Pancreas And Endocrine System

The pituitary gland is often referred to as the "master gland" because it plays a central role in regulating most other endocrine glands in the body. It secretes hormones that control the functions of other glands, such as the thyroid, adrenal glands, and reproductive organs. These hormones help to maintain homeostasis and regulate various bodily processes, including growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Therefore, the statement that the pituitary gland has the central role of regulating most endocrine glands is correct.

The statement is true because medications used to treat Type II diabetes mellitus (DM) are designed to stimulate insulin release and affect insulin receptors. Insulin is a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels, and in Type II DM, the body either doesn't produce enough insulin or doesn't use it effectively. Medications like sulfonylureas and meglitinides stimulate the pancreas to release more insulin, while others like thiazolidinediones and metformin help improve insulin sensitivity at the receptor level. By stimulating insulin release and affecting insulin receptors, these medications help lower blood sugar levels and manage Type II DM.

When phosphate excretion decreases, it causes a decrease in calcium levels. This decrease in calcium triggers the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands. PTH then acts on the bones, kidneys, and intestines to increase calcium levels. Therefore, decreased phosphate excretion leads to elevated PTH levels.

GSP measures blood glucose for past 2-3 weeks

Option C refers to the parathyroid glands

Dr. May also listed Adult onset blindness as a complication

Option A - Primary - problem with the THYROID
Option B - Cretinism is found in children which results in mental retardation & coarse facial features, due to a dietary iodine deficiency

The statement "Symptoms include Obesity and hyperosmolar nonketotic coma" is false with regards to Diabetes Mellitus TYPE I. Obesity is not a symptom of Type I diabetes, and hyperosmolar nonketotic coma is more commonly associated with Type II diabetes.

Option B is due to Adrenogential syndrome BUT like hypercorticolism falls under the umbrella term ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION ( there are three in the family, hyperaldosteronism is the other)

Grave's disease is characterized by a triad of manifestations: thyrotoxicosis, infiltrative ophthalmopathy, dermopathy

They care typically COLD intolerant, hyperthyroidism leads to HEAT intolerance

The last two options result in Hyperpituitarism

Option A - causes SECONDARY

PRIMARY Hyperparathyroidism causes HYPERcalcemia

Dr. boucher talked about two ways to classify proteins ; one that diffuse across the plasma membrane (steroids) and interact w/ cell surface receptors (peptide hormones and small molecules).

The last option is due to HYPOpituitarism

Last two options happen to females in adrenogenital syndrome

clinical Manifestations: Heat intolerance, weight loss, warm skin, GI: hypermotility/diarrhea. Cardiac: palpitations/ tachycardia. Neuromuscular; nervousness and tremor. Ocular; wide, staring gaze, lid lag

The secondary and primary definitions are flipped in this question and therefore wrong.

Remember: Primary is glandular problem and secondary is a response from elsewhere

Increases both the conversion of Vit D to active form and urinary phosphate excretion

CHRONIC Pancreatitis = cause most common = alcohol abuse
Causes of Acute = metabolic, mechanical, vascular, infectious

CHRONIC clinical manifestation: jaundice, vague indigestion, abdominal/back pain and weight loss

Option B_ 90% destruction for symptoms to appear
Option D - refers to primary acute adrenocortical insufficiency like an adrenal crisis

CORTEX: Glucocorticoids, mineralcoricoids (aldosterone), sex steroids
Hypercortisolism Results in Cushing's

The anterior pituitary gland releases TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) which stimulates the thyroid gland to release T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine). TSH acts on the thyroid gland to promote the production and secretion of T4 and T3, which are important hormones involved in regulating metabolism, growth, and development in the body. T3 is the more biologically active form of thyroid hormone, while T4 is converted into T3 in various tissues. Therefore, TSH plays a crucial role in maintaining thyroid hormone levels and ensuring proper physiological functioning.

The desired blood glucose level is between 65 and 99. This range is considered normal and healthy for individuals without diabetes. Blood glucose levels below 65 can indicate hypoglycemia, while levels above 99 may suggest hyperglycemia. Maintaining blood glucose within this range helps ensure proper functioning of the body's cells and organs, and reduces the risk of complications associated with high or low blood sugar levels.

Insulin is a hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels. It reduces the production of glucose from the liver, which helps to maintain stable blood sugar levels. Insulin also affects striated and cardiac muscle cells and adipocytes, promoting glucose uptake and storage in these tissues. However, it is not required by some tissues including nerves, kidneys, lens, and blood vessels. Additionally, insulin decreases glucose uptake and lipogenesis in adipose tissue and decreases both glycogen synthesis and lipogenesis in the liver. It does not decrease protein synthesis in striated muscle.

Primary HYPERparathyroidism - causes painful bones and renal stones
SECONDARY HYPERparathyroidism - is related to chronic renal failure

The clinical manifestations of HYPOparathyroidism are due to hypocalcemia