Pgcc Psychology 1010 Final Exam Study Guide

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Behaviorism:
- Sigmund Freud
- Jean Piaget
- B.F. Skinner
- John B. Watson
- Charles Darwin

About This Quiz

Psychology is a scientific study of behaviour and mind, which includes thought and both conscious and unconscious phenomena. What knowledge have your studies provided you with on the subject? Let’s find out in this psychological quiz!

Pgcc Psychology 1010 Final Exam Study Guide - Quiz

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2.

Cognitivism:
- Sigmund Freud
- Jean Piaget
- B.F. Skinner
- John B. Watson
- Charles Darwin
Correct Answer

A. Jean Piaget

Explanation

Jean Piaget is the correct answer because he was a prominent cognitive psychologist known for his theory of cognitive development. He proposed that children go through different stages of cognitive development, each characterized by different ways of thinking and understanding the world. Piaget's work had a significant impact on the field of psychology and education, as it emphasized the role of active learning and the importance of a child's own experiences in their cognitive development.

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3.

This person focused on individuals who were "self-actualized," especially historical figures
- B.F. Skinner
- Stanley Milgram
- Ivan Pavlov
- Abraham Maslow
- Jean Piaget
Correct Answer

A. Abraham Maslow

Explanation

Abraham Maslow focused on individuals who were "self-actualized," especially historical figures. Maslow was a psychologist who developed the theory of human motivation known as Maslow's hierarchy of needs. According to this theory, individuals have a hierarchy of needs that must be met in order to reach their full potential or self-actualization. Maslow studied individuals who he believed had achieved self-actualization, such as historical figures, to understand the characteristics and behaviors associated with this state. He believed that by studying these individuals, we could gain insights into what it means to live a fulfilling and meaningful life.

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4.

The classic laboratory studies of "obedience" were performed by
- Sigmund Freud
- Jean Piaget
- Stanley Milgram
- John B. Watson
- Ivan Pavlov
Correct Answer

A. Stanley Milgram

Explanation

Stanley Milgram conducted the classic laboratory studies on "obedience." These studies aimed to understand the extent to which individuals would obey an authority figure, even if it meant causing harm to others. Milgram's experiments involved participants delivering electric shocks to a learner in another room, with the shocks increasing in intensity. The results revealed that a significant number of participants were willing to administer the highest level of shocks, despite the apparent harm to the learner. Milgram's research shed light on the power of situational factors in influencing human behavior and raised ethical considerations in psychological research.

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5.

Classical Conditioning was discovered by
- Sigmund Freud
- Jean Piaget
- B.F. Skinner
- John B. Watson
- Ivan Pavlov
Correct Answer

A. Ivan Pavlov

Explanation

Ivan Pavlov is the correct answer because he is the one who discovered classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and elicits a similar response. Pavlov conducted experiments with dogs, where he conditioned them to associate the sound of a bell with the presentation of food. Eventually, the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the bell alone, even without the presence of food. This experiment demonstrated the principles of classical conditioning and its role in learning.

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6.

____________ is a chemical messenger specialized for communication from neuron to neuron.
- Neurotransmitter
- Axiom
- Synapse
- Dendrite
- Synaptic Vesicle
Correct Answer

A. Neurotransmitter

Explanation

A neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that is specialized for communication from neuron to neuron. It is responsible for transmitting signals across synapses, which are the junctions between neurons. Neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles and are released into the synapse when an electrical signal, known as an action potential, reaches the end of a neuron. This release of neurotransmitters allows for the transmission of signals from one neuron to another, enabling communication within the nervous system.

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7.

This debate concerns the relative importance of an individual's innate qualities vs. personal experiences, causing differences in physical and behavioral traits
- Nature vs. Nurture
- Roger's Model of Personality
- Observational Learning & Control
- Humanistic Model of Personality
Correct Answer

A. Nature vs. Nurture

Explanation

This question is asking about the debate between nature and nurture in determining physical and behavioral traits. The nature vs. nurture debate is a long-standing argument in psychology and genetics about whether a person's traits are primarily influenced by their genetic makeup (nature) or their environment and experiences (nurture). This debate is relevant to the question because it discusses the relative importance of innate qualities (nature) and personal experiences (nurture) in shaping individual differences in physical and behavioral traits.

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8.

