Pharm Tech Chapter 4 (Terminology)

The correct answer is "pneum." This is because "pneum" is a root word that refers to the lungs. The other options, such as "cancer," "derma," and "gastr," do not relate to the lungs. Therefore, "pneum" is the most appropriate answer in this context.

The given words "bone," "ot," "oste," "ocul," and "octopus legs" are all related to the field of anatomy. "Oste" is the root word that refers to bones, making it the correct answer. The other words do not directly relate to bones or the study of anatomy.

The word "derma" is the correct answer because it is the root word that means "skin." The other options, dermatitis, hemat, and mast, are not related to the meaning of skin. Dermatitis refers to inflammation of the skin, hemat refers to blood, and mast refers to a type of cell found in connective tissue. Therefore, "derma" is the only option that directly relates to the topic of skin.

The word "gastr" is the root word that pertains to the stomach. It is derived from the Greek word "gaster" which means stomach. The other words mentioned in the question, such as "mast," "cyst," and "bloat," do not have any direct association with the stomach. Therefore, "gastr" is the correct answer as it is the only word related to the given topic.

A prefix is a modifying component of a term located at the beginning of the term. It is added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning or create a new word. For example, in the word "preheat," the prefix "pre-" means before, so it changes the meaning of the word to "heat before."

The correct answer is "nephr" because it is the root word that specifically refers to the kidney. The other options, "neur", "pheum", and "my", do not have any direct association with the kidney.

The word "nerve" is a noun that refers to a bundle of fibers in the body that transmit signals between the brain and other parts of the body. The given options "ven," "neur," and "nephr" are not valid words or variations of "nerve." However, "neur" is a valid root word that pertains to nerves or the nervous system. Therefore, "neur" is the correct answer as it is the closest option related to the given word "nerve."

The endocrine system is a system of glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream. These hormones then travel throughout the body to target cells and regulate various bodily functions and processes. This system plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis, controlling growth and development, regulating metabolism, and managing stress responses. Unlike the exocrine system, which releases substances through ducts, the endocrine system relies on the bloodstream to transport hormones to their target organs or tissues.

The term "anorexia" refers to a medical condition characterized by a loss of appetite. This condition is often associated with a decreased desire to eat or a lack of interest in food. It is important to note that anorexia is not to be confused with the eating disorder known as anorexia nervosa, which involves distorted body image and an intense fear of gaining weight. In the given options, "loss of appetite" is the only one that accurately describes the meaning of anorexia.

A neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system. It is a specialized cell that is responsible for transmitting electrical signals and information throughout the body. Neurons are essential for processes such as sensory perception, motor control, and cognitive functions. They have unique structures, including dendrites that receive signals, an axon that transmits signals, and synapses that allow communication between neurons. Neurons play a crucial role in coordinating and regulating various bodily functions, making them the fundamental building blocks of the nervous system.

Flexor movement refers to the contraction or shortening of muscles, resulting in the bending or flexion of a joint. This movement is characterized by the decrease in the angle between two body parts. It is the opposite of extensor movement, which involves the extension or straightening of a joint. Flexor movement is commonly observed in activities such as bending the elbow or knee, curling the fingers, or bringing the foot towards the leg.

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cells that play a crucial role in the body's immune system. They help in defending the body against bacteria and diseased cells by recognizing and attacking them. Lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies, which are proteins that target specific pathogens and help in their destruction. These cells also have the ability to remember previous infections, allowing for a faster and more effective response in case of reinfection. Overall, lymphocytes are essential for maintaining a strong and healthy immune system.

Atherosclerosis refers to the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the buildup of plaque, which is made up of cholesterol, fat, calcium, and other substances. This condition can lead to reduced blood flow and oxygen supply to various organs and tissues, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular complications. Therefore, the correct answer is "hardening of artery."

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The term "encephalitis" refers to the inflammation of the brain. Encephalitis can be caused by various factors such as viral or bacterial infections, autoimmune disorders, or allergic reactions. Symptoms of encephalitis may include fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and neurological deficits. The inflammation of the brain can lead to serious complications and requires immediate medical attention.

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The correct answer is "ven." In the given list of words, "ven" is the only word that is directly related to veins. Veins are blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, and "ven" is a shortened form of the word "vein." The other words in the list, such as hematoma, blood, and derma, are related to blood or skin but not specifically to veins. Therefore, "ven" is the correct answer.

A combining vowel is a vowel used to connect the prefix, root word, or suffix parts of a term. In medical terminology, it is used to improve the flow and pronunciation of words. It helps to separate the different word parts and make them easier to understand and pronounce. In the given options, "conjunctiva," "diastolic phase," and "exceptional vowels" are not related to the concept of a combining vowel. Therefore, the correct answer is "combining vowel."

