P20(B) is a medical quiz focusing on gastrointestinal disorders, exploring factors in cirrhosis, primary hepatocellular cancer, acute pancreatitis, and celiac disease. It assesses understanding of disease mechanisms and symptoms, crucial for medical students and professionals.
A. metastatic tumors
B. acute hepatitis
C. long-term exposure to certain chemicals
D. chronic cholelithiasis
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A. formation of multiple thrombi and ischemia
B. infection by intestinal microbes
C. immune complex reaction
D. activation and spread of proteolytic enzymes
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A. Inflammation and increased vascular permeability of the peritoneum affect fluid balance.
B. Erosions in the intestinal wall causes release of bacteria.
C. Fat necrosis and hypocalcemia develop.
D. Secretions from the pancreas and intestine become more acidic.
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A. damage to the intestinal villi
B. obstruction in the pancreatic ducts
C. acidosis preventing activation of digestive enzymes
D. insufficient bile for absorption
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A. a light gray-colored stool
B. a tarry black stool
C. bulky, fatty, foul-smelling stools
D. watery stools with mucus and blood
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A. low sodium, high fat
B. high carbohydrate, low protein
C. high calorie with vitamin supplements
D. gluten-free
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A. degeneration and flattening of the villi in the small intestine
B. multiple herniations of the mucosa through weak areas of the muscularis
C. a continuous area of mucosal inflammation and ulceration in the rectum and colon
D. inflamed areas of the wall of the ileum alternating with thick fibrotic or normal areas
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A. diverticulitis
B. ulcerative colitis
C. Crohn’s disease
D. celiac disease
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A. lack of peristalsis leading to dilated areas of intestine
B. fibrosis and thickening of the wall causing obstruction
C. erosion of the mucosa causing bleeding
D. recurrent inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis forming a connection between intestinal loops
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A. loss of surface area for absorption in the ileum
B. bone marrow depression by toxic wastes
C. chronic blood loss in stools
D. insufficient hydrochloric acid for iron absorption
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A. physical and emotional stress
B. an autoimmune reaction
C. a combination of recessive genes
D. idiopathic
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A. lower left quadrant
B. lower right quadrant
C. sharp, colicky, periumbilical
D. lower abdominal pain, radiating into the groin
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A. infection in the appendix
B. an episode of severe diarrhea
C. obstruction of the lumen of the appendix
D. eating a low-fiber diet
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A. increased peristalsis in the adjacent colon
B. inflammation and stretching of the appendiceal wall
C. increased gas and fluid inside the appendix
D. local inflammation of the parietal peritoneum
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The omentum walls off the inflamed area.
Intestinal bacteria escape through the necrotic appendiceal wall.
The obstructing object inside the appendix perforates the wall
Bacteria escape into the circulating blood
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A. change in shape of the stool
B. bleeding with defecation
C. mild but persistent pain in the lower left quadrant
D. occult blood in the stool
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A. lungs
B. stomach
C. liver
D. spleen
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A. Hypotension and shock causes ischemia.
B. The mesenteric arteries are compressed in the twisted section of intestine.
C. A section of intestine herniates between the muscles of the abdominal wall.
D. The distention of the intestinal wall causes increased permeability of the tissue.
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A. excessive audible bowel sounds
B. intermittent colicky pain
C. severe steady abdominal pain
D. visible peristalsis
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A. cause severe colicky pain
B. cause frequent diarrhea
C. develop very rapidly
D. result in a small, hard stool
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A. continued vomiting and fluid shift into the intestine
B. hemorrhage into the intestine
C. rupture of the intestinal wall
D. repeated bouts of severe diarrhea
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A. increased fluid and gas causing abdominal distention
B. inflammation of the peritoneum and organs causing a firm mass in the abdomen
C. inflamed peritoneum resulting in reflex abdominal muscle spasm
D. the patient voluntarily contracts the abdominal muscles as a protective mechanism
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A. leakage of intestinal bacteria into blood and the peritoneal cavity
B. massive hemorrhage and shock
C. breakdown of the gallstones
D. increasing peristalsis with intermittent painful spasms
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A. Chemical irritation by excessive ovarian and uterine secretions causes inflammation.
