Paramedic Science Module 1 Part 2
These quizes are to help me pass my paramedic class and state boards.
Questions and Answers
- 1.
The systemic spread of toxins through the bloodstream is called
- A.
Infection
- B.
Septicemia
- C.
Pathogenia
- D.
Toxemia
Correct Answer
B. SepticemiaExplanation
Septicemia refers to the systemic spread of toxins through the bloodstream, often caused by a bacterial infection. It occurs when bacteria or their toxins enter the bloodstream and spread throughout the body, leading to a severe and potentially life-threatening condition. Symptoms may include fever, chills, rapid breathing, and low blood pressure. Prompt medical intervention is crucial to treat septicemia and prevent further complications.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Which of the following is NOT one of the three lines of defence for infection?
- A.
Anatomic barriers
- B.
Inflammatory response
- C.
Immune response
- D.
Febrile response
Correct Answer
D. Febrile responseExplanation
The febrile response is not one of the three lines of defence for infection. The three lines of defence include anatomic barriers, which physically prevent pathogens from entering the body, the inflammatory response, which is the body's non-specific immune response to infection or injury, and the immune response, which involves the activation of specific immune cells to target and eliminate pathogens. The febrile response refers to the increase in body temperature as a result of infection, but it is not considered one of the primary lines of defence against infection.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Which of the following begins within seconds of injury or invasion by a pathogen?
- A.
Immune response
- B.
Febrile response
- C.
Inflammatory response
- D.
Leukocyte response
Correct Answer
C. Inflammatory responseExplanation
The inflammatory response is the correct answer because it is the body's immediate reaction to injury or invasion by a pathogen. It begins within seconds and involves the release of chemicals that cause blood vessels to dilate, leading to increased blood flow to the affected area. This response helps to deliver immune cells and nutrients to the site of injury, and it also helps to remove any harmful substances or pathogens. Overall, the inflammatory response is a crucial first line of defense in the body's immune system.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Protection from infection or disease that is developed by the body after exposure to an antigen is called:
- A.
Acquired immunity
- B.
Natural immunity
- C.
Primary immune response
- D.
Synthetic immunity
Correct Answer
A. Acquired immunityExplanation
Acquired immunity refers to the protection from infection or disease that is developed by the body after exposure to an antigen. This type of immunity is specific to the particular antigen and involves the activation of immune cells, such as B cells and T cells, which produce antibodies and memory cells. These memory cells "remember" the antigen and provide long-term protection against future infections. Acquired immunity can be obtained naturally, through exposure to a pathogen, or artificially, through vaccination.Rate this question:
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- 5.
The special type of leukocyte that is responsible for recognizing foreign antigens, producing antibodies, and developing memory is the
- A.
Lymphocyte
- B.
Cytoplast
- C.
Thrombocyte
- D.
Erythrocyte
Correct Answer
A. LymphocyteExplanation
Lymphocytes are a special type of leukocyte that play a crucial role in the immune response. They are responsible for recognizing foreign antigens, producing antibodies, and developing memory. Lymphocytes are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, making them essential for fighting infections and providing long-term immunity.Rate this question:
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- 6.
The type of white blood cell that does not produce antibodies but instead attacks antigens directly is the
- A.
T lymphocyte
- B.
B lymphocyte
- C.
IgM lymphocyte
- D.
IgD lymphocyte
Correct Answer
A. T lymphocyteExplanation
T lymphocytes, also known as T cells, are a type of white blood cell that do not produce antibodies but instead directly attack antigens. T cells are a crucial part of the immune system and play a key role in cell-mediated immunity. They recognize antigens on the surface of infected cells or foreign substances and destroy them. Unlike B lymphocytes, which are responsible for antibody production, T lymphocytes directly target and eliminate the antigens themselves. IgM and IgD lymphocytes are not valid terms and do not exist in the context of white blood cells.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the difference between the immune response and the inflammatory response?
- A.
The immune response develops swiftly: inflammation develops slowly
- B.
The immune response is specific, inflammation is nonspecific
- C.
The immune response is temporary, inflammation is long lasting
- D.
The immune response involves many types of white cells, inflammation involves one type of white blood cell
Correct Answer
B. The immune response is specific, inflammation is nonspecificExplanation
The immune response is specific, while inflammation is nonspecific. This means that the immune response targets specific pathogens or foreign substances, while inflammation is a general response to tissue damage or infection. The immune response involves the activation of specialized immune cells, such as T cells and B cells, to produce antibodies and eliminate specific pathogens. In contrast, inflammation is a non-specific response that involves the release of chemicals and the recruitment of immune cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages, to the site of injury or infection to promote healing and protect against further damage.Rate this question:
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- 8.
One of the four functions of inflammation is
- A.
Walling off the infected and inflamed area
- B.
Attacking foreign substances
- C.
Developing a memory for antigens
- D.
Production of white blood cells
Correct Answer
A. Walling off the infected and inflamed areaExplanation
Inflammation is a natural response of the immune system to infection or injury. One of its functions is to wall off the infected and inflamed area. This is done to prevent the spread of pathogens or toxins to other parts of the body. By containing the infection or inflammation, the body can focus on healing the affected area and preventing further damage. This process involves the release of chemical signals that attract immune cells to the site, causing the area to become red, swollen, and warm.Rate this question:
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- 9.
The type of cells responsible for activating the inflammatory response are the
- A.
T cells
- B.
B cells
- C.
Mast cells
- D.
