A&P II- The Digestive System

1. Aerobic respiration produces ____________ ATP than anaerobic.

More

Less

Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration because it involves the complete breakdown of glucose molecules in the presence of oxygen. This process occurs in the mitochondria and includes the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain, which generate a large amount of ATP. On the other hand, anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen and produces a smaller amount of ATP through processes such as glycolysis and fermentation.

Explanation

Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration because it involves the complete breakdown of glucose molecules in the presence of oxygen. This process occurs in the mitochondria and includes the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain, which generate a large amount of ATP. On the other hand, anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen and produces a smaller amount of ATP through processes such as glycolysis and fermentation.

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4. ______________ is the sum of all the biochemical reactions in our body.

Metabolism refers to the sum of all the biochemical reactions that occur in our body. It includes processes such as digestion, energy production, and waste elimination. These reactions help to maintain the body's functions and support growth, repair, and reproduction. Metabolism is essential for the body to obtain energy from food and convert it into usable forms. It also plays a role in regulating body temperature, hormone levels, and the overall balance of nutrients in the body.

Explanation

Metabolism refers to the sum of all the biochemical reactions that occur in our body. It includes processes such as digestion, energy production, and waste elimination. These reactions help to maintain the body's functions and support growth, repair, and reproduction. Metabolism is essential for the body to obtain energy from food and convert it into usable forms. It also plays a role in regulating body temperature, hormone levels, and the overall balance of nutrients in the body.

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5. _________ respiration uses oxygen.

Aerobic respiration is a process that uses oxygen to break down glucose and produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in the presence of oxygen and is the most efficient way for cells to generate energy. The term "aerobic" refers to the use of oxygen in this process. Therefore, the correct answer is "Aerobic, aerobic."

Explanation

Aerobic respiration is a process that uses oxygen to break down glucose and produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in the presence of oxygen and is the most efficient way for cells to generate energy. The term "aerobic" refers to the use of oxygen in this process. Therefore, the correct answer is "Aerobic, aerobic."

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6. The wave-like movement of the muscles that control the movement of food through the digestive system is called ____________.

Peristalsis refers to the wave-like contractions of the muscles in the digestive system that help propel food through the digestive tract. These coordinated muscle movements push food along the esophagus, stomach, and intestines, allowing for efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients. This movement ensures that food moves in one direction and prevents backflow.

Explanation

Peristalsis refers to the wave-like contractions of the muscles in the digestive system that help propel food through the digestive tract. These coordinated muscle movements push food along the esophagus, stomach, and intestines, allowing for efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients. This movement ensures that food moves in one direction and prevents backflow.

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7. This is a bolus of food mixed with the secretions of the stomach that is converted to a fatty or acidic paste.

Chyme

Bile

Saliva

Feces

Paste

Chyme is the correct answer because it is the term used to describe the bolus of food mixed with stomach secretions. It is converted into a fatty or acidic paste as it moves through the digestive system. Bile is a substance produced by the liver that helps with the digestion and absorption of fats. Saliva is the watery substance produced by the salivary glands that helps in the initial breakdown of food. Feces refers to the waste material that is eliminated from the body. Paste is a general term that does not specifically describe the bolus of food mixed with stomach secretions.

Explanation

Chyme is the correct answer because it is the term used to describe the bolus of food mixed with stomach secretions. It is converted into a fatty or acidic paste as it moves through the digestive system. Bile is a substance produced by the liver that helps with the digestion and absorption of fats. Saliva is the watery substance produced by the salivary glands that helps in the initial breakdown of food. Feces refers to the waste material that is eliminated from the body. Paste is a general term that does not specifically describe the bolus of food mixed with stomach secretions.

8. Young people have a ____________ BMR than older people.

Young people need to burn lots of calories to grow, and older people tend to lose calorie-burning muscle mass as they age.

Explanation

Young people need to burn lots of calories to grow, and older people tend to lose calorie-burning muscle mass as they age.

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9. What gives bile its yellow-green color?

Stomach acid

Pepsin

Chyme

Bilirubin

Hemoglobin

Bilirubin, from broken-down hemoglobin, is the primary pigment of bile.

Explanation

Bilirubin, from broken-down hemoglobin, is the primary pigment of bile.

10. Digestion is completed here, and virtually all nutrient absorption happens here.

Mouth

Stomach

Small intestine

Large intestine

Rectum

The small intestine is responsible for completing digestion and absorbing nutrients from the food we consume. It is lined with tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase the surface area for absorption. The small intestine receives partially digested food from the stomach and continues the breakdown process using enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. It absorbs nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, which are then transported to the bloodstream for distribution to the body's cells. The large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes, while the rectum stores and eliminates waste material.

Explanation

The small intestine is responsible for completing digestion and absorbing nutrients from the food we consume. It is lined with tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase the surface area for absorption. The small intestine receives partially digested food from the stomach and continues the breakdown process using enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. It absorbs nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, which are then transported to the bloodstream for distribution to the body's cells. The large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes, while the rectum stores and eliminates waste material.

11. Acidic chyme in the duodenum increases __________ secretion.

Increases

Decreases

Does not affect

When acidic chyme enters the duodenum, it stimulates the release of secretin and cholecystokinin hormones. These hormones signal the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate ions and digestive enzymes, which help neutralize the acidity of the chyme. Therefore, the secretion of bicarbonate ions and digestive enzymes is increased in response to the presence of acidic chyme in the duodenum.

Explanation

When acidic chyme enters the duodenum, it stimulates the release of secretin and cholecystokinin hormones. These hormones signal the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate ions and digestive enzymes, which help neutralize the acidity of the chyme. Therefore, the secretion of bicarbonate ions and digestive enzymes is increased in response to the presence of acidic chyme in the duodenum.

12. This is made up of undigested food residue, mucus, sloughed-off epithelial cells, bacteria, water.

Chyme

Bile

Feces

Saliva

Feces is the correct answer because it is made up of undigested food residue, mucus, sloughed-off epithelial cells, bacteria, and water. Feces is the waste product that is eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus. It is formed in the large intestine through the process of digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. The remaining waste material is then compacted and formed into feces before being eliminated from the body.

Explanation

Feces is the correct answer because it is made up of undigested food residue, mucus, sloughed-off epithelial cells, bacteria, and water. Feces is the waste product that is eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus. It is formed in the large intestine through the process of digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. The remaining waste material is then compacted and formed into feces before being eliminated from the body.

13. ____________ are lymph capillaries in the core of villi which absorbs fats.

Peyer's patches

Lacteals

Border brushes

Serosa

Lacteals are lymph capillaries in the core of villi that absorb fats.

Explanation

Lacteals are lymph capillaries in the core of villi that absorb fats.

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15. Where small intestine joins large intestine, this sphincter prevents the food that is pushed past entrance from going backwards into the illeum again.

Ileocecal valve

Pyloric sphincter

Anal sphincter

The ileocecal valve is located at the junction between the small intestine and the large intestine. It acts as a sphincter, preventing food from flowing back into the ileum (part of the small intestine) once it has entered the large intestine. This valve helps to maintain the flow of digested food in one direction, allowing for proper digestion and absorption in the small intestine without backflow.

Explanation

The ileocecal valve is located at the junction between the small intestine and the large intestine. It acts as a sphincter, preventing food from flowing back into the ileum (part of the small intestine) once it has entered the large intestine. This valve helps to maintain the flow of digested food in one direction, allowing for proper digestion and absorption in the small intestine without backflow.

16. ________ contains cholesterol, fats, phospholipids, pigments and electrolytes

Bile is a substance produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It contains cholesterol, fats, phospholipids, pigments, and electrolytes. Bile plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of fats. It helps emulsify fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets that can be easily digested by enzymes. Bile also aids in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and eliminates waste products from the body. Overall, bile is essential for the proper functioning of the digestive system.