_________ refers to the process of sensing our environment through touch, taste, sight, sound, and smell. This information is sent to our brains in raw form where perception comes into play.
- Sensation
- Perception
- Personality
- Auditory
- Optic
Correct Answer

A. Sensation

Explanation

Sensation refers to the process of sensing our environment through touch, taste, sight, sound, and smell. It is the initial step where our sensory organs detect stimuli and send signals to the brain. This information is then processed by the brain in the next step called perception, where it is interpreted and organized to form meaningful experiences. Sensation is the first stage in the process of perception, allowing us to gather information about our surroundings.

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9.

___________ is the way we interpret sensations and therefore make sense of everything around us.
- Perception
- Sensation
- Auditory
- Behavior
- Optic
Correct Answer

A. Perception

Explanation

Perception is the way we interpret sensations and therefore make sense of everything around us. It involves the process of organizing, interpreting, and giving meaning to sensory information received from our environment. Through perception, we are able to understand and recognize objects, events, and people, and form judgments and opinions based on our sensory experiences. It plays a crucial role in our daily lives as it helps us navigate and interact with the world effectively.

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10.

Operant Conditioning was discovered by
- Sigmund Freud
- Jean Piaget
- B.F. Skinner
- John B. Watson
- Ivan Pavlov
Correct Answer

A. B.F. Skinner

Explanation

Operant Conditioning was discovered by B.F. Skinner. Skinner was a psychologist who developed the theory of Operant Conditioning, which is a learning process that involves the use of rewards and punishments to reinforce or discourage certain behaviors. Skinner's experiments with animals, particularly with rats and pigeons, demonstrated how behavior can be shaped through reinforcement. He introduced the concept of operant behavior, which refers to voluntary actions that are influenced by their consequences. Skinner's work had a significant impact on the field of psychology and continues to be influential in understanding human behavior.

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11.

___________________ focuses on using either reinforcement or punishment to increase or decrease a behavior. Through this process, an association is formed between the behavior and the consequences for that behavior. For example, imagine that a trainer is trying to teach a dog to fetch a ball. When the dog successful chases and picks up the ball, the dog receives praise as a reward. When the animal fails to retrieve the ball, the trainer withholds the praise. Eventually, the dog forms an association between his behavior of fetching the ball and receiving the desired reward. The behavior is involuntary.
- Classical Conditioning
- Operant Conditioning
- Conditioned Response
- Unconditioned Response
- Conditioned Stimulus
- Unconditioned Stimulus
Correct Answer

A. Operant Conditioning

Explanation

Operant conditioning focuses on using reinforcement or punishment to increase or decrease a behavior. It involves forming an association between a behavior and its consequences. In this example, the trainer uses praise as a reward when the dog successfully fetches the ball, and withholds praise when the dog fails. Over time, the dog learns that fetching the ball leads to receiving praise, creating an association between the behavior and the desired reward. This process is voluntary, as the dog has control over its behavior and the consequences it receives.

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12.

_______________________ involves pairing a previously neutral stimulus (such as the sound of a bell) with an unconditioned stimulus (the taste of food). This unconditioned stimulus naturally and automatically triggers salivating as a response to the food, which is known as the unconditioned response. After associating the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus, the sound of the bell alone will start to evoke salivating as a response. The sound of the bell is now known as the conditioned stimulus and salivating in response to the bell is known as the conditioned response. The behavior is involuntary.
- Classical Conditioning
- Operant Conditioning
- Conditioned Response
- Unconditioned Response
- Conditioned Stimulus
- Unconditioned Stimulus
Correct Answer

A. Classical Conditioning

Explanation

Classical conditioning involves pairing a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, which naturally triggers a response. After repeated associations, the neutral stimulus alone can elicit the same response, becoming a conditioned stimulus. In this case, the sound of the bell (neutral stimulus) is paired with the taste of food (unconditioned stimulus), causing salivation (unconditioned response). Eventually, the sound of the bell alone can elicit salivation (conditioned response). Classical conditioning is a type of learning where behaviors are involuntary.

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13.

