Pharm Tech Chapter 1 (Pharmacy Health & care)

The given answer, "data," is the correct answer because it encompasses all the information that is entered into and stored in a computer system. This includes tweets, Facebook user names and logins, personal emails, and any other form of digital information. "Data" is a broad term that refers to any type of information that can be processed, analyzed, and used by a computer system.

An antibiotic is a substance that can harm or kill microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. It is commonly used to treat bacterial infections in humans and animals. Antibiotics work by targeting specific components or processes in the microorganisms, either killing them directly or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. They are not effective against viruses, which require antiviral medications. Antichrist is a term used in theology, referring to a figure who opposes Christ. Antitoxin is a substance that neutralizes toxins produced by bacteria or other microorganisms. Therefore, the correct answer is antibiotic.

Hormones are chemicals produced by the body that regulate various body functions and processes. They act as messengers, traveling through the bloodstream to target specific organs or tissues and influencing their activity. Sweat, adrenaline, and sperm are not hormones, as they do not serve the same regulatory function within the body. Sweat is a bodily fluid secreted by sweat glands to regulate body temperature, adrenaline is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress, and sperm is the reproductive cell produced by males.

Information that is entered and stored into a computer is referred to as data. This can include various types of information, such as a patient's name, address, medical history, and other relevant details. Data is a broad term that encompasses any form of information that can be processed and analyzed by a computer system. Therefore, in this context, the correct answer is data.

Hormones are substances produced by the body to regulate various body functions and processes. They are chemical messengers that are released into the bloodstream and travel to target cells or organs, where they exert their effects. Hormones play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis, controlling growth and development, regulating metabolism, and influencing mood and behavior. They are produced by various glands in the body, such as the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and adrenal glands. Therefore, hormones are the correct answer to the question.

The FDA is responsible for ensuring that a drug is safe and effective for its intended use, which means they must thoroughly evaluate its safety and efficacy before approving it for market. Additionally, the FDA continues to monitor the drug even after it is marketed to ensure that it is working as intended and to identify any adverse effects that may arise. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" as the FDA is required to perform all these tasks to protect public health and safety.

To become a pharmacist in the United States, an individual must complete three requirements. First, they must graduate from an accredited college of pharmacy, which ensures that they have received the necessary education and training in pharmacy. Second, they must pass a state licensing exam, which tests their knowledge and competency in the field. Finally, they must also complete experiential training by working under a licensed pharmacist. This hands-on experience allows them to apply their knowledge in real-world settings and further develop their skills. These three requirements together ensure that the individual has the necessary education, knowledge, and practical experience to practice as a pharmacist.

The pharmacy technician may find the greatest employment opportunities in the community setting because this setting typically includes retail pharmacies and independent pharmacies that serve the local community. These pharmacies often have a higher demand for pharmacy technicians to assist with dispensing medications, managing inventory, and providing customer service. Additionally, community pharmacies may offer a wider range of services such as immunizations and medication therapy management, which require the support of pharmacy technicians.

The term "human genome" refers to the complete set of genetic material present in a human cell. It includes all the genes and DNA sequences that make up an individual's genetic makeup. This genetic information is unique to each person and is responsible for determining their physical characteristics, as well as their susceptibility to certain diseases. Therefore, the correct answer is "human genome."

The term "synthetic" refers to the process of combining different chemicals to create a new chemical that does not exist naturally. In this context, the question is asking for the term that describes the creation of new chemicals through this process. "Pharmaceutical" refers to drugs or medications, "herbal" refers to substances derived from plants, and "chemistry" is the study of chemicals and their properties. Therefore, the term that best fits the given description is "synthetic".

Pharmacology is the study of drug properties, uses, application, and effects. It involves understanding how drugs interact with the body, their mechanisms of action, and their therapeutic effects. This field of study helps in the development and testing of new drugs, as well as in understanding the potential risks and benefits of existing drugs. Pharmacology plays a crucial role in healthcare by providing valuable information on drug dosages, interactions, and side effects, ultimately contributing to the safe and effective use of medications.

Community pharmacies are the area of greatest employment for pharmacists because these pharmacies are easily accessible to the general public and provide a wide range of pharmaceutical services. Community pharmacists play a crucial role in dispensing medications, providing medication counseling, and offering health advice to patients. They also collaborate with other healthcare professionals to ensure optimal patient care. With the increasing demand for healthcare services in communities, the employment opportunities for pharmacists in community pharmacies are abundant.

An antitoxin is a substance that works against toxins in the body. It neutralizes or counteracts the effects of toxins, preventing them from causing harm. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, antivirals are used to treat viral infections, and chemotherapy is a treatment for cancer. However, none of these options specifically target toxins, making antitoxin the correct answer.