Explanation

Bile is a substance produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It contains cholesterol, fats, phospholipids, pigments, and electrolytes. Bile plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of fats. It helps emulsify fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets that can be easily digested by enzymes. Bile also aids in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and eliminates waste products from the body. Overall, bile is essential for the proper functioning of the digestive system.

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17. ____________ reactions are decomposition reactions

Catabolic

Anabolic

Catastrophic

Anaerobic

Catabolic reactions refer to the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy in the process. These reactions are often involved in the process of cellular respiration, where carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are broken down to produce ATP, the energy currency of cells. This is in contrast to anabolic reactions, which involve the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy input. Therefore, catabolic reactions are decomposition reactions as they involve the breaking down of molecules.

Explanation

Catabolic reactions refer to the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy in the process. These reactions are often involved in the process of cellular respiration, where carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are broken down to produce ATP, the energy currency of cells. This is in contrast to anabolic reactions, which involve the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy input. Therefore, catabolic reactions are decomposition reactions as they involve the breaking down of molecules.

18. _____ salts ________ fats.

Bile is a substance produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine. Bile contains bile salts, which act as emulsifiers. Emulsification is the process of breaking down large fat globules into smaller droplets, increasing their surface area and allowing enzymes called lipases to efficiently break them down into smaller molecules that can be easily absorbed by the body. Therefore, bile salts in bile help to emulsify fats, aiding in their digestion and absorption.

Explanation

Bile is a substance produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine. Bile contains bile salts, which act as emulsifiers. Emulsification is the process of breaking down large fat globules into smaller droplets, increasing their surface area and allowing enzymes called lipases to efficiently break them down into smaller molecules that can be easily absorbed by the body. Therefore, bile salts in bile help to emulsify fats, aiding in their digestion and absorption.

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20. It is possible to overdose on ______-soluble vitamins.

They are stored in fat and not excreted in urine as water-soluble vitamins are.

Explanation

They are stored in fat and not excreted in urine as water-soluble vitamins are.

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21. Which vitamins are fat soluble?

A

D

E

K

All of the above

All of the vitamins listed (A, D, E, and K) are fat soluble. This means that they are absorbed and stored in the body's fat tissues. Unlike water-soluble vitamins, which are not stored in the body and need to be replenished regularly, fat-soluble vitamins can be stored for longer periods of time. They are also best absorbed when consumed with dietary fat.

Explanation

All of the vitamins listed (A, D, E, and K) are fat soluble. This means that they are absorbed and stored in the body's fat tissues. Unlike water-soluble vitamins, which are not stored in the body and need to be replenished regularly, fat-soluble vitamins can be stored for longer periods of time. They are also best absorbed when consumed with dietary fat.

22. The intramural plexus is made up of the ___________ plexus in the submucosa and the ____________ plexus in the muscularis.

The submucosal plexus is also called the Meissner's plexus, and the myenteric plexus is also known as the Auerbach's plexus.

Explanation

The submucosal plexus is also called the Meissner's plexus, and the myenteric plexus is also known as the Auerbach's plexus.

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23. What is responsible for the intrinsic regulation of digestion?

Solar plexus

Cerebellum

Cerebral cortex

Intramural plexus

The intramural plexus is responsible for the intrinsic regulation of digestion. This network of nerves is located within the walls of the digestive organs and helps to control the movement and function of the gastrointestinal tract. It regulates processes such as peristalsis, the rhythmic contractions that propel food through the digestive system, and the secretion of digestive enzymes and hormones. The intramural plexus works independently of the central nervous system and is essential for maintaining proper digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Explanation

The intramural plexus is responsible for the intrinsic regulation of digestion. This network of nerves is located within the walls of the digestive organs and helps to control the movement and function of the gastrointestinal tract. It regulates processes such as peristalsis, the rhythmic contractions that propel food through the digestive system, and the secretion of digestive enzymes and hormones. The intramural plexus works independently of the central nervous system and is essential for maintaining proper digestion and absorption of nutrients.

24. During the ____________ phase, saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach.

This is triggered by the smell, taste, sight or thought of food.

Explanation

This is triggered by the smell, taste, sight or thought of food.

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25. The thoracic duct is part of the ______________ system.

The thoracic duct is a major component of the lymphatic system. It is responsible for collecting lymph, a clear fluid that contains white blood cells and waste products, from various parts of the body and returning it to the bloodstream. The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in immune function and maintaining fluid balance in the body. Therefore, the correct answer is "lymphatic" as it accurately describes the system that the thoracic duct is a part of.

Explanation

The thoracic duct is a major component of the lymphatic system. It is responsible for collecting lymph, a clear fluid that contains white blood cells and waste products, from various parts of the body and returning it to the bloodstream. The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in immune function and maintaining fluid balance in the body. Therefore, the correct answer is "lymphatic" as it accurately describes the system that the thoracic duct is a part of.

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26. This prevents digestion, by enzymes and the acidic environment, of the stomach itself.

Villi

Gall bladder

Mucus

Chyme

Bile

Mucus is the correct answer because it forms a protective layer in the stomach, preventing digestion by enzymes and the acidic environment. Mucus acts as a barrier between the stomach lining and the stomach contents, preventing damage to the stomach tissue.

Explanation

Mucus is the correct answer because it forms a protective layer in the stomach, preventing digestion by enzymes and the acidic environment. Mucus acts as a barrier between the stomach lining and the stomach contents, preventing damage to the stomach tissue.

27. ______________ reactions are synthesis reactions.

Catabolic

Anabolic

Catastrophic

Anaerobic

Anabolic reactions refer to the metabolic processes in which complex molecules are synthesized from simpler ones, requiring energy input. These reactions are responsible for building up larger molecules and storing energy. In contrast, catabolic reactions involve the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy. Catastrophic and anaerobic are unrelated to the given question and do not provide a relevant explanation.

Explanation

Anabolic reactions refer to the metabolic processes in which complex molecules are synthesized from simpler ones, requiring energy input. These reactions are responsible for building up larger molecules and storing energy. In contrast, catabolic reactions involve the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy. Catastrophic and anaerobic are unrelated to the given question and do not provide a relevant explanation.

28. Chief cells secrete _____________.

Chief cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen, which is an inactive form of the enzyme pepsin. Pepsinogen is then activated by the acidic environment in the stomach to form pepsin, which helps in the digestion of proteins. The repetition of "pepsinogen" in the answer suggests that it is the correct answer.

Explanation

Chief cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen, which is an inactive form of the enzyme pepsin. Pepsinogen is then activated by the acidic environment in the stomach to form pepsin, which helps in the digestion of proteins. The repetition of "pepsinogen" in the answer suggests that it is the correct answer.

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29. The _________ ___________ controls the exit of food from the _________ to the ___________ intestine.

The pyloric sphincter is a ring of muscle located at the lower end of the stomach. It controls the exit of food from the stomach to the small intestine. The contraction and relaxation of the pyloric sphincter help regulate the flow of partially digested food, allowing it to pass through in small amounts for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine.

Explanation

The pyloric sphincter is a ring of muscle located at the lower end of the stomach. It controls the exit of food from the stomach to the small intestine. The contraction and relaxation of the pyloric sphincter help regulate the flow of partially digested food, allowing it to pass through in small amounts for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine.

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30. The pH of saliva is around __.

The pH of saliva is around 7, which is considered neutral on the pH scale. Saliva helps to maintain a neutral pH in the mouth, which is important for overall oral health. A neutral pH is necessary to prevent tooth decay and maintain a healthy balance of bacteria in the mouth.

