Pancreas And Endocrine System

Select the true statements

• Hormones only interact with cell surface receptors

• Hyperpituitarism may lead to hypopituitarism via mass effects

• Hyperpituitarism is classified by excessive secretion of trophic hormones.

• Hyperpituitarism may result after ischemic injury,surgery or radiation

Causes of Hypopituitarism include ...

• Sheehan syndrome

• Ablation or radiation

• Ischemic necrosis of the anterior pituitary

• Corticotroph cell adenomas

• Prolactinomas

The thyroid A. Operates under Positive feedback control B. Increases the basal metabolic rate C. Is controlled by free calcium in the blood not by the hypothalamus or pituitary gland

• A

• B

• C

• A and B

• B and C

• All of the above

The anterior pituitary releases _____ which stimulates the thyroid gland to release T4 and ____

Thyrotoxicosis...

• Is a hypometabolic state

• Is also known as hyperthyroidism

• Maybe caused by extra-thyroidal sources as well as an excessive intake of thyroid hormone

• Occurs in Grave's disease due to autoimmune stimulation of thyroid glands

• Has only Ocular and GI clinical manifestations

Select the true statements; A. Primary Hypothyroidism is due to Hypothalamic/pituitary disease B. Cretinism is typically found in adults C. Goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland  due to an improper production of thyroxine. D. Screening for TSH is the most effective way to test for hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.

• A

• B

• C

• D

• A and B

• C and D

• All the above

All of the following are clinical manifestations of myxedema EXCEPT: A. Heat intolerance B. Obesity C. Enlarged tongue D. Constipation E. Hair loss on eyebrows

• A

• B

• C

• D

• E

Which statement or statements is/are false in regards to Hashimoto thyroiditis

• It is associated with a hypothyroid state

• Treatment is thyroid supplementation

• It maybe preceded by thyrotoxicosis

• It is characterized by a triad of manifestations: thyrotoxicosis, infiltrative ophthalmopathy, dermopathy

• Maybe caused by autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland or painless enlargement of the thyroid gland.

Select all that apply: Parathyroid hormone...

• Is regulated by Calcium

• Increases kidney reabsorption of calcium

• Decreases the conversion of Vit D to active form

• Mobilizes Ca from the bone

• Decreases urinary phosphate excretion

• Auguments GI calcium absorption

Clinical Manifestations of Hypopatathyroidism include:

• Painful bones

• Facial grimacing

• Cardiac arrhythmias

• Renal Stones

• Chronic Renal Failure

• Hypocalcemia

Causes of PRIMARY hyperparathyroidism include A. Chronic depression of serum calcium levels B. Adenoma C. Primary hyperplasia D. Increased levels of PTH and Ca E. Hypocalcemia

• A and B

• B and C

• C and D

• A and E

• A, C, D only

• B, C, D only

• A, B, E only

Decreased phosphate excretion leads to depressed Ca levels which will elevate PTH levels

• True

• False

Select the FALSE statements

• The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions

• Acute pancreatitis may be reversible if the cause of inflammation is removed.

• The most common cause of Acute pancreatitis is alcohol abuse

• Clinical manifestations of Acute pancreatitis include jaundice and vague indigestion

• Chronic Pancreatitis results in a loss of both exocrine and endocrine function

Which of the following is a complication of Diabetes Mellitus? A. End-stage renal disease B. Increased risk of coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease C. Non-traumatic lower extremity amputation

• A

• B

• C

• A and B only

• All of the above

The desired blood glucose level is ___ to ___

Select the FALSE Statement

• HgbA1C should be performed every 3months for insulin treated patients

• Fructosamine (GSP) measures average blood glucose for the past 3 months

• Type II diabetes mellitus is a combination of peripheral resistance to insulin action and inadequate insulin secretion

• A reading of above 7 on a HgbA1C requires tighter glucose control.

Complete the statement: Insulin...

• Reduces production of glucose from the liver

• Affects striated and cardiac muscle cells and adipocytes

• Is NOT required by some tissues including: nerves, kidneys, lens, kidneys and blood vessels

• Decreases glucose uptake and lipogenesis in adipose tissue

• Decreases both glycogen synthesis and lipogenesis in the liver

• Decreases Protein synthesis in striated muscle

Which of the statements is false with regards to Diabetes Mellitus TYPE I? A. It is considered an autoimmune disease B. Onset is abrupt though chronic attack on beta cells occurs for years before symptoms C. May result in ketoacidosis D.Symptoms include Obesity and hyperosmolar nonketotic coma

• A

• B

• C

• D

Medications for treatment of DM Type II will stimulate insulin release and affect insulin receptors

• True

• False

Which statements are FALSE regarding the adrenal gland?

• They are PAIRED endocrine glands located on the SUPERIOR pole of the kidney

• The cortex synthesizes ONLY catecholamines such as epinephrine

• The adrenal gland produces aldosterone in response to Angiotensin II which in turn increases the reabsorption of NA and H20 into blood

• Hypercortisolism will result in Addison's disease

Which of the following is NOT a clinical feature of Cushing's syndrome A. Moon faces and Buffalo humps B. Masculinization in females and precocious puberty in males C. Easy bruising and striae D. Can mimic DM

• A

• B

• C

• D

Hyperaldosteronism...

• Causes Na retention and K excretion

• Leads to hypertension

• The secondary form is due to the aldosterone producing adrenocortical neoplasm or primary adrenocortical hyperplasia

• The primary form is the response to activation of the renin-angiotensin system

Addison's disease: A. is a form of adrenocortical insufficiency - particularly the primary chronic B. Will become evident once 10% of the adrenal cortex is destroyed C. Displays GI symptoms of anorexia, nausea, diarrheaalong with weakness and fatigue D. Maybe due to a rapid withdrawal of steroids or adrenal hemorrhage

• A and B

• A and C

• B and C

• C and D

• A,B, C only

• All of the above

Clinical features of Pheochromocytoma include:

• Hypertension

• Tachycardia

• Palpitations and tremors

• Oligomenorrhea

• Hirsutism