This type of memory is also called "working memory," and generally only lasts about 20 seconds. Additionally, it can usually only retain about 7 stimuli max.
- Short-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Decay Memory
- Reconstructive Memory
- Span of Memory
Correct Answer

A. Short-Term Memory

Explanation

Short-term memory, also known as working memory, refers to the temporary storage and manipulation of information in the mind. It has a limited duration, usually lasting about 20 seconds, and a limited capacity, typically retaining only about 7 stimuli at a time. This type of memory is responsible for holding and processing information required for immediate tasks and is essential for everyday cognitive functioning. It differs from long-term memory, which involves the storage of information over an extended period. Decay memory, reconstructive memory, and span of memory are not accurate terms to describe this specific type of memory.

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14.

This type of memory is sent to the hippocampus and may be retained forever.
- Short-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
- Decay Memory
- Reconstructive Memory
- Span of Memory
Correct Answer

A. Long-Term Memory

Explanation

Long-term memory refers to the type of memory that is sent to the hippocampus and has the potential to be retained forever. This type of memory allows individuals to store and recall information over a long period of time, ranging from minutes to years. Unlike short-term memory, which has a limited capacity and duration, long-term memory has a much larger storage capacity and can hold information for a lifetime. It plays a crucial role in learning, as it allows individuals to retain knowledge and experiences for future use.

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15.

When trying to recall an event, the ____________________ nature of memory allows it to build from pieces of memory rather than to reproduce it.
- Constructive
- Duration
- Span
- Capacity
- Sensory
Correct Answer

A. Constructive

Explanation

The given answer "Constructive" is the correct answer because it accurately describes the nature of memory. Memory is not a perfect reproduction of past events, but rather a construction that is built from various fragments of information. When recalling an event, the brain fills in gaps and reconstructs the memory based on available pieces of information. This process of memory construction is known as constructive memory.

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16.

What does DSM stand for?
- Diagnostic & Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders
- Diagnosis Street Manual
- Diagram of Select Mental Disorders
- Diagnostic Stress Manual for Mental Disorders
Correct Answer

A. Diagnostic & Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders

Explanation

The correct answer is Diagnostic & Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders. The DSM is a widely used manual in the field of psychiatry and psychology that provides criteria for the diagnosis and classification of mental disorders. It is used by clinicians, researchers, and other mental health professionals to ensure consistent and accurate diagnosis of mental disorders. The DSM helps in understanding and treating mental health conditions by providing a common language and framework for categorizing and describing different disorders.

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17.

_____________ _______________ may be defined as behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or self-defeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions).
- Abnormal behavior
- Cultural relativism
- Social learning
- Self-actualized behavior
- Conscious behavior
Correct Answer

A. Abnormal behavior

Explanation

Abnormal behavior may be defined as behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or self-defeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions). This type of behavior deviates from the norms and expectations of society, causing distress to the individual and impairing their daily functioning. It is often characterized by behaviors that are considered unusual, irrational, or harmful to oneself or others. Abnormal behavior can be caused by various factors, including biological, psychological, and environmental influences.

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18.

The idea of ___________ ____________suggests that beliefs about abnormality differ between cultures and sub-cultures. What may be considered as perfectly acceptable behaviour in one culture may be seen as abnormal in another. Researchers have only recently begun to consider the implications of multi-cultural experiences on health and illness (including physical health).
- Cultural Relativism
- Openness Strategy
- Cultural Regression
- Universal Behavior
- Cultural Integrity
Correct Answer

A. Cultural Relativism

Explanation

Cultural Relativism suggests that beliefs about abnormality differ between cultures and sub-cultures. It acknowledges that what may be considered as perfectly acceptable behavior in one culture may be seen as abnormal in another. This concept highlights the importance of understanding and respecting different cultural perspectives when it comes to health and illness. By recognizing cultural relativism, researchers can better understand the impact of cultural experiences on physical health and develop more inclusive and effective healthcare strategies.

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19.

A person encounters or witnesses a trumatic event, such as front-line combat, earthquake or sexual assault. (Physically dangerous or life-threatening.) Additionally, the person's response must involve intense fear, helplessness, or horror.
- Phobias
- PTSD
- Major Depression
- Bipolar Disorder
- Schizophrenia
Correct Answer

A. PTSD

Explanation

The correct answer is PTSD. PTSD, or Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, can occur after a person experiences or witnesses a traumatic event. The event must be physically dangerous or life-threatening, and the person's response must involve intense fear, helplessness, or horror. Symptoms of PTSD can include flashbacks, nightmares, and severe anxiety.

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20.