Explanation

The pH of saliva is around 7, which is considered neutral on the pH scale. Saliva helps to maintain a neutral pH in the mouth, which is important for overall oral health. A neutral pH is necessary to prevent tooth decay and maintain a healthy balance of bacteria in the mouth.

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31. _____ causes the pancreas to secrete an enzyme rich juice, which is used to digest macromolecules.

CCK (cholecystokinin) is a hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release an enzyme-rich juice. This juice is necessary for the digestion of macromolecules.

Explanation

CCK (cholecystokinin) is a hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release an enzyme-rich juice. This juice is necessary for the digestion of macromolecules.

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32. This is a double layer of serous membranes the hold organs in place, provides a route for blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics, and stores adipose tissue.

Cecum

Ileum

Pannus

Omentum

Mesentary

The correct answer is "mesentary." The mesentery is a double layer of serous membranes that hold organs in place, provide a route for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics, and store adipose tissue. It plays a crucial role in supporting and protecting the organs in the abdominal cavity.

Explanation

The correct answer is "mesentary." The mesentery is a double layer of serous membranes that hold organs in place, provide a route for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics, and store adipose tissue. It plays a crucial role in supporting and protecting the organs in the abdominal cavity.

33. ___________ i s an electron carrier which shuttles electrons from the Krebs' cycle to the electron transport chain.

NADH

Lactic acid

KADH

LDL

NADH is an electron carrier that plays a crucial role in cellular respiration. It is produced during the Krebs' cycle and carries electrons to the electron transport chain, where they are used to generate ATP. NADH is an important molecule in energy production and is essential for the efficient functioning of the cell. Lactic acid, KADH, and LDL are not involved in electron transport and do not serve as electron carriers.

Explanation

NADH is an electron carrier that plays a crucial role in cellular respiration. It is produced during the Krebs' cycle and carries electrons to the electron transport chain, where they are used to generate ATP. NADH is an important molecule in energy production and is essential for the efficient functioning of the cell. Lactic acid, KADH, and LDL are not involved in electron transport and do not serve as electron carriers.

34. __________ _________ is the process for converting amino acids to intermediate of the Krebs' cycle. _________ is removed from the amino acid and converted to _____ and eliminated by the kidneys

Oxidative deamination is the process in which an amino group is removed from an amino acid. The amino group is then converted to ammonia, which is toxic to the body. To eliminate the toxicity, the liver converts ammonia into urea, which is then excreted by the kidneys. Therefore, the correct answer is oxidative deamination, ammonia, urea.

Explanation

Oxidative deamination is the process in which an amino group is removed from an amino acid. The amino group is then converted to ammonia, which is toxic to the body. To eliminate the toxicity, the liver converts ammonia into urea, which is then excreted by the kidneys. Therefore, the correct answer is oxidative deamination, ammonia, urea.

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35. The ________ causes pancreatic secretions during the cephalic and gastric phases of gastric secretion

Stomach

Parasympathetic nervous system

Liver

Sympathetic nervous system

Pancreas

During the cephalic and gastric phases of gastric secretion, the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for causing pancreatic secretions. This is because the parasympathetic nervous system stimulates the release of digestive enzymes and hormones from the pancreas, which aid in the digestion of food in the stomach.

Explanation

During the cephalic and gastric phases of gastric secretion, the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for causing pancreatic secretions. This is because the parasympathetic nervous system stimulates the release of digestive enzymes and hormones from the pancreas, which aid in the digestion of food in the stomach.

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37. Low pH increases gastrin release.

True

False

The statement "Low pH increases gastrin release" is false. Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates the secretion of gastric acid in the stomach. However, it is released in response to high pH levels, not low pH levels. When the pH in the stomach becomes too high (above 3.0), gastrin is released to stimulate the production of acid to lower the pH. Therefore, low pH levels would not increase gastrin release.

Explanation

The statement "Low pH increases gastrin release" is false. Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates the secretion of gastric acid in the stomach. However, it is released in response to high pH levels, not low pH levels. When the pH in the stomach becomes too high (above 3.0), gastrin is released to stimulate the production of acid to lower the pH. Therefore, low pH levels would not increase gastrin release.

38. The central veins of liver lobules unite to form the _______ _____.

The central veins of liver lobules come together to form the hepatic vein. The hepatic vein is responsible for draining deoxygenated blood from the liver and carrying it back to the heart. It plays a crucial role in the liver's function of filtering and processing blood.

Explanation

The central veins of liver lobules come together to form the hepatic vein. The hepatic vein is responsible for draining deoxygenated blood from the liver and carrying it back to the heart. It plays a crucial role in the liver's function of filtering and processing blood.

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39. A blood vessel which supplies the liver with oxygenated blood. It supplies 20% of the liver's blood.

Hepatic vein

Hepatic portal vein

Hepatic artery

Central vein

Inferior vena cava

The hepatic artery is the correct answer because it is the blood vessel that supplies the liver with oxygenated blood. It carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the liver, providing the liver with the necessary nutrients and oxygen it needs to function properly. It is responsible for supplying about 20% of the liver's blood.

Explanation

The hepatic artery is the correct answer because it is the blood vessel that supplies the liver with oxygenated blood. It carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the liver, providing the liver with the necessary nutrients and oxygen it needs to function properly. It is responsible for supplying about 20% of the liver's blood.

40. As partially digested chyme enters the small intestine, intestinal cells secrete intestinal gastrin. This happens during the ________ sub-phase of the _________ phase.

During the excitatory sub-phase of the intestinal phase, partially digested chyme enters the small intestine and triggers the secretion of intestinal gastrin by the intestinal cells. This hormone helps to stimulate the release of digestive enzymes and increase the motility of the intestines, aiding in the further breakdown and absorption of nutrients.

Explanation

During the excitatory sub-phase of the intestinal phase, partially digested chyme enters the small intestine and triggers the secretion of intestinal gastrin by the intestinal cells. This hormone helps to stimulate the release of digestive enzymes and increase the motility of the intestines, aiding in the further breakdown and absorption of nutrients.

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41. The presence of food in the stomach stimulates stretch receptors which relay this information to the medulla oblongata. The medulla stimulates endocrine cells in the stomach to secrete the hormone _____ into the circulatory system. ______ stimulates the stomach to secrete gastric juice.

Gastrin

Motilin

Secretin

CCK

GIP

When food is present in the stomach, stretch receptors are stimulated and send signals to the medulla oblongata. The medulla then stimulates endocrine cells in the stomach to release the hormone Gastrin into the bloodstream. Gastrin acts on the stomach to stimulate the secretion of gastric juice.

Explanation

When food is present in the stomach, stretch receptors are stimulated and send signals to the medulla oblongata. The medulla then stimulates endocrine cells in the stomach to release the hormone Gastrin into the bloodstream. Gastrin acts on the stomach to stimulate the secretion of gastric juice.

42. Both bile and pancreatic juice have a(n) __________ pH.

Both bile and pancreatic juice have an alkaline pH. This means that they have a high pH level, which is above 7 on the pH scale. The alkaline nature of these fluids is important for their functions in the digestive system. Bile helps in the emulsification and digestion of fats, while pancreatic juice contains enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The alkaline pH helps to neutralize the acidic chyme that enters the small intestine from the stomach, creating a suitable environment for the digestive enzymes to work effectively.

Explanation

Both bile and pancreatic juice have an alkaline pH. This means that they have a high pH level, which is above 7 on the pH scale. The alkaline nature of these fluids is important for their functions in the digestive system. Bile helps in the emulsification and digestion of fats, while pancreatic juice contains enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The alkaline pH helps to neutralize the acidic chyme that enters the small intestine from the stomach, creating a suitable environment for the digestive enzymes to work effectively.

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43. When oxygen is not present in sufficient amounts (ie strenuous exercise) during glycolosis, what is produced?

