2.
_________
hydrolyzes lactose
into glucose and galactose.
Explanation
This is a brush border enzyme.
3.
___________ hydrolyzes
maltose into glucose.
Explanation
This is a brush border enzyme.
4.
______________ is
the sum of all the biochemical reactions in our body.
Explanation
Metabolism refers to the sum of all the biochemical reactions that occur in our body. It includes processes such as digestion, energy production, and waste elimination. These reactions help to maintain the body's functions and support growth, repair, and reproduction. Metabolism is essential for the body to obtain energy from food and convert it into usable forms. It also plays a role in regulating body temperature, hormone levels, and the overall balance of nutrients in the body.
5.
_________ respiration uses oxygen.
Explanation
Aerobic respiration is a process that uses oxygen to break down glucose and produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in the presence of oxygen and is the most efficient way for cells to generate energy. The term "aerobic" refers to the use of oxygen in this process. Therefore, the correct answer is "Aerobic, aerobic."
6.
The wave-like movement of the muscles that control the movement of food through the digestive system is called ____________.
Explanation
Peristalsis refers to the wave-like contractions of the muscles in the digestive system that help propel food through the digestive tract. These coordinated muscle movements push food along the esophagus, stomach, and intestines, allowing for efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients. This movement ensures that food moves in one direction and prevents backflow.
7.
What gives bile its yellow-green color?
Correct Answer
A. Bilirubin
Explanation
Bilirubin, from broken-down hemoglobin, is the primary pigment of bile.
8.
This is a bolus of food mixed with the secretions of the
stomach that is converted to a fatty or acidic paste.
Explanation
Chyme is the correct answer because it is the term used to describe the bolus of food mixed with stomach secretions. It is converted into a fatty or acidic paste as it moves through the digestive system. Bile is a substance produced by the liver that helps with the digestion and absorption of fats. Saliva is the watery substance produced by the salivary glands that helps in the initial breakdown of food. Feces refers to the waste material that is eliminated from the body. Paste is a general term that does not specifically describe the bolus of food mixed with stomach secretions.
9.
Young people have a ____________ BMR than older people.
Correct Answer
higher
Explanation
Young people need to burn lots of calories to grow, and older people tend to lose calorie-burning muscle mass as they age.
10.
Digestion
is completed here, and virtually all nutrient absorption happens here.
Correct Answer
A. Small intestine
Explanation
The small intestine is responsible for completing digestion and absorbing nutrients from the food we consume. It is lined with tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase the surface area for absorption. The small intestine receives partially digested food from the stomach and continues the breakdown process using enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. It absorbs nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, which are then transported to the bloodstream for distribution to the body's cells. The large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes, while the rectum stores and eliminates waste material.
11.
This is made up of undigested
food residue, mucus, sloughed-off epithelial cells, bacteria, water.
Explanation
Feces is the correct answer because it is made up of undigested food residue, mucus, sloughed-off epithelial cells, bacteria, and water. Feces is the waste product that is eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus. It is formed in the large intestine through the process of digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. The remaining waste material is then compacted and formed into feces before being eliminated from the body.
12.
Acidic chyme in the duodenum increases __________ secretion.
Correct Answer
A. Increases
Explanation
When acidic chyme enters the duodenum, it stimulates the release of secretin and cholecystokinin hormones. These hormones signal the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate ions and digestive enzymes, which help neutralize the acidity of the chyme. Therefore, the secretion of bicarbonate ions and digestive enzymes is increased in response to the presence of acidic chyme in the duodenum.
13.
____________
hydrolyzes sucrose into
glucose and fructose.
Correct Answer
Sucrase
Explanation
This is a brush border enzyme.
14.
Where
small intestine joins large intestine, this sphincter prevents the food that is pushed past
entrance from going backwards into the illeum again.
Correct Answer
A. Ileocecal valve
Explanation
The ileocecal valve is located at the junction between the small intestine and the large intestine. It acts as a sphincter, preventing food from flowing back into the ileum (part of the small intestine) once it has entered the large intestine. This valve helps to maintain the flow of digested food in one direction, allowing for proper digestion and absorption in the small intestine without backflow.
15.
____________ are
lymph capillaries in the core
of villi which absorbs fats.
Correct Answer
A. Lacteals
Explanation
Lacteals are lymph capillaries in the core of villi that absorb fats.
16.