_______________ is when a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or dimished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulities.
- Phobias
- PTSD
- Major Depression
- Bipolar Disorder
- Schizophrenia
Correct Answer

A. Major Depression

Explanation

Major Depression is a mental health condition characterized by a persistent depressed mood and a loss of interest or pleasure in activities. It is often accompanied by symptoms such as changes in appetite and weight, sleep difficulties, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of death or suicide. This condition can significantly impact a person's daily functioning and quality of life.

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21.

________________ is a condition marked by one or more manic episodes.
- Phobias
- PTSD
- Major Depression
- Bipolar Disorder
- Schizophrenia
Correct Answer

A. Bipolar Disorder

Explanation

Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized by the occurrence of one or more manic episodes. Manic episodes are periods of elevated mood, increased energy, and impulsive behavior. This condition is different from major depression, which is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and low mood. Phobias and PTSD are anxiety disorders, while schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder. Therefore, the correct answer is Bipolar Disorder.

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0
22.

________________ is a severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality.
- Phobias
- PTSD
- Major Depression
- Bipolar Disorder
- Schizophrenia
Correct Answer

A. Schizophrenia

Explanation

Schizophrenia is a severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality. It is characterized by symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and abnormal behavior. People with schizophrenia may have difficulty distinguishing between what is real and what is not, leading to a distorted perception of reality. This disorder significantly impacts a person's ability to function in daily life and often requires ongoing treatment and support.

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23.

These types of therapies focus on the specific behaviors that lead the patient to seek therapy and the current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings and behaviors.
- Psychodynamic
- Behavioral
- Cognitive
- Group
Correct Answer

A. Behavioral

Explanation

Behavioral therapies focus on specific behaviors and the current variables that maintain them. They aim to change maladaptive behaviors by using techniques such as reinforcement, punishment, and extinction. This approach believes that behaviors are learned and can be unlearned through conditioning and shaping. By targeting the specific behaviors that lead the patient to seek therapy, behavioral therapies aim to bring about positive changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

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24.

Advocates of these therapies hold that beliefs play a central role in our feelings and behaviors. For them, irrational thinking lies at the root of psychopathology.
- Psychodynamic
- Behavioral
- Cognitive
- Group
Correct Answer

A. Cognitive

Explanation

Cognitive therapy focuses on the role of thoughts and beliefs in shaping our emotions and behaviors. Advocates of this therapy believe that irrational thinking is the underlying cause of psychological disorders. By identifying and challenging these irrational thoughts, individuals can change their beliefs and ultimately improve their mental well-being. This approach emphasizes the importance of cognitive processes in understanding and treating psychopathology.

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25.

These types of therapies are efficient, time saving and less costly then individual treatment. Participants can provide and receive support, exchange information and feedback, model effective behaviors and practice new skills, and recognize that adjustment problems are shared by many other people.
- Psychodynamic
- Behavioral
- Cognitive
- Group
Correct Answer

A. Group

Explanation

Group therapy is an efficient, time-saving, and cost-effective form of treatment compared to individual therapy. In group therapy, participants can benefit from the support of others, exchange information and feedback, observe and learn from each other's behaviors, practice new skills, and realize that they are not alone in their adjustment problems. Group therapy offers a unique opportunity for individuals to connect with others who are experiencing similar challenges, providing a sense of validation and camaraderie.

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26.

In the Stanford Prison Experiment, Psychologist Phil Zambardo learned that once prisoners and guards had been assigned roles that deemphasized their individuality, they adopted their designed roles more easily than anyone had imagined.
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

The explanation for the given correct answer is that in the Stanford Prison Experiment, psychologist Phil Zambardo discovered that when individuals were assigned specific roles as prisoners or guards, their sense of individuality diminished and they began to conform to the expectations and behaviors associated with their roles. This finding suggests that people are highly influenced by their social environment and the roles they are assigned, leading them to adopt these roles more easily than anticipated.

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27.

__________ means to "prejudge" - to arrive at a conclusion before evaluating all the evidence. It refers to attitudes toward others.
- Prejudice
- Bias
- Discrimination
- Stereotype
Correct Answer

A. Prejudice

Explanation

Prejudice refers to forming opinions or judgments about others without considering all the evidence. It involves preconceived notions and biases towards certain individuals or groups. Prejudice is based on stereotypes and can lead to discriminatory behavior.

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28.