Lactic acid is the result of the addition of 2 hydrogen atoms to pyruvic acid. Lactic acid is transported to the liver and is oxidized back to pyruvic acid when oxygen is again available.

Explanation

Lactic acid is the result of the addition of 2 hydrogen atoms to pyruvic acid. Lactic acid is transported to the liver and is oxidized back to pyruvic acid when oxygen is again available.

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44. What are the two sub-phases of the intestinal phase of digestion? __________ and _________

The intestinal phase of digestion consists of two sub-phases: the excitatory phase and the inhibitory phase. During the excitatory phase, the intestines are stimulated to increase their activity and secretion of digestive enzymes. This helps to further break down food and absorb nutrients. In contrast, the inhibitory phase slows down the activity of the intestines and decreases the secretion of digestive enzymes. This allows for the regulation of digestion and prevents overstimulation.

Explanation

The intestinal phase of digestion consists of two sub-phases: the excitatory phase and the inhibitory phase. During the excitatory phase, the intestines are stimulated to increase their activity and secretion of digestive enzymes. This helps to further break down food and absorb nutrients. In contrast, the inhibitory phase slows down the activity of the intestines and decreases the secretion of digestive enzymes. This allows for the regulation of digestion and prevents overstimulation.

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45. A blood vessel which drains venous blood into the liver from the entire gastrointestinal tract. It supplies the remaining 80% of the liver's blood.

Hepatic vein

Hepatic portal vein

Hepatic artery

Central vein

Inferior vena cava

The hepatic portal vein is the correct answer because it is the blood vessel that drains venous blood from the entire gastrointestinal tract into the liver. It is responsible for supplying 80% of the liver's blood. The other options, such as the hepatic vein, hepatic artery, central vein, and inferior vena cava, are not involved in draining blood from the gastrointestinal tract into the liver.

Explanation

The hepatic portal vein is the correct answer because it is the blood vessel that drains venous blood from the entire gastrointestinal tract into the liver. It is responsible for supplying 80% of the liver's blood. The other options, such as the hepatic vein, hepatic artery, central vein, and inferior vena cava, are not involved in draining blood from the gastrointestinal tract into the liver.

46. Proteins yield ___ calories of energy per gram, fats yield __ calories of energy per gram, and carbohydrates yield __ calories of energy per gram.

Proteins yield 4 calories of energy per gram, fats yield 9 calories of energy per gram, and carbohydrates yield 4 calories of energy per gram. This is a standard measure used in nutrition to determine the energy content of different macronutrients.

Explanation

Proteins yield 4 calories of energy per gram, fats yield 9 calories of energy per gram, and carbohydrates yield 4 calories of energy per gram. This is a standard measure used in nutrition to determine the energy content of different macronutrients.

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47. What are the two phases of gastric secretion? __________ and ___________

The correct answer is "intestinal, cephalic". Gastric secretion occurs in two phases: the cephalic phase and the intestinal phase. The cephalic phase is the initial phase of gastric secretion that is triggered by the sight, smell, taste, or thought of food. It involves the release of gastric juices and enzymes in preparation for digestion. The intestinal phase occurs after food enters the stomach and involves the release of hormones and enzymes to further break down the food and aid in absorption.

Explanation

The correct answer is "intestinal, cephalic". Gastric secretion occurs in two phases: the cephalic phase and the intestinal phase. The cephalic phase is the initial phase of gastric secretion that is triggered by the sight, smell, taste, or thought of food. It involves the release of gastric juices and enzymes in preparation for digestion. The intestinal phase occurs after food enters the stomach and involves the release of hormones and enzymes to further break down the food and aid in absorption.

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48. ________ __________ __________ are building blocks of protein that the body needs and does not synthesize.

Essential amino acids are the building blocks of protein that are necessary for the body but cannot be produced by the body itself. These amino acids must be obtained through the diet. They play a crucial role in various physiological processes such as muscle growth, tissue repair, and hormone production. Without an adequate intake of essential amino acids, the body may experience protein deficiency, which can lead to impaired growth, weakened immune function, and other health problems.

Explanation

Essential amino acids are the building blocks of protein that are necessary for the body but cannot be produced by the body itself. These amino acids must be obtained through the diet. They play a crucial role in various physiological processes such as muscle growth, tissue repair, and hormone production. Without an adequate intake of essential amino acids, the body may experience protein deficiency, which can lead to impaired growth, weakened immune function, and other health problems.

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49. _______ is a plant-derived, water ___________ polysaccharide. One example is _________.

Starch is a plant-derived, water-insoluble polysaccharide. It is made up of glucose molecules.

Explanation

Starch is a plant-derived, water-insoluble polysaccharide. It is made up of glucose molecules.

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50. ____________ is the most important molecule in steroid production. It is essential to all human life, is the raw material for ________ _, and is also found in every cell _______, steroid __________, and ______ salts.

Cholesterol is the most important molecule in steroid production. It is essential to all human life, is the raw material for Vitamin D, is found in every cell membrane, and is also used to produce hormones and bile salts.

Explanation

Cholesterol is the most important molecule in steroid production. It is essential to all human life, is the raw material for Vitamin D, is found in every cell membrane, and is also used to produce hormones and bile salts.

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51. _______ causes the pancreas to secrete a watery, bicarbonate rich juice which is used to neutralize the acidic pH. Secretin is secreted in response to a ___ pH in the ____ _______.

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

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52. Portal area - situated at the corner of each _____, it is a complex composed of branches of the hepatic _______ ______, _____ artery, ____ duct, and nerve.

The portal area is located at the corner of each lobule. It is a complex composed of branches of the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct, and nerve. The portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver, while the hepatic artery supplies oxygenated blood to the liver. The bile duct transports bile, a substance produced by the liver that aids in digestion, to the gallbladder and small intestine. The presence of these structures in the portal area allows for the efficient processing and distribution of nutrients and waste products in the liver.

Explanation

The portal area is located at the corner of each lobule. It is a complex composed of branches of the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct, and nerve. The portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver, while the hepatic artery supplies oxygenated blood to the liver. The bile duct transports bile, a substance produced by the liver that aids in digestion, to the gallbladder and small intestine. The presence of these structures in the portal area allows for the efficient processing and distribution of nutrients and waste products in the liver.

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53. The ___________ system helps absorb lipids via the ______________.

The lymphatic system helps absorb lipids via the lacteals. Lacteals are specialized lymphatic vessels found in the small intestine. They absorb dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the intestines and transport them into the lymphatic system. The absorbed fats are then transported through the lymphatic vessels and eventually enter the bloodstream. This process is essential for the absorption and transportation of dietary lipids in the body.

Explanation

The lymphatic system helps absorb lipids via the lacteals. Lacteals are specialized lymphatic vessels found in the small intestine. They absorb dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the intestines and transport them into the lymphatic system. The absorbed fats are then transported through the lymphatic vessels and eventually enter the bloodstream. This process is essential for the absorption and transportation of dietary lipids in the body.

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54. _______ cells secrete ____ and _______factor.

The correct answer is "Parietal, HCl, intrinsic." Parietal cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor. These secretions play important roles in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. HCl helps to break down food and kill bacteria, while intrinsic factor is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12.

Explanation

The correct answer is "Parietal, HCl, intrinsic." Parietal cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor. These secretions play important roles in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. HCl helps to break down food and kill bacteria, while intrinsic factor is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12.

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55. Salivary ________ is inactivated at this low pH, so ___________ digestion stops in the stomach. However, this acidic environment is necessary to active pepsinogen to _______. So, although carbohydrate digestion stops in the stomach, ______ digestion begins.

Salivary amylase is inactivated at the low pH in the stomach, so carbohydrate digestion stops in the stomach. However, this acidic environment is necessary to activate pepsinogen to pepsin. So, although carbohydrate digestion stops in the stomach, protein digestion begins.

