A&p 2 Urinary & Respiratory

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  • 1/101 Questions

    The walls of the alveioli are composed of to types of cells, type I and type II.  The function of type II is to _________.

    • Secrete surfactant
    • Trap dust and other debris
    • Replace mucus int he alveioli
    • Protect the lungs from bacterial invasion
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A&p 2 Urinary & Respiratory - Quiz
About This Quiz

Anatomoy and psyhiology quiz over urinary system & respiratory system

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  • 2. 

    The functional and stuctural unit of the kidneys is the

    • Nephron

    • Loop of henle

    • Glomerular capsule

    • Basement membrane of the capillaries

    Correct Answer
    A. Nephron
    Explanation
    The nephron is the functional and structural unit of the kidneys. It is responsible for filtering waste products and excess water from the blood to form urine. The nephron consists of several components, including the glomerular capsule, loop of Henle, and basement membrane of the capillaries. These structures work together to regulate the composition and volume of the urine produced by the kidneys. Therefore, the nephron is the correct answer as it encompasses all the other options and is essential for kidney function.

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  • 3. 

    Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea? 

    • Surface tension of water

    • Surfactant

    • Carilage rings

    • Pseudostratifeid ciliated epithelium

    Correct Answer
    A. Carilage rings
    Explanation
    The correct answer is cartilage rings. The trachea is a tube-like structure that allows air to pass into and out of the lungs. The cartilage rings provide support and prevent the collapse of the trachea, maintaining its patency or openness. These rings are C-shaped and are located along the anterior and lateral sides of the trachea. They keep the trachea rigid while still allowing flexibility for movement and expansion during breathing. The surface tension of water, surfactant, and pseudostratified ciliated epithelium are all important for other respiratory functions but do not directly maintain the patency of the trachea.

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  • 4. 

    Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach lungs because of the

    • Ciliated mucous lining in the nose

    • Abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa

    • Porous structure of turbinate bones

    • Action of the epiglottis

    Correct Answer
    A. Ciliated mucous lining in the nose
    Explanation
    The ciliated mucous lining in the nose helps to filter and trap particles such as dust before they can reach the lungs. The cilia, which are tiny hair-like structures, move in coordinated waves to sweep the trapped particles out of the nasal passages. This mechanism is an important defense mechanism of the respiratory system to prevent foreign particles from entering the lungs and causing damage or irritation.

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  • 5. 

    The renal corpsucle is made up of

    • Bowmans capsule and glomerulus

    • The descending loop of henle

    • The renal pyramid

    • The renal papilla

    Correct Answer
    A. Bowmans capsule and glomerulus
    Explanation
    The renal corpuscle is composed of Bowman's capsule and glomerulus. Bowman's capsule is a cup-shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus, which is a network of capillaries. Together, they form the initial part of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. Bowman's capsule helps in filtering blood and collecting the filtrate, while the glomerulus is responsible for the filtration of waste products and excess fluids from the blood. Therefore, the correct answer is Bowman's capsule and glomerulus.

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  • 6. 

    Respiratory control centers are located in the

    • Midbrain and medulla

    • Medulla and pons

    • Pons and midbrain

    • Upper spinal cord and medulla

    Correct Answer
    A. Medulla and pons
    Explanation
    The respiratory control centers are responsible for regulating breathing. They monitor the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and adjust the rate and depth of breathing accordingly. These control centers are located in the medulla and pons, which are regions of the brainstem. The medulla plays a crucial role in controlling the basic rhythm of breathing, while the pons helps to fine-tune and coordinate the breathing process. Together, the medulla and pons ensure that breathing is properly regulated to maintain the body's oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.

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  • 7. 

    The nose serves all of the following functions except

    • As a passageway for air movement

    • As the initiator of the cough reflex

    • Warming and humidifying the air

    • Cleansing the air

    Correct Answer
    A. As the initiator of the cough reflex
    Explanation
    The nose serves as a passageway for air movement, warming and humidifying the air, and cleansing the air. However, it does not serve as the initiator of the cough reflex. The cough reflex is initiated by irritation of the respiratory tract, usually in the throat or lungs, and is a protective mechanism to clear the airways of any foreign particles or mucus. The nose plays a role in filtering and conditioning the air, but it is not directly involved in initiating the cough reflex.