__________ means the act of treating members of out-groups differently than members of in-groups. It refers to behaviors toward others.
- Prejudice
- Bias
- Discrimination
- Stereotype
Correct Answer

A. Discrimination

Explanation

Discrimination refers to the act of treating members of out-groups differently than members of in-groups. It involves behaviors towards others that are based on prejudice, bias, or stereotypes. Discrimination can manifest in various forms, such as unequal treatment, exclusion, or unfair practices, and it often stems from negative attitudes or beliefs towards certain groups.

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29.

This psychology perspective says that personalities are bundles of habits acquired by classical and operant conditioning, and that personality does not play a role in causing behavior, rather that personality consists of behaviors.
- Behavioral
- Biological
- Cognitive
- Evolutionary
- Humanistic
- Psychodynamic
- Sociocultural
Correct Answer

A. Behavioral

Explanation

The behavioral perspective in psychology suggests that personalities are formed through the process of classical and operant conditioning. According to this perspective, behavior is not influenced by personality, but rather personality is made up of the behaviors that an individual has acquired through conditioning. This perspective focuses on observable behaviors and emphasizes the importance of environmental factors in shaping behavior.

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30.

This psychology perspective embraces the notion of free will, and that the core motive in personality is self-actualization.
- Behavioral
- Biological
- Cognitive
- Evolutionary
- Humanistic
- Psychodynamic
- Sociocultural
Correct Answer

A. Humanistic

Explanation

The humanistic perspective in psychology focuses on the individual's capacity for personal growth, self-fulfillment, and self-actualization. It emphasizes the importance of free will and the belief that individuals have the ability to make choices and shape their own destinies. This perspective views personality as driven by the innate desire to reach one's full potential and to live a meaningful and fulfilling life. It highlights the importance of self-awareness, self-acceptance, and personal growth in achieving psychological well-being.

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31.

This psychology perspective originated with Lev Vygotsky and focuses on the theory of congitive development that examines how social and cultural factors influence learning.
- Behavioral
- Biological
- Cognitive
- Evolutionary
- Humanistic
- Psychodynamic
- Sociocultural
Correct Answer

A. Sociocultural

Explanation

The sociocultural perspective in psychology, originated by Lev Vygotsky, emphasizes the influence of social and cultural factors on learning and cognitive development. This perspective suggests that individuals acquire knowledge and skills through interactions with others and through participation in cultural activities. It recognizes that learning is not solely an individual process but is shaped by the social and cultural context in which it occurs. This perspective highlights the importance of language, social interactions, and cultural practices in shaping cognitive development.

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32.

This psychology perspective is a form of psychology that examines internal mental processes, such as creativity, perception, thinking, problem solving, memory, and language. _____________ psychologists are interested in how a person understands, diagnoses, and solves a problem, concerning themselves with the mental processes that mediate between stimulus and response.
- Behavioral
- Biological
- Cognitive
- Evolutionary
- Humanistic
- Psychodynamic
- Sociocultural
Correct Answer

A. Cognitive

Explanation

Cognitive psychologists are interested in understanding and studying internal mental processes, such as perception, memory, thinking, problem-solving, creativity, and language. They focus on how individuals understand, diagnose, and solve problems, and examine the mental processes that occur between a stimulus and a response. This perspective emphasizes the importance of cognitive processes in shaping behavior and how individuals process information to make decisions and solve problems.

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33.

This psychology perspective is an approach in the social and natural sciences that examines psychological traits such as memory, perception, and language from a modern evolutionary perspective. It seeks to identify which human psychological traits are evolved adaptations – that is, the functional products of natural selection or sexual selection. Adaptationist thinking about physiological mechanisms, such as the heart, lungs, and immune system, are common..
- Behavioral
- Biological
- Cognitive
- Evolutionary
- Humanistic
- Psychodynamic
- Sociocultural
Correct Answer

A. Evolutionary

Explanation

Evolutionary psychology is an approach that analyzes psychological traits from a modern evolutionary perspective. It aims to identify which psychological traits are evolved adaptations, meaning they are functional products of natural or sexual selection. This perspective also applies adaptationist thinking to physiological mechanisms like the heart, lungs, and immune system. In summary, evolutionary psychology examines how our psychological traits have evolved over time and how they contribute to our survival and reproductive success.

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34.