The correct answer is pharmacist. A pharmacist is responsible for dispensing prescribed medications to patients. They have the knowledge and expertise to ensure that the medication is appropriate for the patient's condition and that the dosage is correct. Pharmacists also provide counseling and education about the medication, its potential side effects, and any necessary precautions. While other healthcare professionals may be involved in the prescribing process, it is ultimately the pharmacist who physically dispenses the medication to the patient.

Cocaine was the first effective local anesthetic because it has numbing properties that can block nerve signals and provide pain relief. It was widely used in medical procedures and surgeries before its addictive and harmful effects were discovered. Its effectiveness as a local anesthetic paved the way for the development of safer alternatives in modern medicine.

Hippocrates approach to medicine was based on careful observation. This means that he relied on observing and analyzing symptoms, patient history, and the effects of treatments in order to diagnose and treat illnesses. This approach was in contrast to superstition, astrology, or animal behavior, which were not considered reliable or scientific methods of understanding and treating diseases. By emphasizing careful observation, Hippocrates laid the foundation for evidence-based medicine and the importance of empirical evidence in the field of healthcare.

A pharmacopeia is a comprehensive and authoritative listing of drugs and issues related to their use. It provides information on the composition, preparation, and quality control of medicinal substances. It serves as a reference guide for healthcare professionals, researchers, and regulatory authorities to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs. Pharmacognosy refers to the study of medicinal drugs derived from natural sources, while data refers to information or facts. Panacea is a term used to describe a remedy or solution for all problems. Therefore, pharmacopeia is the correct answer as it specifically relates to the authoritative listing of drugs and related issues.

Aspirin is made from salicylic acid, which is derived from the bark of the willow tree. The active ingredient in aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid, was first synthesized from salicylic acid in the late 19th century. Willow bark has been used for centuries in traditional medicine for its pain-relieving properties, and the discovery of salicylic acid as its active component led to the development of aspirin as a widely used medication for pain relief and reducing inflammation.

The term "panacea" refers to a solution or remedy that is believed to cure all problems or diseases. It suggests a universal remedy or a cure-all that can provide relief from any ailment or difficulty. In this context, "panacea" is the correct answer because it aligns with the definition of a remedy that can address all issues, while the other options such as "antibiotic," "hormones," and "vaccine" are more specific in nature and do not encompass the idea of a universal solution.

The correct answer is malaria. Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite that is transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes. The bark of the Peruvian tree, also known as "JESUIT'S powder" or cinchona bark, contains quinine, which is an effective treatment for malaria. When used in combination with preventive measures such as mosquito nets and insect repellents, it helps keep the disease under control.

Chinese Emperor Shen Nung is believed to have established around 365 herbs that could be used as health treatments by trial and error around 3,000 BC. He is considered the father of Chinese herbal medicine and is credited with discovering the medicinal properties of various plants. His extensive knowledge and experimentation with herbs laid the foundation for traditional Chinese medicine, which continues to be practiced today.

A pharmacopeia is an authoritative listing of drugs and issues related to their use. It provides information on the composition, preparation, and dosage of drugs, as well as guidelines for their safe and effective use. It serves as a reference for healthcare professionals, researchers, and regulatory agencies in the field of medicine.

Watson and Crick identified the structure of DNA. They are renowned for their discovery of the double helix structure of DNA in 1953. Their groundbreaking work provided the foundation for understanding the mechanisms of DNA replication and the transmission of genetic information. This discovery was a significant milestone in the field of molecular biology and laid the groundwork for further advancements in genetics and biotechnology.

Formularies are lists of drugs that are approved for use by managed care organizations. These lists contain medications that are deemed safe, effective, and cost-effective for the treatment of various medical conditions. Formularies are developed by a committee of healthcare professionals and are regularly updated to reflect new drugs and treatment guidelines. They help manage costs by promoting the use of generic drugs and preferred brand-name medications. Additionally, formularies help ensure consistent and appropriate prescribing practices among healthcare providers within the managed care organization.

Louis Pasteur showed that heat can be used to kill microorganisms associated with food spoilage. Pasteurization, a process developed by him, involves heating food and beverages to a specific temperature for a certain period of time to kill harmful bacteria and extend their shelf life. This discovery revolutionized the food industry by making it possible to safely preserve perishable products and prevent the spread of diseases caused by contaminated food. Pasteur's work laid the foundation for modern food safety practices and continues to be widely used today.

The length of time from the beginning of development of a new drug to FDA approval is often more than 10 years. This is because the process of developing a new drug involves several stages such as preclinical testing, clinical trials, and regulatory review, which can be time-consuming. Additionally, there are various factors that can contribute to delays in the approval process, including the need for additional studies or data, safety concerns, and regulatory requirements. Therefore, it is common for the entire process to take more than a decade.