The diastolic phase refers to the period when the heart is relaxed and filling with blood after completing a pumping stroke. During this phase, the blood pressure in the arteries decreases as the heart chambers expand and fill with blood. This phase is important for the heart to rest and recharge before the next pumping stroke.

The systolic phase refers to the phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart is contracting and pumping blood into the cardiovascular system. During this phase, the blood pressure reaches its highest point as the heart pushes blood out into the arteries. The systolic phase is an important part of the overall blood pressure reading and is typically represented by the higher number in a blood pressure measurement.

The correct answer is "hemat". This is because "hemat" is a root word that refers to blood. The other options, "ven", "nephr", and "hepat", are not related to blood. Therefore, "hemat" is the most appropriate answer.

Otalgia refers to the medical condition of earache or pain in the ear. It is a symptom rather than a specific diagnosis, indicating discomfort or pain in the ear. The other options mentioned, such as brain inflammation and ot,algia, do not accurately describe the condition of earache. Brain inflammation refers to inflammation in the brain, while ot and algia are not medical terms related to ear pain. Therefore, otalgia is the correct answer as it specifically relates to the given symptom.

Increased white blood cells can be an explanation for leukemia. Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, causing an abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells. This condition disrupts the normal production and function of white blood cells, leading to a weakened immune system and an increased susceptibility to infections. Therefore, the presence of increased white blood cells is a characteristic feature of leukemia.

The word "my" is the correct answer because it is the only word in the given list that is a possessive pronoun. The other words, "muscle," "pector," "chest," and "cyst," are all nouns or medical terms, but "my" is the only word that functions as a pronoun indicating ownership or possession.

The term "transdermal" refers to a method of administering medication or substances through the skin. It involves the absorption of the substance into the bloodstream through the skin, bypassing the digestive system. This method is often used for delivering medications, such as hormone patches or nicotine patches, as it provides a controlled and steady release of the substance into the body. In the context of the given options, "through the skin" is the most appropriate explanation for the term "transdermal".

The correct answer is "hepat" because it is a term related to the liver. "Hepat" is a prefix used in medical terminology to refer to the liver. Therefore, it is the most appropriate option among the given choices.

The term "hematoma" refers to a localized collection of blood outside of blood vessels, typically caused by trauma or injury. It is often referred to as a "blood tumor" because it appears as a swelling or lump filled with clotted blood. However, it is important to note that a hematoma is not a true tumor or cancerous growth. It is a result of bleeding and can resolve on its own over time.

The lacrimal gland is responsible for producing tears for the eyes. Tears are essential for lubricating the eyes, keeping them moist, and protecting them from foreign particles or irritants. The lacrimal gland is located above the outer corner of each eye and releases tears onto the surface of the eye through small ducts. This helps to maintain the health and functionality of the eyes by providing moisture and preventing dryness or discomfort.

Hormones are chemicals that help regulate various body functions. They are secreted by the endocrine glands and travel through the bloodstream to target organs or tissues, where they exert their effects. Hormones play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis, controlling growth and development, regulating metabolism, and influencing mood and behavior. Unlike antibodies, which are part of the immune system and help fight off infections, hormones specifically act as messengers to coordinate and control different physiological processes within the body. Therefore, hormones are the correct answer to the question.

The given answer "integumentary system" is correct because it refers to the body covering, which includes the skin, hair, and nails. The integumentary system is responsible for protecting the body from external threats, regulating body temperature, and providing sensory information. It is composed of various structures and functions that work together to maintain the overall health and well-being of the body.

A suffix is a modifying component of a term that is located at the end of the term. It is added to the root word to change its meaning or to create a new word. In this context, the term "suffix" fits the given definition as it is the only option that accurately describes a component added at the end of a word. The other options, such as "root word," "prefix," and "fix-a-flat," do not align with the given definition.

The correct answer is osseous tissue. Osseous tissue refers to the rigid portion of the bone tissue. It is the main component of bones and provides support, strength, and protection to the body. Osseous tissue is composed of specialized cells called osteocytes, along with collagen fibers and calcium phosphate minerals. This tissue is responsible for the formation, growth, and repair of bones in the body.

Testosterone is the major hormone produced by the male reproductive system. It is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics such as deep voice, facial hair, and muscle mass. Testosterone also plays a crucial role in sperm production, sex drive, and overall reproductive function in males. Progesterone, estrogen, and aldosterone are hormones produced by the female reproductive system and have different functions in the body.

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The retina is the inner lining of the eye that translates light into nerve impulses. It contains specialized cells called photoreceptors that detect light and convert it into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve. This process allows us to perceive and interpret visual information. The other options listed (lacrimal gland, cornea, conjunctiva) do not have this specific function of translating light into nerve impulses.