This psychology perspective is the theory and systematic study of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior, especially the dynamic relations between conscious motivation and unconscious
- Behavioral
- Biological
- Cognitive
- Evolutionary
- Humanistic
- Psychodynamic
- Sociocultural
Correct Answer

A. Psychodynamic

Explanation

Psychodynamic perspective in psychology focuses on the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior. It emphasizes the role of childhood experiences and the unconscious motives and conflicts that drive human behavior. This perspective suggests that our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by unconscious desires and unresolved conflicts from our past. It also explores the importance of defense mechanisms and the role of the unconscious in shaping our personality and behavior.

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35.

Researchers who study the brain and behavior are called ___________________ psychologists or neuroscientists.
- Behavioral
- Biological
- Cognitive
- Evolutionary
- Humanistic
- Psychodynamic
- Sociocultural
Correct Answer

A. Biological

Explanation

The correct answer is "Biological." Researchers who study the brain and behavior are called biological psychologists or neuroscientists because they focus on understanding the biological basis of behavior and how the brain influences behavior. They investigate topics such as brain structure and function, genetics, hormones, and the nervous system to gain insights into human behavior and mental processes.

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36.

This type of psychology study the researcher examines one person or a small number of people over an extended period of time.
- Case Study
- Survey
- Naturalistic
- Observation
- Experiment
- Consent
Correct Answer

A. Case Study

Explanation

A case study is a type of psychology study where the researcher examines one person or a small number of people over an extended period of time. In a case study, the researcher collects in-depth information about the individual or individuals through various methods such as interviews, observations, and analysis of documents or records. This allows for a detailed understanding of the person's behavior, thoughts, and experiences. Case studies are often used when studying rare or unique phenomena, or when it is not feasible or ethical to manipulate variables in an experiment.

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37.

This type of psychology study uses self-report measures, often called questionnaires.
- Case Study
- Survey
- Naturalistic
- Observation
- Experiment
- Consent
Correct Answer

A. Survey

Explanation

This type of psychology study uses self-report measures, often called questionnaires. Surveys are a common research method in psychology where participants are asked a series of questions about their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, or attitudes. This method allows researchers to gather large amounts of data from a large number of participants quickly and efficiently. Surveys are often used to gather information about a specific population or to explore relationships between variables. They can provide valuable insights into people's experiences and opinions, but they also have limitations such as potential response biases and limited depth of understanding.

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38.

This type of psychology study watches behavior in "real world" settings.
- Case Study
- Survey
- Naturalistic
- Observation
- Experiment
- Consent
Correct Answer

A. Naturalistic

Explanation

Naturalistic psychology study refers to observing and studying behavior in natural, everyday settings without any manipulation or interference from the researcher. It involves observing and recording behavior as it occurs naturally, without any control or manipulation of variables. This allows researchers to gain a better understanding of how people behave in real-life situations and provides more ecologically valid results compared to laboratory experiments or other types of studies.

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39.

This type of psychology study involves the "watching" of others to learn. In many cases, we watch models: parents, teachers, and others who are influential to us.
- Case Study
- Survey
- Naturalistic
- Observation
- Experiment
- Consent
Correct Answer

A. Observation

Explanation

Observation is the correct answer because it involves the act of watching others to learn. This type of psychology study focuses on observing and recording behavior in its natural setting without any manipulation or interference. It allows researchers to gather information about human behavior by simply watching and documenting it.

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40.

In a correlational study __________________________________
- The psychologists examine the extent to which two variables are associated, but does not allow for cause & effect conclusions.
- The psychologists examine the extent to which two variables are associated, and allows for cause & effect conclusions.
- Experiments are used and permit cause & effect inferences.
- Experiments are used and do not permit cause & effect inferences.
Correct Answer

A. The psychologists examine the extent to which two variables are associated, but does not allow for cause & effect conclusions.

Explanation

In a correlational study, psychologists examine the extent to which two variables are associated but do not allow for cause & effect conclusions. This means that they can observe and measure the relationship between variables, but they cannot determine if one variable causes changes in the other. Correlational studies are useful for identifying relationships and making predictions, but they cannot establish causality.

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41.

This variable is used to see if the manipulation (of another variable) has had an effect.
- Independent
- Dependent
- Random
- Control
- Experimental
Correct Answer

A. Dependent

Explanation

The variable that is used to see if the manipulation of another variable has had an effect is called the dependent variable. In an experiment, the dependent variable is the outcome or result that is being measured or observed. It is dependent on the independent variable, which is the variable that is being manipulated or changed by the researcher. By measuring the dependent variable, researchers can determine if the manipulation of the independent variable has had any effect.