Plasma cells
Correct Answer
C. Mast cellsExplanation
Mast cells are the type of cells responsible for activating the inflammatory response. When tissue is damaged or infected, mast cells release chemical mediators such as histamine, cytokines, and leukotrienes, which trigger an immune response. These chemical signals attract other immune cells to the site of inflammation and promote vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, leading to redness, swelling, and heat. Therefore, mast cells play a crucial role in initiating and amplifying the inflammatory response.Rate this question:
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- 10.
The substance released by platelets that, through constriction and dilation of blood vessels, affects blood flow to an injured or affected site is called:
- A.
Histamine
- B.
Serotonin
- C.
Granules
- D.
Pus
Correct Answer
B. SerotoninExplanation
Serotonin is a substance released by platelets that can affect blood flow to an injured or affected site by constricting or dilating blood vessels. It plays a role in regulating blood pressure and promoting wound healing. Histamine is also released by platelets, but its primary function is to promote inflammation and allergic reactions. Granules are small particles found within platelets that contain various substances, including serotonin. Pus is a thick fluid that is produced in response to infection and consists of dead cells, bacteria, and tissue debris.Rate this question:
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- 11.
A tumor or growth that forms when foreign bodies cannot be destoryed and is surrounded and wlled off is called a:
- A.
Fibroblast
- B.
Granuloma
- C.
Melanoma
- D.
Cyst
Correct Answer
B. GranulomaExplanation
A granuloma is a tumor or growth that forms when foreign bodies cannot be destroyed by the immune system and are surrounded and walled off. It is a protective mechanism of the body to isolate and contain the foreign material. Granulomas are commonly seen in chronic infections, such as tuberculosis or fungal infections, as well as in certain autoimmune diseases. They are characterized by the presence of immune cells, such as macrophages and lymphocytes, forming a granulomatous inflammation.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Exudate has three functions at an inflammation site, one of which is:
- A.
Destruction of toxins released by bacteria
- B.
Removal of plasma proteins and leukocytes from the site
- C.
Carrying away the products of inflammation, e.g., toxins, dead cells, pus
Correct Answer
C. Carrying away the products of inflammation, e.g., toxins, dead cells, pusExplanation
Exudate, a fluid that accumulates at an inflammation site, serves multiple functions. One of these functions is carrying away the products of inflammation, such as toxins, dead cells, and pus. This helps to clear the area of harmful substances and waste material, promoting the healing process. The exudate acts as a drainage system, preventing the buildup of these inflammatory byproducts and allowing the body to remove them from the site of inflammation.Rate this question:
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- 13.
The complete healing of a wound and return of tissues to their normal structure and functions is called:
Correct Answer
resolutionExplanation
Resolution refers to the complete healing of a wound and the restoration of tissues to their normal structure and functions. It is the process by which damaged tissues repair and regenerate, leading to the restoration of normal physiological processes. This involves the removal of cellular debris, reorganization of tissues, and the formation of new blood vessels. Ultimately, resolution results in the complete recovery and return to the pre-injury state.Rate this question:
- 14.
The term autoimmunity refers to:
- A.
An exaggerated immune response to an environmental antigen
- B.
An immune reaction between members of the same species, omonly of one person against the antigens of another person.
- C.
A disturbance in the body's normal tolerance for self-antigens, such as hyperhyroidism or rheumatic fever.
- D.
A severe allergic response that usually develops within minutes of reexposure
Correct Answer
C. A disturbance in the body's normal tolerance for self-antigens, such as hyperhyroidism or rheumatic fever.Explanation
The term autoimmunity refers to a disturbance in the body's normal tolerance for self-antigens, such as hyperthyroidism or rheumatic fever. This means that the immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells and tissues, causing inflammation and damage. This can result in various autoimmune diseases where the immune system targets specific organs or systems in the body.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Acquired immune deficiencies include:
- A.
Nutritional deficiencies
- B.
Deficiencies caused by trauma
- C.
AIDS
- D.
All of these
Correct Answer
D. All of theseExplanation
The correct answer is "all of these" because acquired immune deficiencies refer to conditions or factors that weaken the immune system and make individuals more susceptible to infections and diseases. Nutritional deficiencies can lead to a weakened immune system as certain vitamins and minerals are necessary for proper immune function. Deficiencies caused by trauma, such as severe burns or injuries, can also impair the immune system. AIDS, which stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, is a specific acquired immune deficiency caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Therefore, all of these options are examples of acquired immune deficiencies.Rate this question:
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- 16.
The physiological effects of catecholamines include:
- A.
Decreased glucose metabolism in the brain
- B.
Bronchoconstriction
- C.
Increased blood flow to the skin
- D.
Increased glucose prduction in the liver
Correct Answer
D. Increased glucose prduction in the liverExplanation
Catecholamines, such as adrenaline and noradrenaline, are hormones that are released in response to stress or excitement. One of the physiological effects of catecholamines is increased glucose production in the liver. This is because catecholamines stimulate the breakdown of glycogen, a stored form of glucose, into glucose molecules. The increased glucose production in the liver helps provide additional energy to the body during stressful situations or physical activity.Rate this question:
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- 17.
The adrenal cortex releases a steroid hormone that regulates the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, sodium, potassium, and proteins. That hormone is
- A.
Cortisol
- B.
Growth hormone
- C.
Beta-endorphines
Correct Answer
A. CortisolExplanation
The adrenal cortex releases cortisol, a steroid hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, sodium, potassium, and proteins. This hormone helps to maintain blood sugar levels, suppress inflammation, and support the body's response to stress. Cortisol is essential for various physiological processes and is often referred to as the "stress hormone" due to its involvement in the body's stress response.Rate this question:
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