Pathophysiology Unit 6 Knowledge Check

Explanation
This ECG reading indicates atrial fibrillation, which is an irregular and often rapid heart rhythm originating from the atria. In atrial fibrillation, the atria quiver instead of contracting effectively, leading to an irregular ventricular response. This can result in symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, and fatigue. Treatment options for atrial fibrillation may include medications, cardioversion, or catheter ablation.

Explanation
Atherosclerosis is the hardening of the arteries. It is a condition where plaque builds up inside the arteries, causing them to become narrow and stiff. This can restrict blood flow and lead to various cardiovascular problems such as heart attacks and strokes. Angina pectoris refers to chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart, myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle, and hypertension is high blood pressure. However, none of these conditions specifically involve the hardening of the arteries like atherosclerosis does.

Explanation
Transfusions are not a method of treating varicose veins. Varicose veins can be treated with surgery, sclerotherapy, and ablation. Transfusions are typically used to replace blood or specific components of blood, such as red blood cells or platelets, and are not related to the treatment of varicose veins.

Explanation
Vitamin B12 anemia is caused by a deficiency in intrinsic factor, which is needed for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the body. Without intrinsic factor, the body is unable to properly absorb vitamin B12 from the diet, leading to a deficiency and subsequent anemia. Sickle cell anemia is caused by a genetic mutation in the hemoglobin, while iron-deficiency anemia is caused by a lack of iron in the body. Therefore, the correct answer is vitamin B12 anemia.

Explanation
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder characterized by the production of abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in misshapen red blood cells. The symptoms include severe pain, fragile red blood cells, and it is an inherited disease. However, being a vegetarian does not increase the risk of sickle cell anemia. Therefore, the correct answer is "vegetarians more at risk."