B. Ulceration and perforation of the uterus allows the bacteria to spread.
C. Infection spreads through the fallopian tubes directly into the peritoneal cavity.
D. Gangrene in the uterine wall spreads through into the pelvic cavity.
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A. increased bicarbonate ion, increased PCO2, serum pH 7.4
B. decreased bicarbonate ion, decreased PCO2, serum pH 7.35
C. increased bicarbonate ion, decreased PCO2, serum pH 7.35
D. decreased bicarbonate ion, increased PCO2, serum pH 7.45
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Serum pH would rise above 7.45
B. serum bicarbonate levels would increase, serum pH would remain in normal range
C. serum bicarbonate levels would decrease, serum pH would drop below 7.35
D. serum PCO2 would rise, serum pH would be around 7.4
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A. A localized inflammatory response occurs.
B. The omentum and peritoneum seal off the area.
C. Blood clots seal the perforation.
D. a and b
E. a and c
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A. hypovolemia limits renal function
B. increased respirations cannot remove more H+
C. increased ADH blocks secretion of H+
D. more sodium and potassium ions are retained
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A. lower esophagus
B. antrum of the stomach
C. proximal duodenum
D. distal duodenum
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A. prolonged vasoconstriction
B. excessive glucocorticoid intake
C. proteases and cytotoxins from H. pylori
D. decreased vagal stimulation
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A. perforation
B. obstruction
C. erosion of a large blood vessel
D. development of malignancy
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A. blood in a dark-colored stool
B. occult blood in the stool
C. blood in the sputum
D. blood in vomitus
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A. ingestion of smoked foods
B. genetic factors
C. ingestion of foods preserved with nitrates
D. anti-inflammatory medications such as ASA
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A. hypoglycemia
B. hypovolemia
C. abdominal cramps and distention
D. increased peristalsis and diarrhea
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A. cholelithiasis
B. cholecystitis
C. cholangitis
D. choledocholithiasis
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A. hepatomegaly
B. elevated serum liver enzymes
C. esophageal varices
D. lighter-colored stools
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A. 1 only
B. 4 only
C. 1, 3
D. 2, 4
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A. HBV
B. HCV
C. HBV and HCV
D. neither HBV nor HCV
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A. pruritic skin and light-colored stools
B. dark-colored stools and urine
C. increased serum levels of unconjugated bilirubin
D. loss of all metabolic functions
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A. The liver is inflamed and enlarged.
B. Blood clotting delays are apparent at onset.
C. Hepatocytes can not regenerate when virus is present.
D. Infection is self-limiting.
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A. A vaccine is not available.
B. The incubation period is too short to track contacts.
C. Infection is often asymptomatic.
D. Antibodies are not produced.
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A. formation of nodules with shrinkage of the liver
B. inflammation with necrosis
C. development of fibrous bands of tissue
D. accumulation of fat in hepatocytes with hepatomegaly
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A. increased unconjugated bilirubin
B. increased conjugated bilirubin
C. increased conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin
D. decreased conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin
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A. HAV
B. HCV
C. HDV
D. HEV
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A. liver metabolism
B. production of bile for absorption
C. pancreatic secretions in the intestine
D. storage of all vitamins
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A. digestion and absorption of calcium is impaired
B. hemorrhage and fluid shift displace calcium from the blood
C. calcium ions are used up in blood coagulation process
D. calcium ions bind with fatty acids in necrotic tissue
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A. dietary factors
B. environmental toxins
C. genetic and immunologic factors
D. chronic alcoholism
D. chronic alcoholism
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A. regional ileitis
B. ulcerative colitis
C. diverticulitis
D. appendicitis
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