The term "hepatoma" refers to a liver tumor, specifically a malignant tumor of the liver. This answer is correct because hepatoma is a medical term used to describe a tumor that originates in the liver. It is important to note that hepatomas are typically cancerous and can be a result of conditions such as hepatitis or cirrhosis.

The cardiovascular system is responsible for distributing blood throughout the body. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to various organs and tissues. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins, allowing for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products. Veins then carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Therefore, the correct answer is "arteries, capillaries, and veins."

The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. Nephrons are tiny structures within the kidney that are responsible for filtering waste products from the blood, regulating water and electrolyte balance, and producing urine. Each kidney contains millions of nephrons, each consisting of a glomerulus, a tubule, and associated blood vessels. The nephron is essential for maintaining the body's overall fluid balance and removing waste products, making it the correct answer in this case.

The correct answer is "alimentary tract." The term "alimentary tract" refers to the organs that are involved in the process of digestion and absorption of food, which includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. This tract is responsible for breaking down food into nutrients that can be used by the body and eliminating waste products. The other options mentioned, such as alveoli (air sacs in the lungs), parenteral (administration of substances outside the digestive tract), and Eustachian tube (connecting the middle ear to the back of the throat), are not related to the process of digestion and absorption of food.

Myoplasty refers to a surgical procedure that involves the repair or reconstruction of a muscle. It is derived from the root words "myo" meaning muscle and "plasty" meaning repair. Therefore, the correct answer "muscle repair" accurately describes the meaning of myoplasty.

The word "mast" is the correct answer because it is the only option that is directly related to the word "breast." A mast is a structure on a ship that supports the sails, and it is commonly associated with the breast of a ship. The other options, such as "chest," "pector," and "titties," do not have a direct connection to the word "breast" in the same way that "mast" does.

The correct answer is "pector". This word is related to the term "chest" as it refers to the pectoral muscles, which are located in the chest area. The other options, such as "ven" (vein), "otlgia" (earache), and "card" (cardiovascular), do not have a direct association with the term "chest". Therefore, "pector" is the most appropriate answer in this context.

Insulin and glucagon are hormones that play a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels. Insulin helps lower blood sugar levels by allowing cells to take in glucose from the bloodstream, while glucagon raises blood sugar levels by stimulating the liver to release stored glucose. These hormones are produced in the pancreas, specifically in the islets of Langerhans. The pancreas is an organ located in the abdominal cavity, near the stomach and small intestine. It is responsible for producing various enzymes for digestion as well as hormones like insulin and glucagon.

The top layer of the skin is referred to as the epidermis. This layer is responsible for protecting the underlying layers of the skin and acts as a barrier against external factors such as bacteria, UV radiation, and chemicals. The epidermis is made up of several layers of cells, including the outermost layer called the stratum corneum, which is composed of dead skin cells that are constantly shed and replaced.

The given words are related to the eye. "Eye" is the correct answer because it is the most general term that encompasses all the other words. "Ot" refers to the ear, "ocul" relates to the eye, "oste" pertains to bones, and "otalgia" means ear pain. Therefore, "ocul" is the correct answer as it directly relates to the eye.

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for removing waste products from the blood and producing urine. It is composed of a glomerulus, tubules, and collecting ducts. The glomerulus filters blood, while the tubules reabsorb necessary substances and excrete waste products. The collecting ducts then carry the urine to the renal pelvis for elimination. The other options, neuron, lacrimal gland, and integumentary system, are not involved in the filtration and production of urine.

A root word is the base component of a term that gives it a meaning. It is the fundamental part of a word that can be modified by adding prefixes or suffixes.

In this question, the explanation lies in understanding the definitions of the terms "prefix" and "suffix". A prefix is a modifier attached to the front or beginning of a root word, while a suffix is a modifier attached to the end or back of a root word. Therefore, the correct answer is "suffix, prefix" because the first blank refers to the modifier attached to the end of the root word (suffix), and the second blank refers to the modifier attached to the front of the root word (prefix).

The alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of gases, specifically oxygen and carbon dioxide, occurs between the bloodstream and the air. Oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses into the bloodstream through the thin walls of the alveoli, while carbon dioxide, a waste product, moves from the bloodstream into the alveoli to be exhaled. This exchange of gases is crucial for the body to obtain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide, supporting respiration and overall bodily functions.

The eustachian tube is the correct answer because it is the tube that connects the middle ear to the throat. This tube helps to equalize air pressure between the middle ear and the outside environment, preventing discomfort and potential damage to the eardrum. The fallopian tube is not related to the ear, as it is part of the female reproductive system. The esophagus tube is responsible for transporting food from the throat to the stomach, while the colon tube is part of the large intestine.