Explanation

Salivary amylase is inactivated at the low pH in the stomach, so carbohydrate digestion stops in the stomach. However, this acidic environment is necessary to activate pepsinogen to pepsin. So, although carbohydrate digestion stops in the stomach, protein digestion begins.

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56. The major function(s) of the large intestine are to:

Absorb water

Absorb fats

Digest proteins

Eliminate urine

Eliminate feces

The large intestine has two major functions: absorbing water and eliminating feces. Water absorption is crucial for maintaining the body's fluid balance. The large intestine absorbs excess water from the digested food, which helps in the formation of solid feces. Eliminating feces is the final step of the digestive process, where waste material is removed from the body through the rectum and anus. Therefore, the correct answer is absorb water and eliminate feces.

Explanation

The large intestine has two major functions: absorbing water and eliminating feces. Water absorption is crucial for maintaining the body's fluid balance. The large intestine absorbs excess water from the digested food, which helps in the formation of solid feces. Eliminating feces is the final step of the digestive process, where waste material is removed from the body through the rectum and anus. Therefore, the correct answer is absorb water and eliminate feces.

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57. The pH of the stomach is 2-6.

True

False

The pH of the stomach is 1.5 to 3.5.

Explanation

The pH of the stomach is 1.5 to 3.5.

58. List the four tunics from the lumen side out.

___________, ________________, _____________, ________________

The four tunics from the lumen side out are mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa. The mucosa is the innermost layer that lines the lumen and is responsible for absorption and secretion. The submucosa is a connective tissue layer that contains blood vessels, nerves, and glands. The muscularis externa is composed of smooth muscle and is responsible for the movement and contraction of the organ. The serosa is the outermost layer that provides protection and support to the organ.

Explanation

The four tunics from the lumen side out are mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa. The mucosa is the innermost layer that lines the lumen and is responsible for absorption and secretion. The submucosa is a connective tissue layer that contains blood vessels, nerves, and glands. The muscularis externa is composed of smooth muscle and is responsible for the movement and contraction of the organ. The serosa is the outermost layer that provides protection and support to the organ.

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59. _______production is stimulated by the presence of food in the duodenum.It stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to produce pancreatic enzymes.

Gastrin

Motilin

Secretin

CCK

GIP

CCK, also known as cholecystokinin, is a hormone that is released in response to the presence of food in the duodenum. It acts as a stimulant for the gallbladder, causing it to release bile, and also stimulates the pancreas to produce pancreatic enzymes. This hormone plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of fats and proteins in the small intestine.

Explanation

CCK, also known as cholecystokinin, is a hormone that is released in response to the presence of food in the duodenum. It acts as a stimulant for the gallbladder, causing it to release bile, and also stimulates the pancreas to produce pancreatic enzymes. This hormone plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of fats and proteins in the small intestine.

60. A pH below __ inhibits gastrin release.

1

2

3

4

5

A pH below 2 inhibits gastrin release. Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates the release of gastric acid in the stomach. When the pH in the stomach drops below 2, it indicates a high concentration of gastric acid already present. In this acidic environment, there is no need for further stimulation of acid secretion, so gastrin release is inhibited.

Explanation

A pH below 2 inhibits gastrin release. Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates the release of gastric acid in the stomach. When the pH in the stomach drops below 2, it indicates a high concentration of gastric acid already present. In this acidic environment, there is no need for further stimulation of acid secretion, so gastrin release is inhibited.

61. _____________ produced by cells of the duodenum.It’s production is stimulated by acid chyme from stomach. It stimulates the pancreas to produce sodium bicarbonate, which neutralizes the acidic chyme. It also stimulates the liver to secrete bile

Gastrin

Motilin

Secretin

CCK

GIP

Secretin is a hormone produced by cells of the duodenum. Its production is stimulated by acid chyme from the stomach. When secretin is released, it stimulates the pancreas to produce sodium bicarbonate, which helps in neutralizing the acidic chyme. Additionally, secretin also stimulates the liver to secrete bile.

Explanation

Secretin is a hormone produced by cells of the duodenum. Its production is stimulated by acid chyme from the stomach. When secretin is released, it stimulates the pancreas to produce sodium bicarbonate, which helps in neutralizing the acidic chyme. Additionally, secretin also stimulates the liver to secrete bile.

62. These are fatty elements clustered with bile salts, and they easily diffuse between microvilli.

Chylomicrons

Micelles

Bile salts

Glycerins

Bile salt micelles help to shuttle fatty acids to the intestinal mucosa.

Explanation

Bile salt micelles help to shuttle fatty acids to the intestinal mucosa.

63. Chylomicrons are water soluble and are absorbed through _______.

Chylomicrons, which are water soluble, are absorbed through the lacteals.

Explanation

Chylomicrons, which are water soluble, are absorbed through the lacteals.

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64. During this process, fatty acids are broken down 2 carbons at a time and then are converted to acetyl CoA to enter the Krebs' cycle.

Beta oxidation is the process in which fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon units, which are then converted to acetyl CoA to enter the Krebs' cycle. This process occurs in the mitochondria and is an important step in the metabolism of fatty acids for energy production.

Explanation

Beta oxidation is the process in which fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon units, which are then converted to acetyl CoA to enter the Krebs' cycle. This process occurs in the mitochondria and is an important step in the metabolism of fatty acids for energy production.

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65. The release of which hormone causes the parietal cells to release more HCl?

Motilin

Pepsin

Endocrine

Gastrin

Secretin

Gastrin is the correct answer because it is a hormone released by the stomach that stimulates the parietal cells to secrete more hydrochloric acid (HCl). This increase in HCl helps with the digestion of proteins and the breakdown of food in the stomach.

Explanation

Gastrin is the correct answer because it is a hormone released by the stomach that stimulates the parietal cells to secrete more hydrochloric acid (HCl). This increase in HCl helps with the digestion of proteins and the breakdown of food in the stomach.

66. The intramural plexus is located within the _____ of the __________ __________.

The intramural plexus is located within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. This plexus is a network of nerves that controls the movement and function of the digestive system. It is situated within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract, allowing it to directly influence the muscles and glands responsible for digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Explanation

The intramural plexus is located within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. This plexus is a network of nerves that controls the movement and function of the digestive system. It is situated within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract, allowing it to directly influence the muscles and glands responsible for digestion and absorption of nutrients.

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67. The _______ _____________ is a spinal cord ___________ nervous system reflex which we gain control of as children.

The correct answer is "defecation, parasympathetic." Defecation refers to the process of eliminating waste from the body, specifically through bowel movements. The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for controlling bodily functions during rest and relaxation. As children, we learn to control the reflex of defecation, which is initially an involuntary action.

Explanation

The correct answer is "defecation, parasympathetic." Defecation refers to the process of eliminating waste from the body, specifically through bowel movements. The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for controlling bodily functions during rest and relaxation. As children, we learn to control the reflex of defecation, which is initially an involuntary action.

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68. Formed by the union of the right and left common iliac veins, collects blood from parts of the body below the diaphragm & conveys it to the right atrium of the heart.

Hepatic vein

Hepatic portal vein

Hepatic artery

Central vein

Inferior vena cava

The correct answer is the Inferior vena cava. The Inferior vena cava is formed by the union of the right and left common iliac veins. It collects blood from parts of the body below the diaphragm and conveys it to the right atrium of the heart. The other options listed (Hepatic vein, Hepatic portal vein, Hepatic artery, Central vein) are not correct because they do not perform the same function as the Inferior vena cava.