Pharmacognosy is the study of natural sources of drugs, including their physical, chemical, biochemical, and biological properties. It involves the identification, isolation, and characterization of active compounds from plants, animals, and other natural sources. This field focuses on the discovery and development of new drugs from natural products. Therefore, pharmacognosy is the best fit for the given description.

Patenting protects against illegal copying of new discoveries. When an invention or discovery is patented, it gives the owner exclusive rights to make, use, and sell the invention for a certain period of time. This prevents others from copying or using the invention without permission. Patents are granted by government agencies and provide legal protection to inventors, encouraging innovation and ensuring that they can benefit from their creations.

Imhotep is considered the first physician known by name. He was an ancient Egyptian polymath who lived around 2600 BCE. Imhotep was not only a physician but also a high-ranking official, architect, and engineer. He served as the chief advisor to Pharaoh Djoser and is credited with designing the Step Pyramid of Saqqara, one of the earliest monumental structures in Egypt. Imhotep's medical knowledge and skills were highly revered, and he was deified after his death. His contributions to medicine and architecture make him a significant figure in ancient history.

The correct answer is 1/6. This means that the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry devotes approximately one-sixth or 16.67% of its income to research and development. This indicates that a significant portion of their earnings is invested in developing new drugs, improving existing medications, and conducting clinical trials to ensure the safety and efficacy of their products. This investment in research and development is crucial for the industry to innovate and bring new treatments to market, ultimately benefiting patients and advancing healthcare.

Panacea is the correct answer because she is the ancient Greek goddess of Medicinal Herbs. In Greek mythology, Panacea was believed to have the power to cure all diseases and heal any ailment. She was often depicted as a young woman holding a medicine jar or a snake wrapped around a staff, symbolizing healing and rejuvenation. Panacea's name itself means "universal remedy" or "cure-all," emphasizing her role as the goddess of medicinal herbs.

The correct answer is Counseling Services to Medicaid patients. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) mandates that pharmacists must offer counseling services to all Medicaid patients. This requirement ensures that patients receive important information about their medications, including proper usage, potential side effects, and any other relevant instructions. By providing counseling services, pharmacists can help Medicaid patients make informed decisions about their healthcare and ensure the safe and effective use of their medications.

The term "pharmaceutical" refers to something related to drugs or medicine. It can be used to describe a drug product or any aspect related to the study, development, or production of drugs. In the context of the given options, "pharmaceutical" is the most appropriate term that aligns with the definition provided. "Meterial medica" refers to the study of medicinal substances, but it does not encompass the broader concept of drugs. "Pharmacology" is the study of how drugs interact with the body, but it does not specifically refer to drug products. "Sythetic" is not a correct spelling and does not relate to drugs.

In managed care, care is managed by an insurer. Insurers play a crucial role in managing and coordinating healthcare services for patients. They negotiate contracts with healthcare providers, establish networks of doctors and hospitals, and determine coverage and reimbursement policies. Insurers also review treatment plans, authorize medical procedures, and monitor the quality of care provided to ensure it aligns with the patient's needs and the insurance plan's guidelines. By overseeing and managing the healthcare process, insurers aim to control costs, improve efficiency, and promote better health outcomes for their members.

Materia medica is the correct answer because it is a term used in pharmacology to refer to the study of drugs and their properties. It encompasses the knowledge of various substances used in medicine, including their sources, preparations, and therapeutic uses. The term pharmacopeia refers to a book or standard that lists the drugs and their preparations, while pharmacognosy is the study of medicinal plants. Trial studies are not directly related to the field of pharmacology.

The first great book of Indian Medicine, which described over 500 herbal drugs, was written in 100 A.D. This book played a significant role in documenting and preserving the knowledge of medicinal plants that had been used for centuries in India. It served as a foundation for the development of Ayurveda, the traditional system of medicine in India. The book's author, Sushruta, is considered one of the pioneers of Ayurvedic medicine and his work continues to be influential in the field of herbal medicine.

Avicenna was an Islamic physician who wrote a five volume encyclopedia in 1000 AD, one of which was devoted to natural medicines and another compounding drugs from individual medications.

The Persian Rhazes, who wrote one of the most popular textbooks of medicine in the middle ages, was a man of science and believed in the divine power of God. He recognized the importance of both scientific knowledge and spiritual beliefs in understanding and treating illnesses. Rhazes likely saw his medical work as a way to better understand and appreciate the divine creation of the human body, rather than relying solely on mystical or magical practices like alchemy or sorcery.