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  • 8. 

    The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is given by

    • Boyles law

    • Henrys law

    • Charles law

    • Daltons law

    Correct Answer
    A. Boyles law
    Explanation
    Boyle's law states that the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional when the temperature and amount of gas are kept constant. This means that as the volume of a gas decreases, the pressure increases, and vice versa. Boyle's law is derived from the ideal gas law and is applicable to ideal gases. It helps explain phenomena such as the inflation and deflation of balloons or the compression and expansion of gases in a piston.

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  • 9. 

    Which gland sits at top of kindeys

    • Adrenal

    • Thymus

    • Pituitary

    • Pancreas

    Correct Answer
    A. Adrenal
    Explanation
    The adrenal gland sits on top of the kidneys. It is responsible for producing hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol, which play vital roles in the body's response to stress, metabolism, and immune system regulation. The adrenal gland consists of two parts: the outer adrenal cortex and the inner adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex produces hormones like cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens, while the adrenal medulla produces adrenaline and noradrenaline.

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  • 10. 

    Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

    • Solubility in water

    • Partial pressure gradient

    • The temperature

    • Molecular weight and size of the gas molecule

    Correct Answer
    A. Partial pressure gradient
    Explanation
    The direction of respiratory gas movement is determined by the partial pressure gradient. This means that gases will move from an area of higher partial pressure to an area of lower partial pressure. The difference in partial pressure creates a concentration gradient that drives the movement of gases. Solubility in water, temperature, and molecular weight and size of the gas molecule may affect the rate of gas movement, but they do not determine the direction of movement.

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  • 11. 

    Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 yrs or older)?

    • Kidney function remains the same throughout life, regardless of age

    • Only about 3% of older adults have any loss of kindey function

    • Only obese and diabetic older adults have any kidney dysfunction

    • Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy

    Correct Answer
    A. Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy
    Explanation
    As individuals age, their kidney function tends to decrease due to a process called kidney atrophy. This refers to the gradual shrinkage and deterioration of the kidneys over time. This decline in kidney function can result in a decreased ability to filter waste products from the blood and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance. While it is true that not all older adults will experience significant loss of kidney function, it is a common occurrence in this age group. The other options provided (kidney function remains the same throughout life, only about 3% of older adults have any loss of kidney function, only obese and diabetic older adults have any kidney dysfunction) are incorrect as they do not accurately describe kidney function in older adults.

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  • 12. 

    Urine passes through the

    • Renal hilum to the bladder to the ureter

    • Pelvis of kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra

    • Glomerulus to ureter to renal tubule

    • Hilum to urethra to bladder

    Correct Answer
    A. Pelvis of kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra
  • 13. 

    The cheif force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is

    • The design and size of the podocytes

    • The thickness of the capillary endothelium

    • Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)

    • The size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries

    Correct Answer
    A. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)
    Explanation
    The correct answer is glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure). Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the chief force that pushes water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane in the kidneys. This pressure is created by the pumping action of the heart, which forces blood into the glomerular capillaries at a higher pressure than in other capillaries in the body. This high pressure helps to push water and solutes through the filtration membrane and into the renal tubules for further processing and elimination.

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  • 14. 

    The loudness of a persons voice depends on the

    • Thickness of vestibular folds

    • Length of the vocal folds

    • Strength of the instrinsic laryngeal muscles

    • Force with which air rushes across the vocal folds

    Correct Answer
    A. Force with which air rushes across the vocal folds
    Explanation
    The loudness of a person's voice depends on the force with which air rushes across the vocal folds. The vocal folds vibrate when air passes through them, and the force with which the air rushes across the vocal folds determines the amplitude of the sound produced. A stronger force will result in a louder voice, while a weaker force will result in a softer voice. Therefore, the force with which air rushes across the vocal folds directly affects the loudness of a person's voice.

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  • 15. 

    Which of the following is not found on the right lobe of the lung?