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42.

Experimental designs use two groups. This group doesn't receive manipulation.
- Independent
- Dependent
- Random
- Control
- Experimental
Correct Answer

A. Control

Explanation

In experimental designs, a control group is used as a comparison group that does not receive the manipulation or treatment being studied. This allows researchers to compare the effects of the manipulation by comparing the outcomes of the experimental group (which receives the manipulation) with the control group (which does not receive the manipulation). The control group helps to determine if any observed effects are truly due to the manipulation or if they could be attributed to other factors.

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43.

Experimental designs use two groups. This group receives manipulation.
- Independent
- Dependent
- Random
- Control
- Experimental
Correct Answer

A. Experimental

Explanation

Experimental designs typically involve the use of two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group is the group that receives the manipulation or treatment that is being studied. This manipulation could be a change in the independent variable, which is the variable that is being manipulated or controlled by the researcher. The control group, on the other hand, does not receive the manipulation and serves as a baseline for comparison. Therefore, the correct answer is "Experimental."

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44.

Every American University's institutional review board (IRB) requires a procedure called ___________, which tells participants what they are getting into before asking them to participate, even thought some IRB's may allow the researcher to forgo some elements of the ______________ , especially if the experiment involves deception.
- Informed consent
- Confidentiality
- Debriefing
- Waiver of liability
Correct Answer

A. Informed consent

Explanation

Informed consent is a procedure that is required by every American University's institutional review board (IRB). It ensures that participants are fully informed about what they are getting into before they agree to participate in a study. Although some IRBs may allow researchers to forgo certain elements of the procedure, especially in cases where deception is involved, informed consent is still an essential part of ethical research. It protects the rights and well-being of participants by allowing them to make an informed decision about their involvement in the study.

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45.

________________ is a process whereby researchers inform participants at the conclusion of a research session, exactly what the study was about. In some cases, the research study becomes a learning experience for the participant as well as the researcher.
- Informed consent
- Confidentiality
- Debriefing
- Waiver of liability
Correct Answer

A. Debriefing

Explanation

Debriefing is the process of providing participants with information about the research study after its completion. This allows researchers to inform participants about the purpose and nature of the study, ensuring that they are fully aware of what they have been involved in. Additionally, debriefing can serve as a learning experience for both the participant and the researcher, as it provides an opportunity to discuss the findings, address any concerns or questions, and reflect on the overall research process.

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46.

________________ is a requirement that the identities and their actions must be kept secret during research studies and other projects.
- Informed consent
- Confidentiality
- Debriefing
- Waiver of liability
Correct Answer

A. Confidentiality

Explanation

Confidentiality is a requirement that ensures that the identities and actions of participants in research studies and other projects are kept secret. This means that any personal information or data collected during the study should be kept confidential and not disclosed to anyone without the participant's explicit permission. Confidentiality is crucial in maintaining trust and privacy between researchers and participants, and it helps protect the participants from any potential harm or negative consequences that may arise from the disclosure of their identities or actions.

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47.

__________________ statistics describe data.
- Descriptive
- Inferential
- Statistical significance
- Dispersion
Correct Answer

A. Descriptive

Explanation

Descriptive statistics are used to summarize and describe the main features of a dataset. They provide measures such as mean, median, mode, and standard deviation, which help to understand the central tendency, variability, and distribution of the data. This type of statistics is used to organize, present, and summarize data in a meaningful way, allowing researchers to gain insights and make interpretations about the data without making any generalizations or inferences about the population. Therefore, descriptive statistics accurately describe the characteristics and patterns of the data.

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48.

__________________ statistics that use mathmatical methods that allow us to determine whether we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population.
- Descriptive
- Inferential
- Statistical significance
- Dispersion
Correct Answer

A. Inferential

Explanation

Inferential statistics refers to the branch of statistics that uses mathematical methods to determine whether findings from a sample can be generalized to the full population. It involves making inferences or conclusions about a population based on data collected from a sample. This type of statistics helps researchers draw conclusions and make predictions about a larger group based on a smaller subset of data.

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49.