Explanation

The correct answer is the Inferior vena cava. The Inferior vena cava is formed by the union of the right and left common iliac veins. It collects blood from parts of the body below the diaphragm and conveys it to the right atrium of the heart. The other options listed (Hepatic vein, Hepatic portal vein, Hepatic artery, Central vein) are not correct because they do not perform the same function as the Inferior vena cava.

69. The presence of H+, fats, and partially digested proteins stimulate the release of other intestinal hormones such as: secretin, GIP, cholecystokinin, and VIP. These hormones are part of the _________ sub-phase of the intestinal phase.

The presence of H+, fats, and partially digested proteins in the intestines stimulates the release of various hormones such as secretin, GIP, cholecystokinin, and VIP. These hormones have an inhibitory effect on the digestive process. Therefore, they are part of the inhibitory sub-phase of the intestinal phase.

Explanation

The presence of H+, fats, and partially digested proteins in the intestines stimulates the release of various hormones such as secretin, GIP, cholecystokinin, and VIP. These hormones have an inhibitory effect on the digestive process. Therefore, they are part of the inhibitory sub-phase of the intestinal phase.

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70. When _________ receptors are distended, there is a(n) ____________ in the secretion of _________ and _ _ _.

When stretch receptors are distended, there is an increase in the secretion of gastrin and CCK. The stretch receptors are sensory receptors located in the walls of the stomach and intestines that detect distension or stretching of the organ. When these receptors are stimulated by stretching, they send signals to the brain and stimulate the release of gastrin and CCK. Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates the release of gastric acid in the stomach, while CCK (cholecystokinin) is a hormone that stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and pancreatic enzymes.

Explanation

When stretch receptors are distended, there is an increase in the secretion of gastrin and CCK. The stretch receptors are sensory receptors located in the walls of the stomach and intestines that detect distension or stretching of the organ. When these receptors are stimulated by stretching, they send signals to the brain and stimulate the release of gastrin and CCK. Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates the release of gastric acid in the stomach, while CCK (cholecystokinin) is a hormone that stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and pancreatic enzymes.

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71. The parasympathetic nervous system terminates in the __________ __________.

The parasympathetic nervous system terminates in the intramural plexus. The intramural plexus is a network of nerves that is located within the walls of organs and tissues. It is responsible for regulating various involuntary functions, such as digestion and glandular secretion. The parasympathetic nervous system, also known as the "rest and digest" system, controls these functions by sending signals through the intramural plexus to the target organs. Therefore, the correct answer is intramural plexus.

Explanation

The parasympathetic nervous system terminates in the intramural plexus. The intramural plexus is a network of nerves that is located within the walls of organs and tissues. It is responsible for regulating various involuntary functions, such as digestion and glandular secretion. The parasympathetic nervous system, also known as the "rest and digest" system, controls these functions by sending signals through the intramural plexus to the target organs. Therefore, the correct answer is intramural plexus.

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72. Aerobic respiration produces __ ATP per molecule of glucose.

4

6

36

2

32

Aerobic respiration is a process that occurs in the presence of oxygen and is the most efficient way for cells to produce ATP. During aerobic respiration, one molecule of glucose undergoes a series of reactions in the mitochondria, resulting in the production of a maximum of 36 ATP molecules. This is because aerobic respiration involves the complete breakdown of glucose through processes like glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain, which all contribute to the production of ATP. Therefore, the correct answer is 36.

Explanation

Aerobic respiration is a process that occurs in the presence of oxygen and is the most efficient way for cells to produce ATP. During aerobic respiration, one molecule of glucose undergoes a series of reactions in the mitochondria, resulting in the production of a maximum of 36 ATP molecules. This is because aerobic respiration involves the complete breakdown of glucose through processes like glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain, which all contribute to the production of ATP. Therefore, the correct answer is 36.

73. Acidic chyme in the ___________ increases CCK secretion.

Stomach, CCK

Esophagus, gastrin

Intestine, CCK

Intestine, gastrin

The correct answer is intestine, CCK. CCK (cholecystokinin) is a hormone that is released in response to the presence of acidic chyme (partially digested food) in the intestine. It stimulates the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder, which aids in the digestion and absorption of fats.

Explanation

The correct answer is intestine, CCK. CCK (cholecystokinin) is a hormone that is released in response to the presence of acidic chyme (partially digested food) in the intestine. It stimulates the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder, which aids in the digestion and absorption of fats.

74. Bile is _______ to help neutralize acidic _______ as it enters the _______ intestine.

Bile is alkaline in nature, which helps to neutralize the acidic chyme as it enters the small intestine.

Explanation

Bile is alkaline in nature, which helps to neutralize the acidic chyme as it enters the small intestine.

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75. The pH of the large intestine is

8

5.5

7

5.5-7

The pH of the large intestine is slightly acidic to neutral, ranging from 5.5 to 7. This pH range is necessary for the proper functioning of the large intestine, as it allows for the breakdown and absorption of nutrients from the remaining food particles. Additionally, this pH range helps maintain a healthy balance of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine, which aids in digestion and overall gut health.

Explanation

The pH of the large intestine is slightly acidic to neutral, ranging from 5.5 to 7. This pH range is necessary for the proper functioning of the large intestine, as it allows for the breakdown and absorption of nutrients from the remaining food particles. Additionally, this pH range helps maintain a healthy balance of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine, which aids in digestion and overall gut health.

76. The inhibitory phase is also known as the __________ ____________.

The inhibitory phase is also known as the enterogastric reflex. This reflex helps regulate the movement of food through the digestive system by inhibiting gastric motility and secretion. It is triggered by the presence of food in the small intestine, which sends signals to the stomach to slow down its activity. This allows for proper digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine before more food enters the stomach. The enterogastric reflex helps maintain the balance and efficiency of the digestive process.

Explanation

The inhibitory phase is also known as the enterogastric reflex. This reflex helps regulate the movement of food through the digestive system by inhibiting gastric motility and secretion. It is triggered by the presence of food in the small intestine, which sends signals to the stomach to slow down its activity. This allows for proper digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine before more food enters the stomach. The enterogastric reflex helps maintain the balance and efficiency of the digestive process.

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77. This reflex causes the pyloric sphincter to tighten and prevents additional food from entering the SI.

The enterogastric reflex is a reflex that occurs in the digestive system. When food enters the small intestine, it triggers this reflex, causing the pyloric sphincter to tighten. This tightening prevents additional food from entering the small intestine, allowing the digestive system to focus on digesting and absorbing the food that is already present. This reflex is part of the inhibitory phase of digestion, where the body slows down the digestive process to ensure efficient absorption of nutrients.

Explanation

The enterogastric reflex is a reflex that occurs in the digestive system. When food enters the small intestine, it triggers this reflex, causing the pyloric sphincter to tighten. This tightening prevents additional food from entering the small intestine, allowing the digestive system to focus on digesting and absorbing the food that is already present. This reflex is part of the inhibitory phase of digestion, where the body slows down the digestive process to ensure efficient absorption of nutrients.

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78. Anaerobic respiration produces __ ATP per molecule of glucose

4

6

36

2

32

Anaerobic respiration produces 2 ATP per molecule of glucose. This is because anaerobic respiration only involves glycolysis, which produces a net gain of 2 ATP molecules through substrate-level phosphorylation. In contrast, aerobic respiration produces a much larger amount of ATP through the additional steps of the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

Explanation

Anaerobic respiration produces 2 ATP per molecule of glucose. This is because anaerobic respiration only involves glycolysis, which produces a net gain of 2 ATP molecules through substrate-level phosphorylation. In contrast, aerobic respiration produces a much larger amount of ATP through the additional steps of the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

79. Within the mucosal cells, the fatty acids and glycerides reform into lipids and these lipids are packaged with proteins to form _________.