____________ reactions
are decomposition reactions
Correct Answer
A. Catabolic
Explanation
Catabolic reactions refer to the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy in the process. These reactions are often involved in the process of cellular respiration, where carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are broken down to produce ATP, the energy currency of cells. This is in contrast to anabolic reactions, which involve the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy input. Therefore, catabolic reactions are decomposition reactions as they involve the breaking down of molecules.
17.
Females have a _________ BMR than males.
Correct Answer
lower
Explanation
Females have more fatty tissue, and males have more muscle mass.
18.
________
contains
cholesterol, fats, phospholipids, pigments and electrolytes
Correct Answer
Bile
bile
Explanation
Bile is a substance produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It contains cholesterol, fats, phospholipids, pigments, and electrolytes. Bile plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of fats. It helps emulsify fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets that can be easily digested by enzymes. Bile also aids in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and eliminates waste products from the body. Overall, bile is essential for the proper functioning of the digestive system.
19.
_____ salts ________ fats.
Correct Answer
Bile, emulsify
bile, emulsify
Explanation
Bile is a substance produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine. Bile contains bile salts, which act as emulsifiers. Emulsification is the process of breaking down large fat globules into smaller droplets, increasing their surface area and allowing enzymes called lipases to efficiently break them down into smaller molecules that can be easily absorbed by the body. Therefore, bile salts in bile help to emulsify fats, aiding in their digestion and absorption.
20.
The intramural plexus is made up of the ___________ plexus in the submucosa and the ____________ plexus in the muscularis.
Correct Answer
submucosal, myenteric
Explanation
The submucosal plexus is also called the Meissner's plexus, and the myenteric plexus is also known as the Auerbach's plexus.
21.
It is possible to overdose on ______-soluble vitamins.
Correct Answer
fat
Explanation
They are stored in fat and not excreted in urine as water-soluble vitamins are.
22.
__________ _________ is the
process
for converting amino acids to intermediate of the Krebs' cycle.
_________ is removed from the amino acid and converted to _____ and eliminated by the
kidneys
Correct Answer
Oxidative deamination, Ammonia, urea
oxidative deamination, ammonia, urea
Explanation
Oxidative deamination is the process in which an amino group is removed from an amino acid. The amino group is then converted to ammonia, which is toxic to the body. To eliminate the toxicity, the liver converts ammonia into urea, which is then excreted by the kidneys. Therefore, the correct answer is oxidative deamination, ammonia, urea.
23.
Which vitamins are fat soluble?
Correct Answer
A. All of the above
Explanation
All of the vitamins listed (A, D, E, and K) are fat soluble. This means that they are absorbed and stored in the body's fat tissues. Unlike water-soluble vitamins, which are not stored in the body and need to be replenished regularly, fat-soluble vitamins can be stored for longer periods of time. They are also best absorbed when consumed with dietary fat.
24.
The thoracic duct is part of the ______________ system.
Correct Answer
lymphatic
lymph
Explanation
The thoracic duct is a major component of the lymphatic system. It is responsible for collecting lymph, a clear fluid that contains white blood cells and waste products, from various parts of the body and returning it to the bloodstream. The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in immune function and maintaining fluid balance in the body. Therefore, the correct answer is "lymphatic" as it accurately describes the system that the thoracic duct is a part of.
25.
What is responsible for the intrinsic regulation of digestion?
Correct Answer
A. Intramural plexus
Explanation
The intramural plexus is responsible for the intrinsic regulation of digestion. This network of nerves is located within the walls of the digestive organs and helps to control the movement and function of the gastrointestinal tract. It regulates processes such as peristalsis, the rhythmic contractions that propel food through the digestive system, and the secretion of digestive enzymes and hormones. The intramural plexus works independently of the central nervous system and is essential for maintaining proper digestion and absorption of nutrients.
26.
The _________ ___________ controls the exit of food from the _________ to the ___________ intestine.
Correct Answer
pyloric sphincter, stomach, small
Explanation
The pyloric sphincter is a ring of muscle located at the lower end of the stomach. It controls the exit of food from the stomach to the small intestine. The contraction and relaxation of the pyloric sphincter help regulate the flow of partially digested food, allowing it to pass through in small amounts for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine.
27.
______________
reactions
are synthesis reactions.
Correct Answer
A. Anabolic
Explanation
Anabolic reactions refer to the metabolic processes in which complex molecules are synthesized from simpler ones, requiring energy input. These reactions are responsible for building up larger molecules and storing energy. In contrast, catabolic reactions involve the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy. Catastrophic and anaerobic are unrelated to the given question and do not provide a relevant explanation.
