that it has a long half-life or is slow to clear from the body. Therefore, the statement is true.

Blinking eyes is not a common symptom of shock. Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when there is insufficient blood flow to the body's tissues and organs. Common symptoms of shock include clammy skin, weak pulse, and shallow breathing. However, blinking eyes is not typically associated with shock.

When performing a venipuncture, it is important to cleanse the site properly to minimize the risk of infection. Cleansing the site in a circular motion from the center to the periphery ensures that any dirt or bacteria is pushed away from the puncture site. This technique helps to maintain the cleanliness of the site and reduces the chances of introducing contaminants into the bloodstream. Therefore, the correct answer is periphery.