Anticoagulants are medicines that help prevent blood clots. They're given to people at a high risk of getting clots, to reduce their chances of developing serious conditions such as strokes and heart attacks. A blood clot is a seal created by the blood to stop bleeding from wounds. This is a pharmaceutical tests about Anticoagulants
Slowing of blood (atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, heart attack, bed rest, paralysis).
Abnormal surfaces in contact with blood (vascular injury, heart valve replacement or disease, atherosclerosis).
Abnormalities in endogenous anti-clotting factors (protein C and S deficiency, antithrombin).
Estrogen therapy.
All of the above.
A, B, C, D
C, A, D, B
C, B, D, A
D, C, A, B
B, D, A, B
"Tissue factor" or thromboplastin is released from endothelial wall.
Contact of blood with collagen.
Clots bind thromboxane A2.
A and B
A, B, and C
Vitamin C
Vitamin B
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Vitamin A
Liver disease
Renal disease
Vitamin K deficiency
A and B
A and C
A, B, and C
It is large.
It is negatively charged.
It contains too much magnesium.
A and B
All of the above.
The coversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
The conversion of thrombin to prothrombin.
The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
The conversion of fibrin to fibrinogen.
A and C
C and A
Carbohydrate binding activity.
Vitamin clearing activity.
Lipid clearing activity.
Hepatotoxic effect.
Renal toxic effect.
IV
SQ
Orally
IM
A and C
A and B
Liver
Kindeys
Lungs
GI tract
Liver
Kidneys
Lungs
GI tract
Yes.
No.
Hypersensitivity
Osteoporosis
Alopecia
Hemorrhage
Thrombocytopenia
Thromboembolism
All of the above.
Warfarin
Niacin
Ezetimbie
Protamine
Tetracycline
Enoxaparin (Lovenox)
Warfarin
Coumadin
Dalteparin (Fragmin)
Tinzaparin (Innohep)
A, D, and E.
A, C, and B.
It inactivates IIa via antithrombin but has little effect at Xa because it is too short for thrombin binding.
It inactivates Xa but has little inactivation at IIa (thrombin) via antithrombin because chains are too short for thrombin binding.
It has the same mechanism of action of heparin.
Longer half-lives.
High bioavailability.
Less liver clearance and binding to macrophages.
Less non-specific binding with tissues.
All of the above.
Enoxaparin
Dalteparin
Tinzaparin
Fondaparinux
IIa
VI
III
Xa
Xb
Argatroban (Acova)
Bivalirudin (Angiomax)
Lepirudin (Refludan)
Desirudin (Iparavask)
Argatroban (Acova)
Lepirudin (Refludan)
Bivalirudin (Angiomax)
Desirudin (Iparavask)
Argatroban (Acova)
Lepirudin (Refludan)
Desirudin (Iparavask)
Bivalirudin (Angiomax)
Desirudin (Iparavask)
Bivalirudin (Angiomax)
Argatroban (Acova)
Lepirudin (Refludan)
Desirudin (Iparavask)
Warfarin
Heparin
Ezetimibe
Niacin
3 hours
1 day
1 week
3 days