28.
_____
causes the pancreas to secrete an enzyme rich juice, which is used to digest
macromolecules.
Correct Answer
CCK
cck
Explanation
CCK (cholecystokinin) is a hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release an enzyme-rich juice. This juice is necessary for the digestion of macromolecules.
29.
This prevents digestion, by
enzymes and the acidic environment, of the stomach itself.
Explanation
Mucus is the correct answer because it forms a protective layer in the stomach, preventing digestion by enzymes and the acidic environment. Mucus acts as a barrier between the stomach lining and the stomach contents, preventing damage to the stomach tissue.
30.
During the ____________ phase,
saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive
enzymes are produced in the stomach.
Correct Answer
cephalic
Explanation
This is triggered by the smell, taste, sight or thought of food.
31.
The pH of saliva is around __.
Correct Answer
7
seven
Explanation
The pH of saliva is around 7, which is considered neutral on the pH scale. Saliva helps to maintain a neutral pH in the mouth, which is important for overall oral health. A neutral pH is necessary to prevent tooth decay and maintain a healthy balance of bacteria in the mouth.
32.
Chief
cells secrete _____________.
Correct Answer
pepsinogen
pepsinogen.
Explanation
Chief cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen, which is an inactive form of the enzyme pepsin. Pepsinogen is then activated by the acidic environment in the stomach to form pepsin, which helps in the digestion of proteins. The repetition of "pepsinogen" in the answer suggests that it is the correct answer.
33.
This is a double layer of serous membranes the hold
organs in place, provides a route for blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics, and
stores adipose tissue.
Correct Answer
A. Mesentary
Explanation
The correct answer is "mesentary." The mesentery is a double layer of serous membranes that hold organs in place, provide a route for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics, and store adipose tissue. It plays a crucial role in supporting and protecting the organs in the abdominal cavity.
34.
The ________ causes pancreatic secretions during the cephalic and gastric phases of
gastric secretion
Correct Answer
A. Parasympathetic nervous system
Explanation
During the cephalic and gastric phases of gastric secretion, the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for causing pancreatic secretions. This is because the parasympathetic nervous system stimulates the release of digestive enzymes and hormones from the pancreas, which aid in the digestion of food in the stomach.
35.
What are the two sub-phases of the intestinal phase of digestion? __________ and _________
Correct Answer
excitatory, inhibitory
inhibitory, excitatory
Explanation
The intestinal phase of digestion consists of two sub-phases: the excitatory phase and the inhibitory phase. During the excitatory phase, the intestines are stimulated to increase their activity and secretion of digestive enzymes. This helps to further break down food and absorb nutrients. In contrast, the inhibitory phase slows down the activity of the intestines and decreases the secretion of digestive enzymes. This allows for the regulation of digestion and prevents overstimulation.
36.
___________ i
s an electron carrier which shuttles electrons from
the Krebs' cycle to the electron transport chain.
Explanation
NADH is an electron carrier that plays a crucial role in cellular respiration. It is produced during the Krebs' cycle and carries electrons to the electron transport chain, where they are used to generate ATP. NADH is an important molecule in energy production and is essential for the efficient functioning of the cell. Lactic acid, KADH, and LDL are not involved in electron transport and do not serve as electron carriers.
37.
The central veins of liver lobules unite to form the _______ _____.
Correct Answer
hepatic vein
Explanation
The central veins of liver lobules come together to form the hepatic vein. The hepatic vein is responsible for draining deoxygenated blood from the liver and carrying it back to the heart. It plays a crucial role in the liver's function of filtering and processing blood.
38.
As
partially digested chyme enters the small intestine, intestinal cells secrete
intestinal gastrin. This happens during the ________ sub-phase of the _________ phase.
Correct Answer
excitatory, intestinal
Explanation
During the excitatory sub-phase of the intestinal phase, partially digested chyme enters the small intestine and triggers the secretion of intestinal gastrin by the intestinal cells. This hormone helps to stimulate the release of digestive enzymes and increase the motility of the intestines, aiding in the further breakdown and absorption of nutrients.
39.
When oxygen is not present
in sufficient amounts (ie strenuous exercise) during glycolosis, what is produced?