    • Middle lobe

    • Cardiac notch

    • Horizontal fissure

    • Oblique fissure

    Correct Answer
    A. Cardiac notch
    Explanation
    The cardiac notch is not found on the right lobe of the lung. It is a feature of the left lung, where it is a concave space on the medial surface of the lung that accommodates the heart. The right lung, on the other hand, has three lobes (upper, middle, and lower) and is characterized by a horizontal fissure and an oblique fissure, which separate the lobes.

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  • 16. 

    Complete the following statement using the choices below.  Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

    • Less than the pressure in the atmosphere

    • Greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

    • Equal to the pressure in the atmosphere

    • Greater than the intra alveolar pressure

    Correct Answer
    A. Greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
    Explanation
    When the pressure inside the lungs is greater than the pressure in the atmosphere, air moves out of the lungs. This is because air naturally moves from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure, in order to equalize the pressure. Therefore, when the pressure inside the lungs is greater than the pressure in the atmosphere, the air will flow out of the lungs until the pressures become equal.

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  • 17. 

    Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by

    • Osmosis

    • Diffusion

    • Filtration

    • Active transport

    Correct Answer
    A. Diffusion
    Explanation
    Diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. In the case of oxygen and carbon dioxide, they are exchanged in the lungs and through cell membranes by diffusion. Oxygen, which is in higher concentration in the lungs or in the blood, will diffuse into the cells where it is in lower concentration. Similarly, carbon dioxide, which is in higher concentration in the cells, will diffuse out of the cells into the blood or lungs where it is in lower concentration. Therefore, diffusion is the correct answer for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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  • 18. 

    Fetal kidneys do not have to work very hard because

    • Fetuses do not have any waste to excrete

    • There are not functional nephrons until after birth

    • The placenta allows the mothers urniary system to clear the waste from fetal blood

    • There is no way a fetus could excrete urine until the seventh month of development

    Correct Answer
    A. The placenta allows the mothers urniary system to clear the waste from fetal blood
    Explanation
    The correct answer is that the placenta allows the mother's urinary system to clear the waste from fetal blood. During pregnancy, the placenta acts as a filter, allowing the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and the fetus. The mother's kidneys filter the waste products from the fetal blood and excrete them through her urinary system. Therefore, the fetal kidneys do not have to work very hard because they rely on the mother's urinary system to eliminate waste.

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  • 19. 

    The amount of air that can be inpired above the tidal volume is called

    • Reserve air

    • Expiratory reserve

    • Inspiratory reserve

    • Vital capacity

    Correct Answer
    A. Inspiratory reserve
    Explanation
    The inspiratory reserve refers to the additional amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal volume breath. This extra air can be taken in during deep inhalation and is used during activities that require increased oxygen intake, such as exercise. It is an important measure of lung function and respiratory capacity. The other options, reserve air, expiratory reserve, and vital capacity, do not accurately describe this specific amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume.

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  • 20. 

    Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?

    • Alveolar sacs

    • Alveoli

    • Respiratory bronchioles

    • Alveolar ducts

    Correct Answer
    A. Alveoli
    Explanation
    The alveoli provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange. Alveoli are tiny, thin-walled sacs located at the ends of the respiratory bronchioles. They are surrounded by a network of capillaries, which allows for efficient exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the bloodstream. The large number and small size of the alveoli greatly increase the surface area available for gas exchange, making them the primary site for this crucial process in the respiratory system.

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  • 21. 

    The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerlus is the

    • Colloid osmotic pressure of the blood

    • Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

    • Capsular hyrodtatic pressure

    • Myogenic mechanism

    Correct Answer
    A. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
    Explanation
    The glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the glomerulus. This pressure is higher than the capsular hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure of the blood, which allows for the formation of filtrate. The glomerular hydrostatic pressure is necessary to push water and solutes out of the blood and into the glomerular capsule, where it can then be processed and filtered by the kidneys. The myogenic mechanism, which helps regulate blood flow to the glomerulus, is not directly related to the formation of filtrate.

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  • 22. 

    Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collasping by

    • Humidifying the air before it enters

    • Warming the air before it enters

    • Interfering with the conhesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

    • Protecting the surface of alveioli from dehydration and other enviromental variations

    Correct Answer
    A. Interfering with the conhesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
    Explanation
    Surfactant is a substance that reduces the surface tension of a liquid. In the case of alveoli, surfactant interferes with the conhesiveness of water molecules, which in turn reduces the surface tension of the alveolar fluid. This reduction in surface tension helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by making it easier for the alveoli to expand and stay open during inhalation.

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  • 23. 

    For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be

    • At least 3 micrometers thick

    • 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick

    • Between 5 and 6 micrometers thick

    • The thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important in the efficiency of gas exchange.

    Correct Answer
    A. 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick
    Explanation
    The correct answer is 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick. Gas exchange occurs through diffusion across the respiratory membrane, which consists of a thin layer of cells. If the membrane is too thick, diffusion of gases becomes slower and less efficient. Therefore, a thickness of 0.5 to 1 micrometer allows for a rapid and efficient exchange of gases between the respiratory surface and the bloodstream.

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  • 24. 

    The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is

    • Loss of oxygen in tissues

    • Increase of carbon dioxide

    • PH (acidosis)

    • PH (alkalosis)

    Correct Answer
    A. Increase of carbon dioxide
    Explanation
    The increase of carbon dioxide is the most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person. When carbon dioxide levels rise in the body, it triggers the respiratory centers in the brain to increase the rate and depth of breathing. This response helps to remove excess carbon dioxide and restore the balance of gases in the body. Oxygen levels also play a role in regulating breathing, but the increase in carbon dioxide has a stronger effect on respiratory drive. pH levels (acidosis or alkalosis) can also affect breathing, but they are not as powerful a stimulus as an increase in carbon dioxide.

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  • 25. 

    Inspiratory capacity is

    • The total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration

    • The total amount of exchangeable air

    • Functional residual capacity

    • Air inspired after a tidal inhalation

    Correct Answer
    A. The total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
    Explanation
    Inspiratory capacity refers to the maximum amount of air that can be inspired by a person after a normal tidal expiration. It represents the sum of tidal volume (the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing) and inspiratory reserve volume (the additional amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation). Therefore, it is the total volume of air that can be taken in by the lungs during a deep breath following a regular exhalation.

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  • 26. 

    Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2?

    • Pulmonary ventilation

    • Blood pH adjustment

    • Internal repiration

    • External respiration

    Correct Answer
    A. Blood pH adjustment
    Explanation
    Blood pH adjustment is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2. The primary function of blood pH adjustment is to maintain the acid-base balance in the body. This process is regulated by the kidneys and involves the excretion or retention of hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-). While maintaining proper blood pH is important for overall health, it is not directly involved in the process of oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal, which primarily occurs through pulmonary ventilation, internal respiration, and external respiration.

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  • 27. 

    The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for

    • The secretion of drugs

    • The secretion of acids and ammonia

    • Reabsorption of organic molecules, vitamins, and water

    • Regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure

    Correct Answer
    A. Regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure
    Explanation
    The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a specialized region in the kidney that plays a crucial role in regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure. It consists of cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole and cells of the distal convoluted tubule. These cells monitor the blood pressure and sodium levels in the kidney and release the hormone renin when necessary. Renin then acts on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, leading to vasoconstriction, increased water and salt reabsorption, and ultimately, an increase in blood pressure. Therefore, the juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure.

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  • 28. 

    Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?

    • Pneumonia

    • Tuberculosis

    • Emphysema

    • Corzya

    Correct Answer
    A. Emphysema
    Explanation
    Emphysema is a disorder characterized by the destruction of the walls of the alveoli, which are the tiny air sacs in the lungs. This destruction leads to the formation of abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation. This condition reduces the lung's ability to effectively exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide, causing shortness of breath and other respiratory symptoms. Pneumonia is an infection in the lungs, tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs, and corzya is not a recognized medical disorder.

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  • 29. 

    Tidal volume is air

    • Remaining in the lungs after forced expiration

    • Exchanged during normal breathing

    • Inhaled after normal inspiration

    • Forcibly expelled after normal expiration

    Correct Answer
    A. Exchanged during normal breathing
    Explanation
    Tidal volume refers to the amount of air that is exchanged during normal breathing. It represents the volume of air that is inhaled and exhaled during each breath without any forced expiration or inspiration. This volume of air is essential for maintaining proper gas exchange in the lungs and ensuring a steady supply of oxygen to the body.