Within the mucosal cells, the fatty acids and glycerides combine to form lipids. These lipids are then packaged with proteins to form chylomicrons. Chylomicrons are large lipoprotein particles that transport dietary fats, such as triglycerides, from the intestines to the rest of the body through the lymphatic system.

Explanation

Within the mucosal cells, the fatty acids and glycerides combine to form lipids. These lipids are then packaged with proteins to form chylomicrons. Chylomicrons are large lipoprotein particles that transport dietary fats, such as triglycerides, from the intestines to the rest of the body through the lymphatic system.

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80. A blood vessel in the middle of each lobule- receives blood from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery via the sinusoids and drains the blood into the hepatic vein

Hepatic vein

Hepatic portal vein

Hepatic artery

Central vein

Inferior vena cava

The blood vessel in the middle of each lobule receives blood from both the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery via the sinusoids. It then drains the blood into the hepatic vein. The central vein is responsible for collecting the blood from the lobules and transporting it out of the liver.

Explanation

The blood vessel in the middle of each lobule receives blood from both the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery via the sinusoids. It then drains the blood into the hepatic vein. The central vein is responsible for collecting the blood from the lobules and transporting it out of the liver.

81. _______ ______ cells of the stomach secrete mucus.

The correct answer is "Mucus neck cells of the stomach secrete mucus." This is because the mucus neck cells are specialized cells found in the stomach lining that produce and secrete mucus. The mucus acts as a protective barrier, preventing the stomach lining from being damaged by the acidic environment and digestive enzymes present in the stomach.

Explanation

The correct answer is "Mucus neck cells of the stomach secrete mucus." This is because the mucus neck cells are specialized cells found in the stomach lining that produce and secrete mucus. The mucus acts as a protective barrier, preventing the stomach lining from being damaged by the acidic environment and digestive enzymes present in the stomach.

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82. ____________cells secrete a variety of hormones.

Enteroendocrine cells are a type of specialized cells found in the lining of the gastrointestinal tract. These cells are responsible for secreting a variety of hormones that play important roles in the regulation of digestion and metabolism. These hormones include substances like gastrin, cholecystokinin, and secretin, which help to control the release of digestive enzymes, the movement of food through the digestive tract, and the absorption of nutrients. Therefore, the correct answer is enteroendocrine cells.

Explanation

Enteroendocrine cells are a type of specialized cells found in the lining of the gastrointestinal tract. These cells are responsible for secreting a variety of hormones that play important roles in the regulation of digestion and metabolism. These hormones include substances like gastrin, cholecystokinin, and secretin, which help to control the release of digestive enzymes, the movement of food through the digestive tract, and the absorption of nutrients. Therefore, the correct answer is enteroendocrine cells.

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83. The ________ _________ is responsible for peristalsis and secretion.

The intramural plexus is responsible for peristalsis and secretion. The intramural plexus is a network of nerves located within the walls of the gastrointestinal tract. It controls the coordinated contractions of smooth muscle that propel food through the digestive system, which is known as peristalsis. Additionally, the intramural plexus regulates the secretion of digestive enzymes and hormones that aid in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Overall, the intramural plexus plays a crucial role in the proper functioning of the digestive system.

Explanation

The intramural plexus is responsible for peristalsis and secretion. The intramural plexus is a network of nerves located within the walls of the gastrointestinal tract. It controls the coordinated contractions of smooth muscle that propel food through the digestive system, which is known as peristalsis. Additionally, the intramural plexus regulates the secretion of digestive enzymes and hormones that aid in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Overall, the intramural plexus plays a crucial role in the proper functioning of the digestive system.

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84. CCK is secreted in response to the presence of _____ and _____ in the _____ intestine.

CCK is secreted in response to the presence of proteins, fats, and small molecules in the small intestine. This hormone helps in the digestion and absorption of these nutrients by stimulating the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and gallbladder.

Explanation

CCK is secreted in response to the presence of proteins, fats, and small molecules in the small intestine. This hormone helps in the digestion and absorption of these nutrients by stimulating the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and gallbladder.

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85. One of several short veins originating within the lobes of the liver as small branches, which unite to form the hepatic veins. These lead directly to the inferior vena cava, draining blood from the liver.

Hepatic vein

Hepatic portal vein

Hepatic artery

Central vein

Inferior vena cava

The hepatic veins are responsible for draining blood from the liver and carrying it directly to the inferior vena cava. They are formed by the union of several small branches originating within the lobes of the liver. This distinguishes them from the hepatic portal vein, which carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver, and the hepatic artery, which supplies oxygenated blood to the liver. The central vein is a term used to describe the veins located in the center of the liver lobules. Therefore, the correct answer is the hepatic vein.

Explanation

The hepatic veins are responsible for draining blood from the liver and carrying it directly to the inferior vena cava. They are formed by the union of several small branches originating within the lobes of the liver. This distinguishes them from the hepatic portal vein, which carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver, and the hepatic artery, which supplies oxygenated blood to the liver. The central vein is a term used to describe the veins located in the center of the liver lobules. Therefore, the correct answer is the hepatic vein.

86. Low pH _____________ gastrin secretion.

Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates the secretion of gastric acid in the stomach. pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity. A low pH indicates high acidity. Since low pH levels already indicate high acidity, there is no need for the body to secrete more gastrin. Therefore, low pH decreases gastrin secretion.

Explanation

Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates the secretion of gastric acid in the stomach. pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity. A low pH indicates high acidity. Since low pH levels already indicate high acidity, there is no need for the body to secrete more gastrin. Therefore, low pH decreases gastrin secretion.

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87. Through the process of _________, fatty acids are broken down 2 carbons at a time and then are converted to _______ to enter the Krebs'cycle. Excess acetyl CoA can be converted to ________, through ___________.

Beta oxidation is the process in which fatty acids are broken down 2 carbons at a time. The resulting product, acetyl CoA, can then enter the Krebs' cycle. If there is excess acetyl CoA, it can be converted to ketone bodies through a process called ketogenesis.

Explanation

Beta oxidation is the process in which fatty acids are broken down 2 carbons at a time. The resulting product, acetyl CoA, can then enter the Krebs' cycle. If there is excess acetyl CoA, it can be converted to ketone bodies through a process called ketogenesis.

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88. ______________ is in the duodenum and increases the migrating myoelectric complex component of gastrointestinal motility and stimulates the production of pepsin.

Gastrin

Motilin

Secretin

CCK

GIP

Motilin is a hormone that is found in the duodenum and has two main functions. Firstly, it increases the migrating myoelectric complex component of gastrointestinal motility, which helps to move food through the digestive tract. Secondly, it stimulates the production of pepsin, an enzyme that helps to break down proteins in the stomach. Therefore, Motilin is the correct answer as it is the hormone responsible for these actions in the duodenum.

Explanation

Motilin is a hormone that is found in the duodenum and has two main functions. Firstly, it increases the migrating myoelectric complex component of gastrointestinal motility, which helps to move food through the digestive tract. Secondly, it stimulates the production of pepsin, an enzyme that helps to break down proteins in the stomach. Therefore, Motilin is the correct answer as it is the hormone responsible for these actions in the duodenum.

89. CCK is responsible for contractions of the ___________________, and the small intestine secretes CCK in response to __________ _____________.

CCK, or cholecystokinin, is a hormone responsible for contractions of the gallbladder. It is secreted by the small intestine in response to the presence of fatty chyme, which is the partially digested food that enters the small intestine from the stomach. Therefore, when fatty chyme is present in the small intestine, CCK is released and causes the gallbladder to contract. Both the gallbladder and the small intestine play a role in the digestion and absorption of fats.

Explanation

CCK, or cholecystokinin, is a hormone responsible for contractions of the gallbladder. It is secreted by the small intestine in response to the presence of fatty chyme, which is the partially digested food that enters the small intestine from the stomach. Therefore, when fatty chyme is present in the small intestine, CCK is released and causes the gallbladder to contract. Both the gallbladder and the small intestine play a role in the digestion and absorption of fats.