Correct Answer
Lactic acid
lactic acid
Explanation
Lactic acid is the result of the addition of 2 hydrogen atoms to pyruvic acid. Lactic acid is transported to the liver and is oxidized back to pyruvic acid when oxygen is again available.
40.
The pH of an empty stomach would be __________ than the pH of a full stomach.
Correct Answer
lower
Explanation
The pH of an empty stomach is around 2.
41.
A blood vessel which
supplies the liver with oxygenated blood. It supplies 20% of the liver's blood.
Correct Answer
A. Hepatic artery
Explanation
The hepatic artery is the correct answer because it is the blood vessel that supplies the liver with oxygenated blood. It carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the liver, providing the liver with the necessary nutrients and oxygen it needs to function properly. It is responsible for supplying about 20% of the liver's blood.
42.
Proteins yield ___ calories of energy per gram, fats yield __ calories of energy per gram, and carbohydrates yield __ calories of energy per gram.
Correct Answer
4, 9, 4
four, nine, four
Explanation
Proteins yield 4 calories of energy per gram, fats yield 9 calories of energy per gram, and carbohydrates yield 4 calories of energy per gram. This is a standard measure used in nutrition to determine the energy content of different macronutrients.
43.
Low pH increases gastrin release.
Explanation
The statement "Low pH increases gastrin release" is false. Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates the secretion of gastric acid in the stomach. However, it is released in response to high pH levels, not low pH levels. When the pH in the stomach becomes too high (above 3.0), gastrin is released to stimulate the production of acid to lower the pH. Therefore, low pH levels would not increase gastrin release.
44.
The presence of food in the
stomach stimulates stretch receptors which relay this information to the
medulla oblongata. The medulla stimulates endocrine cells in the stomach to
secrete the hormone _____ into the circulatory system. ______
stimulates the stomach to secrete gastric juice.
Correct Answer
A. Gastrin
Explanation
When food is present in the stomach, stretch receptors are stimulated and send signals to the medulla oblongata. The medulla then stimulates endocrine cells in the stomach to release the hormone Gastrin into the bloodstream. Gastrin acts on the stomach to stimulate the secretion of gastric juice.
45.
Both bile and pancreatic juice have a(n) __________ pH.
Correct Answer
alkaline
high
Explanation
Both bile and pancreatic juice have an alkaline pH. This means that they have a high pH level, which is above 7 on the pH scale. The alkaline nature of these fluids is important for their functions in the digestive system. Bile helps in the emulsification and digestion of fats, while pancreatic juice contains enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The alkaline pH helps to neutralize the acidic chyme that enters the small intestine from the stomach, creating a suitable environment for the digestive enzymes to work effectively.
46.
What are the two phases of gastric secretion? __________ and ___________
Correct Answer
intestinal, cephalic
cephalic, intestinal
Explanation
The correct answer is "intestinal, cephalic". Gastric secretion occurs in two phases: the cephalic phase and the intestinal phase. The cephalic phase is the initial phase of gastric secretion that is triggered by the sight, smell, taste, or thought of food. It involves the release of gastric juices and enzymes in preparation for digestion. The intestinal phase occurs after food enters the stomach and involves the release of hormones and enzymes to further break down the food and aid in absorption.
47.
A blood vessel which drains venous blood into the liver from the entire
gastrointestinal tract. It supplies the remaining 80% of the liver's blood.
Correct Answer
A. Hepatic portal vein
Explanation
The hepatic portal vein is the correct answer because it is the blood vessel that drains venous blood from the entire gastrointestinal tract into the liver. It is responsible for supplying 80% of the liver's blood. The other options, such as the hepatic vein, hepatic artery, central vein, and inferior vena cava, are not involved in draining blood from the gastrointestinal tract into the liver.
48.
_______ is a plant-derived, water ___________
polysaccharide. One example is _________.
Correct Answer
Starch, insoluble, glucose
Explanation
Starch is a plant-derived, water-insoluble polysaccharide. It is made up of glucose molecules.
49.
________ __________ __________ are building
blocks of protein that the body needs and does not synthesize.
Correct Answer
Essential amino acids
Explanation
Essential amino acids are the building blocks of protein that are necessary for the body but cannot be produced by the body itself. These amino acids must be obtained through the diet. They play a crucial role in various physiological processes such as muscle growth, tissue repair, and hormone production. Without an adequate intake of essential amino acids, the body may experience protein deficiency, which can lead to impaired growth, weakened immune function, and other health problems.