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  • 30. 

    Possible causes of hypoxia include

    • Too little oxygen in the atmosphere

    • Obstruction of the esophagus

    • Taking several rapid deep breaths

    • Getting very cold

    Correct Answer
    A. Too little oxygen in the atmosphere
    Explanation
    Hypoxia refers to a condition where there is an inadequate supply of oxygen to the body's tissues. The given answer, "too little oxygen in the atmosphere," is a possible cause of hypoxia. If the surrounding environment has a low oxygen concentration, it can lead to a reduced oxygen intake by the lungs, resulting in insufficient oxygen reaching the tissues. This can occur in high-altitude areas or in enclosed spaces with limited ventilation.

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  • 31. 

    The mechanisms of water reabsortption by the renalubules is

    • Active transport

    • Osmosis

    • Solvent drag

    • Cotransport with sodium ions

    Correct Answer
    A. Osmosis
    Explanation
    Water reabsorption in the renal tubules occurs through osmosis. Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. In the renal tubules, solutes such as sodium and other ions are actively transported out of the tubules, creating a higher solute concentration in the surrounding interstitial fluid. This concentration gradient causes water to move out of the tubules and into the interstitial fluid through osmosis, allowing for the reabsorption of water in the kidneys.

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  • 32. 

    Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved.  Expiration, however, depends on two factors.  Which of the choices below lists those two factors?

    • The recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid

    • The expansion of respiratory muscles that were contracted during inspiration and the lack of surface tension on the alveolar wall

    • The negative feedback of expansion fibers used during inspiration and the outward pull of surface tension due to surfactant

    • Combined amount of CO2 in the blood and air in the alveioli

    Correct Answer
    A. The recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid
    Explanation
    Expiration is a passive act because it does not involve muscular contractions. Instead, it relies on two factors: the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid. The recoil of elastic fibers helps to push air out of the lungs, while the surface tension of the alveolar fluid creates an inward pull that aids in the process of expiration. These two factors work together to facilitate the passive act of expiration.

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  • 33. 

    Because the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which of the following statements is true regarding repiratory exchange?

    • Respiratory exchanges are made through the ductus arteriosus

    • Respiratory exchanges are not necessary

    • Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta

    • Because the lungs develop late in gestation, fetuses do not need a mechanism for respiratory exchange

    Correct Answer
    A. Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta
    Explanation
    During fetal life, the lungs are filled with fluid and are not functional for respiratory exchange. Instead, oxygen and nutrients are exchanged between the fetus and the mother through the placenta. The placenta acts as a barrier between the fetal and maternal blood supply, allowing for the exchange of gases and nutrients. This is necessary for the fetus to receive oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. Therefore, the statement that respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta is true.

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  • 34. 

    Which center is located in the pons?

    • Pontine respirator group (PRG)

    • Expiratory

    • Inspiratory

    • Pacemaker neuron center

    Correct Answer
    A. Pontine respirator group (PRG)
    Explanation
    The correct answer is the pontine respirator group (PRG). The PRG is a center located in the pons, which is a region in the brainstem. It plays a crucial role in controlling and coordinating the respiratory rhythm, specifically the timing and pattern of breathing. The PRG receives input from various sensory and motor pathways and adjusts the activity of the inspiratory and expiratory muscles accordingly. It acts as a pacemaker neuron center, regulating the breathing rate and depth.

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  • 35. 

    In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is

    • Only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in dissolved form

    • About equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin

    • Greater thatn the oxygen combined with hemoglobin

    • Not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules

    Correct Answer
    A. Only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in dissolved form
    Explanation
    In the plasma, only about 1.5% of the oxygen is present in a dissolved form. This means that the majority of the oxygen in the plasma is not in a dissolved state, but rather combined with other molecules such as hemoglobin. Therefore, the quantity of oxygen in solution is much smaller compared to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin.

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  • 36. 

    Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?

    • Rising carbon dioxide levels

    • Rising blood pressure

    • Arterial Po2 below 60 mm Hg

    • Arterial pH resulting from CO2 retention

    Correct Answer
    A. Rising blood pressure
    Explanation
    Rising blood pressure is not a stimulus for breathing. The respiratory system is primarily regulated by the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood, as well as the arterial oxygen levels and pH. When carbon dioxide levels rise or arterial oxygen levels decrease, the body responds by increasing the rate and depth of breathing. Similarly, when the arterial pH becomes acidic due to CO2 retention, the body increases breathing to remove excess carbon dioxide. However, rising blood pressure does not directly stimulate the respiratory system.

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  • 37. 

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the respiratory rate of a newborn?

    • The respiratory rate of a newborn is slow

    • The respiratory rate of a newborn varies between male and female infants

    • The respiratory rate of a newborn is approximatley 30 respirations per minute

    • The respiratory rate of a newborn is at ist highest rate approximatley 40-80 respirations per minute

    Correct Answer
    A. The respiratory rate of a newborn is at ist highest rate approximatley 40-80 respirations per minute
    Explanation
    The respiratory rate of a newborn is at its highest rate approximately 40-80 respirations per minute. This is because newborns have a faster respiratory rate compared to adults. As they are adjusting to life outside the womb, their respiratory system needs to work harder to supply oxygen to their developing organs. This higher respiratory rate helps ensure that their oxygen needs are met and their body functions properly.

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  • 38. 

    Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer?

    • Adenocarcinoma

    • Kaposi's sarcoma

    • Small cell carcinoma

    • Squamous cell carcinoma

    Correct Answer
    A. Kaposi's sarcoma
    Explanation
    Kaposi's sarcoma is not a form of lung cancer. It is a type of cancer that primarily affects the skin and mucous membranes, but can also involve other organs including the lungs. It is caused by a virus called human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and is most commonly seen in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS. Adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma are all types of lung cancer that arise from different cell types within the lungs.

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  • 39. 

    The respiratory membrane is a combination of

    • Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts

    • Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes

    • Atria and alveolar sacs

    • Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs

    Correct Answer
    A. Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
    Explanation
    The respiratory membrane is responsible for the exchange of gases between the alveoli and the capillaries in the lungs. It consists of the thin walls of the alveoli and the capillaries, as well as their fused basement membranes. This arrangement allows for efficient diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the alveoli. By having a thin membrane and close proximity between the alveoli and capillaries, the respiratory membrane maximizes the surface area available for gas exchange.

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  • 40. 

    The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it

    • Ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficiently

    • Stabalizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position

    • Is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys

    • Produces vitamin D

    Correct Answer
    A. Stabalizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position
    Explanation
    The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys plays a crucial role in stabilizing the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position. This adipose tissue acts as a cushion and support system, preventing the kidneys from moving or shifting excessively. By maintaining the kidneys in their proper position, the fatty tissue ensures the optimal functioning of the kidneys and helps to prevent any potential complications or injuries that could arise from their displacement.

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  • 41. 

    The statement "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases

    • Henrys law

    • Boyles law

    • Daltons law

    • Charles law

    Correct Answer
    A. Daltons law
    Explanation
    Dalton's law states that in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas in the mixture. This means that each gas in the mixture exerts its own pressure independent of the other gases present. Therefore, the given statement accurately paraphrases Dalton's law.

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  • 42. 

    Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?

    • The male urethra services both the urinary and reproductive systems at the same time

    • The male urethra serves both the urniary and reproductive systems but at different times

    • The male urethra is longer than the female urethra

    • The male urethra is a passageway for both urine and semen

    Correct Answer
    A. The male urethra services both the urinary and reproductive systems at the same time
    Explanation
    The male urethra serves both the urinary and reproductive systems but at different times.

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  • 43. 

    The function of angiotensin II is to

    • Constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

    • Decrease the production of aldosterone

    • Decrease arterial blood pressure

    • Decrease water absorption

    Correct Answer
    A. Constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure
    Explanation
    Angiotensin II is a hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure. One of its main functions is to constrict arterioles, which are small blood vessels. This constriction leads to an increase in blood pressure. By constricting arterioles, angiotensin II helps to maintain adequate blood flow to vital organs and tissues. Additionally, angiotensin II stimulates the release of aldosterone, a hormone that promotes sodium and water retention, further contributing to an increase in blood pressure. Therefore, the correct answer is that the function of angiotensin II is to constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure.

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  • 44. 

    With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n)

    • Decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin oxygen bond

    • Decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

    • Increase in pH (alkalosis) strenghens the hemoglobin oxygen bond

    • Increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin oxygen bond

    Correct Answer
    A. Decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
    Explanation
    The Bohr effect refers to the phenomenon where a decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond, resulting in more oxygen being released by hemoglobin. This occurs because when the pH decreases, the concentration of hydrogen ions increases, which leads to the formation of additional bonds between the hydrogen ions and hemoglobin. These additional bonds cause a conformational change in the hemoglobin molecule, making it more difficult for oxygen to bind to it. As a result, oxygen is more readily released to the tissues that need it.

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  • 45. 

    An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density which is

    • 1.0041-1.073

    • 1.001 - 1.035

    • 1.030 - 1.040

    • 1.000 - 1.015

    Correct Answer
    A. 1.001 - 1.035
    Explanation
    The specific gravity or density of urine refers to the concentration of solutes in the urine. A specific gravity of 1.001 - 1.035 is considered normal for urine. This range indicates a healthy balance of water and solutes in the body. A lower specific gravity may suggest overhydration or kidney problems, while a higher specific gravity may indicate dehydration or kidney dysfunction. Therefore, a specific gravity of 1.001 - 1.035 is the correct range for the density of urine.

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  • 46. 

    The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin

    • When the pertibular capillaries are dialted

    • When the pH of the urine decreases

    • By a decrease in the blood pressure

    • When the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10

    Correct Answer
    A. By a decrease in the blood pressure
    Explanation
    When there is a decrease in blood pressure, the kidneys are stimulated to produce renin. Renin is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood pressure. It acts on a protein called angiotensinogen, converting it into angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is further converted into angiotensin II, which causes vasoconstriction and stimulates the release of aldosterone, a hormone that helps regulate blood volume and pressure. Therefore, a decrease in blood pressure triggers the kidneys to produce renin as a compensatory mechanism to increase blood pressure back to normal levels.

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  • 47. 

    Which of the following determines lung compliance?

    • Airway opening

    • Flexibility of the thoracic cage

    • Muscles of inspiration

    • Alveolar surface tension

    Correct Answer
    A. Alveolar surface tension
    Explanation
    Lung compliance refers to the ability of the lungs to expand and stretch during inspiration. Alveolar surface tension plays a crucial role in determining lung compliance. Alveoli are lined with a thin layer of fluid, and the surface tension of this fluid can affect the ease with which the alveoli can expand. High surface tension can make it more difficult for the alveoli to expand, resulting in decreased lung compliance. Therefore, alveolar surface tension is a key factor in determining lung compliance.

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  • 48. 

    Which respiratory associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?

    • Diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax

    • Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

    • External intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax

    • Diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax

    Correct Answer
    A. Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
    Explanation
    When blowing up a balloon, the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract. The internal intercostals help in the process of exhalation by pulling the ribs downward and decreasing the size of the thoracic cavity. The abdominal muscles, including the rectus abdominis and external obliques, contract to increase intra-abdominal pressure, which assists in the forceful exhalation needed to blow up the balloon.

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  • 49. 

    Which of the following does not influence hemoglobin saturation?

    • Temperature

    • DPG

    • Carbon dioxide

    • Nitric oxide

    Correct Answer
    A. Nitric oxide
    Explanation
    Nitric oxide does not influence hemoglobin saturation. Hemoglobin saturation refers to the amount of oxygen that is bound to hemoglobin in the blood. Temperature, DPG (2,3-diphosphoglycerate), and carbon dioxide all play a role in influencing hemoglobin saturation. Nitric oxide, on the other hand, is a signaling molecule that helps regulate blood flow and does not directly affect hemoglobin saturation.

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  • Mar 22, 2023
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  • Apr 11, 2010
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