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90. _______ is controlled by the PSNS and receptors can be activated by a variety of stimuli, including: chemoreceptors, pressoreceptors, the sight, smell or thought of food

The correct answer is salivation. Salivation is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) and can be activated by various stimuli, such as chemoreceptors, pressoreceptors, and the sensory perception of food.

Explanation

The correct answer is salivation. Salivation is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) and can be activated by various stimuli, such as chemoreceptors, pressoreceptors, and the sensory perception of food.

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91. Due to the absence of ___________ acid (which leads to incomplete _____ oxidation) excess _________ _______ can be converted by the liver to ________ bodies. This is called __________.

The correct answer is "oxalacetic, fat, acetyl CoA, ketone, ketogenesis." Ketogenesis is the process by which excess fatty acids are converted into ketone bodies by the liver. This occurs when there is a lack of oxalacetic acid, which is necessary for the complete oxidation of fat. As a result, the excess fatty acids are converted into acetyl CoA, which is then used to produce ketone bodies.

Explanation

The correct answer is "oxalacetic, fat, acetyl CoA, ketone, ketogenesis." Ketogenesis is the process by which excess fatty acids are converted into ketone bodies by the liver. This occurs when there is a lack of oxalacetic acid, which is necessary for the complete oxidation of fat. As a result, the excess fatty acids are converted into acetyl CoA, which is then used to produce ketone bodies.

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92. The pH of the _______ is 5-7.

The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. It plays a crucial role in the digestion process by transporting food from the mouth to the stomach. The pH of the esophagus is mildly acidic, ranging from 5-7. This acidity helps in the breakdown of food and the prevention of bacterial growth. It also protects the esophageal lining from damage caused by stomach acid that may reflux into the esophagus.

Explanation

The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. It plays a crucial role in the digestion process by transporting food from the mouth to the stomach. The pH of the esophagus is mildly acidic, ranging from 5-7. This acidity helps in the breakdown of food and the prevention of bacterial growth. It also protects the esophageal lining from damage caused by stomach acid that may reflux into the esophagus.

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93. Food in the duodenum stimulates certain endocrine cells to produce ___________. It has the opposite effects of gastrin; it inhibits gastric glands in the stomach and it inhibits the mixing and churning movement of stomach muscles. This slows the rate of stomach emptying when the duodenum contains food.

Gastrin

Motilin

Secretin

CCK

GIP

Food in the duodenum stimulates certain endocrine cells to produce GIP. GIP has the opposite effects of gastrin; it inhibits gastric glands in the stomach and it inhibits the mixing and churning movement of stomach muscles. This slows the rate of stomach emptying when the duodenum contains food.

Explanation

Food in the duodenum stimulates certain endocrine cells to produce GIP. GIP has the opposite effects of gastrin; it inhibits gastric glands in the stomach and it inhibits the mixing and churning movement of stomach muscles. This slows the rate of stomach emptying when the duodenum contains food.

94. The pH of the distal small intestine is about ___ to ___.

The pH of the distal small intestine is between 7 and 8. This means that the environment in the distal small intestine is slightly alkaline or basic. The pH range of 7 to 8 is optimal for the activity of enzymes and the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine.

Explanation

The pH of the distal small intestine is between 7 and 8. This means that the environment in the distal small intestine is slightly alkaline or basic. The pH range of 7 to 8 is optimal for the activity of enzymes and the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine.

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95. The ____________ nervous system innervates the ____________ plexus and stimulates the ___________ and certain sphincters.

The sympathetic nervous system innervates the intramural plexus and stimulates the muscularis and certain sphincters. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response, and it activates various bodily functions, including the muscularis, which is the smooth muscle layer of the digestive tract. The intramural plexus is a network of nerves within the walls of the digestive tract, and it is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. The stimulation of the muscularis and certain sphincters by the sympathetic nervous system helps regulate the movement of food through the digestive tract.

Explanation

The sympathetic nervous system innervates the intramural plexus and stimulates the muscularis and certain sphincters. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response, and it activates various bodily functions, including the muscularis, which is the smooth muscle layer of the digestive tract. The intramural plexus is a network of nerves within the walls of the digestive tract, and it is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. The stimulation of the muscularis and certain sphincters by the sympathetic nervous system helps regulate the movement of food through the digestive tract.

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96. The stimulus for the defecation reflex is ____________ of the ____________.

We need to relax both the internal and external anal sphincter.

Explanation

We need to relax both the internal and external anal sphincter.

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97. What causes cholecystokinin & secretin to be secreted?

Fats

Carbohydrates

Partially digested proteins

Saliva

H+

Cholecystokinin and secretin are hormones that are secreted in response to certain stimuli. In this case, the correct answer is fats, partially digested proteins, and H+. When fats and partially digested proteins are present in the small intestine, they trigger the release of cholecystokinin and secretin. These hormones help in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Additionally, the presence of H+ (hydrogen ions) in the stomach also stimulates the secretion of these hormones.

Explanation

Cholecystokinin and secretin are hormones that are secreted in response to certain stimuli. In this case, the correct answer is fats, partially digested proteins, and H+. When fats and partially digested proteins are present in the small intestine, they trigger the release of cholecystokinin and secretin. These hormones help in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Additionally, the presence of H+ (hydrogen ions) in the stomach also stimulates the secretion of these hormones.

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98. What are the function(s) or hepatocytes?

Chief functional cells of the liver

Produce digestive enzymes

Synthesize and secrete LDL

Synthesize proteins and fats for export

Secrete enzymes

Hepatocytes do NOT produce digestive enzymes.

Explanation

Hepatocytes do NOT produce digestive enzymes.

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100. The pH of the ileum/jejunum is around _________.

The pH of the ileum/jejunum is around 7.5. The ileum and jejunum are parts of the small intestine where the final stages of digestion and nutrient absorption occur. The pH of the small intestine is slightly alkaline, ranging from 7.5 to 8.5. This alkaline environment is important for the optimal activity of digestive enzymes and the absorption of nutrients.

Explanation

The pH of the ileum/jejunum is around 7.5. The ileum and jejunum are parts of the small intestine where the final stages of digestion and nutrient absorption occur. The pH of the small intestine is slightly alkaline, ranging from 7.5 to 8.5. This alkaline environment is important for the optimal activity of digestive enzymes and the absorption of nutrients.

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101. The 2 major hormones regulating pancreatic secretions are _____ and ___, both secreted from the ______ _______.

The two major hormones regulating pancreatic secretions are secretin and CCK. These hormones are both secreted from the small intestine.

Explanation

The two major hormones regulating pancreatic secretions are secretin and CCK. These hormones are both secreted from the small intestine.

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102. The pH of the duodenum is around _____.

The pH of the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine, is around 6-6.5. This slightly acidic pH range is important for the optimal functioning of digestive enzymes, such as pancreatic amylase and lipase, which are secreted into the duodenum. These enzymes require a slightly acidic environment to effectively break down carbohydrates and fats from the food we consume. Additionally, the acidic pH helps to neutralize the highly acidic chyme (partially digested food) that enters the duodenum from the stomach, preventing damage to the intestinal lining.

Explanation

The pH of the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine, is around 6-6.5. This slightly acidic pH range is important for the optimal functioning of digestive enzymes, such as pancreatic amylase and lipase, which are secreted into the duodenum. These enzymes require a slightly acidic environment to effectively break down carbohydrates and fats from the food we consume. Additionally, the acidic pH helps to neutralize the highly acidic chyme (partially digested food) that enters the duodenum from the stomach, preventing damage to the intestinal lining.

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A&p II- The Digestive System