__________________ is the result of tests performed to determine whether we can generalize our findings to the broader population using a variety of statistics, using a .05 level of confidence.
- Descriptive
- Inferential
- Statistical significance
- Dispersion
Correct Answer

A. Statistical significance

Explanation

Statistical significance is the result of tests performed to determine whether we can generalize our findings to the broader population using a variety of statistics, using a .05 level of confidence. This means that if a study or experiment produces statistically significant results, it suggests that the observed effects or differences are not due to chance and can be considered meaningful or important in the broader population.

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Pgcc Psychology 1010 Final Exam Study Guide

Behaviorism:

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Cognitivism:

This person focused on individuals who were "self-actualized," especially historical figures

The classic laboratory studies of "obedience" were performed by

Classical Conditioning was discovered by

____________ is a chemical messenger specialized for communication from neuron to neuron.

This debate concerns the relative importance of an individual's innate qualities vs. personal experiences, causing differences in physical and behavioral traits

_________ refers to the process of sensing our environment through touch, taste, sight, sound, and smell. This information is sent to our brains in raw form where perception comes into play.

___________ is the way we interpret sensations and therefore make sense of everything around us.

Operant Conditioning was discovered by

This type of memory is also called "working memory," and generally only lasts about 20 seconds. Additionally, it can usually only retain about 7 stimuli max.

This type of memory is sent to the hippocampus and may be retained forever.

When trying to recall an event, the ____________________ nature of memory allows it to build from pieces of memory rather than to reproduce it.

What does DSM stand for?

_____________ _______________ may be defined as behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or self-defeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions).

A person encounters or witnesses a trumatic event, such as front-line combat, earthquake or sexual assault. (Physically dangerous or life-threatening.) Additionally, the person's response must involve intense fear, helplessness, or horror.

_______________ is when a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or dimished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulities.

________________ is a condition marked by one or more manic episodes.

________________ is a severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality.

These types of therapies focus on the specific behaviors that lead the patient to seek therapy and the current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings and behaviors.

Advocates of these therapies hold that beliefs play a central role in our feelings and behaviors. For them, irrational thinking lies at the root of psychopathology.

These types of therapies are efficient, time saving and less costly then individual treatment. Participants can provide and receive support, exchange information and feedback, model effective behaviors and practice new skills, and recognize that adjustment problems are shared by many other people.

In the Stanford Prison Experiment, Psychologist Phil Zambardo learned that once prisoners and guards had been assigned roles that deemphasized their individuality, they adopted their designed roles more easily than anyone had imagined.

__________ means to "prejudge" - to arrive at a conclusion before evaluating all the evidence. It refers to attitudes toward others.

__________ means the act of treating members of out-groups differently than members of in-groups. It refers to behaviors toward others.

This psychology perspective says that personalities are bundles of habits acquired by classical and operant conditioning, and that personality does not play a role in causing behavior, rather that personality consists of behaviors.

This psychology perspective embraces the notion of free will, and that the core motive in personality is self-actualization.

This psychology perspective originated with Lev Vygotsky and focuses on the theory of congitive development that examines how social and cultural factors influence learning.

This psychology perspective is the theory and systematic study of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior, especially the dynamic relations between conscious motivation and unconscious

Researchers who study the brain and behavior are called ___________________ psychologists or neuroscientists.

This type of psychology study the researcher examines one person or a small number of people over an extended period of time.

This type of psychology study uses self-report measures, often called questionnaires.

This type of psychology study watches behavior in "real world" settings.

This type of psychology study involves the "watching" of others to learn. In many cases, we watch models: parents, teachers, and others who are influential to us.

In a correlational study __________________________________

This variable is used to see if the manipulation (of another variable) has had an effect.

Experimental designs use two groups. This group doesn't receive manipulation.

Experimental designs use two groups. This group receives manipulation.

________________ is a process whereby researchers inform participants at the conclusion of a research session, exactly what the study was about. In some cases, the research study becomes a learning experience for the participant as well as the researcher.

________________ is a requirement that the identities and their actions must be kept secret during research studies and other projects.

__________________ statistics describe data.

__________________ statistics that use mathmatical methods that allow us to determine whether we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population.

__________________ is the result of tests performed to determine whether we can generalize our findings to the broader population using a variety of statistics, using a .05 level of confidence.

_ ___ may be defined as behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or self-defeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions).